scholarly journals On the Nomadic Influence on the Artistic Culture of the Cities of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan in the 6th – Early 13th Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
C. Yu. Markova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Urban Culture ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Work Samples ◽  
Artistic Tradition ◽  
The Middle Ages

The study, the results of which form the basis of this article, is aimed at determining the role of nomadic Turkic peoples in the formation of the urban culture of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan during the Middle Ages. Semirechye from 6th to 8th century, in political terms, was under the rule of the nomadic Turks, who formed their state here (Khaganate). The main role in the emergence of the first urban centers belongs, to a greater extent, to the Sogdians who came from the south. At the same time, the significance of the nomadic peoples in the development of urban culture of the region remains unclear. Some researchers are ambiguous about the influence of the policy of Turkic rulers on the urbanization of Semirechye, and also note the difficulty of identifying the nomadic artistic tradition in the material and spiritual culture of the peoples of southeastern and southern parts of Kazakhstan. All this makes research in this area relevant. The article is based on the results of comparing the pictorial monuments left by the inhabitants of the medieval cities of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan (6th – early 13th centuries), with the epic works of nomadic Turks. The methodological basis of the study is a comparative typological analysis, with the help of which the presence of commonly used motives and plots in different types of art is determined. Methods of description and analogy were used in the analysis of archaeological material. The comparative historical method is necessary to confirm the existence of an epic motive or plot in a certain period using written data. In the course of the work, samples of figured ceramics and fragments of a carved stucco (carving on raw unbaked clay) are considered. General pictorial motives, images, and plots in both types of decorative and applied art, as well as their correspondence in ancient Turkic folklore and written sources are identified. On the basis of a comparative analysis, an interpretation of some images is given, which, in turn, define the ancient Turkic artistic tradition. It is concluded that many motives and images in both types of arts indicate the special role of the nomadic Turks in the formation of a peculiar artistic style in the urban culture of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan during the Middle Ages.

Saint Bede the Venerable. Commentary on Revelation, ch. 1-3

2019 ◽  
pp. 52-98
Author(s):  
Мария Равильевна Ненарокова
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Literary Form ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Xxth Century ◽  
Saint Bede The Venerable ◽  
The Middle Ages

Статья посвящена первому произведению англосаксонского богослова Беды Досточтимого в жанре комментария - «Толкованию на Апокалипсис». «Толкование» Беды рассматривается как литературное произведение, поскольку в Средние века выбор литературной формы определялся его коммуникативной задачей. Даётся краткий обзор исследований и переводов текста, выполненных зарубежными учёными. В статье затрагиваются следующие вопросы: датировка теста, связь текста Беды с античным риторическим наследием, использование аллегории, проблема жанра произведения, роль сквозных образов в «Толковании», деление текста Беды на книги. Исследование текста показало, что Беда воспринимал Откровение как историческое повествование по содержанию и как аллегорию по форме. В комментарии Беды особую роль играют приём «повторения прежде сказанного» и введение сквозных образов. Три книги «Толкования» могут соответствовать делению истории на три эпохи: эпоха Новозаветной Церкви, эпоха пришествия Антихриста и Страшного Суда, эпоха Небесного Града. «Толкование» Беды представляют собой не только объяснения малопонятных мест «Откровения св. ап. Иоанна Богослова», но и первый опыт исторического описания судеб Вселенской Церкви. The article presents «Commentary on Revelation», the first work of the AngloSaxon theologian Beda the Venerable in the genre of commentary. It is regarded as a literary work, since in the Middle Ages the choice of the literary form was determined by its communicative task. A brief overview of studies and translations of the text consists of the works, published since the 50ies of the XXth century. The following issues are touched upon: dating of the test, the connection of Bede’s text with the ancient rhetorical heritage, the use of allegory, the problem of the Commentary’s genre, the role of cross-cutting images, the division of the text into books. The study of the text showed that Bede regarded Revelation as a historical narrative in content, but as an allegory in form. A special role is assigned to recapitulation technique and cross-cutting images. Three books of the Commentary may correspond to the division of history into three eras. Bede’s Commentary is not only an explanation of obscure places of the «Revelation of St. John the Theologian», but also the pioneering experience of a historical description of the fate of the Ecumenical Church.

Theoretical origins of pension legislation: political and legal doctrines of the Middle Ages

2021 ◽  
pp. 185-198
Author(s):  
Anna V. Aleksandrova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Disabled Persons ◽  
Special Role ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Middle Ages

We consider the political and legal doctrines of the Middle Ages, containing the principles and ideas that served as the basis for the pension legislation of European countries and Russia, passed in the following centuries. We reveal the special role of religious doctrines in the development of key approaches to social protection of the elderly and other disabled persons. We substantiate the conclusion that the development of a specific model for the protection of personal data depended on the peculiarities of understanding charity in Orthodoxy, Catholicism or Protestantism. We examine the views of Saint Augustine and Thomas Aquinas on the social function of the state and its role in ensuring the basic needs of the individual. We analyze the doc-trines of the utopian socialists of the 16th–17th centuries (T. Mora, T. Cam-panella, J. Winstanley, E.-G. Morelli), consider their main ideas regarding the provision of the elderly and other disabled persons. We substantiate the ur-gency of referring to the works of medieval philosophers at the present time in connection with the need to search for a new paradigm for the develop-ment of pension legislation. We conclude that the role of the principle of uni-versal equal distribution of the social product is growing in the context of economic constraints and a pandemic.

Gelehrte Autorität und die Ordnung der Dinge. Über Wissen, Macht und die Vermessung der Wirklichkeit im Mittelalter

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-66
Author(s):  
Marcel Bubert
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Organizing Principles ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractAlthough the medieval period was not part of Michel Foucault’s seminal study on ‘The Order of Things’, there are good reasons to believe that the learned cultures of the Middle Ages were to a certain degree based on specific epistemic orders, general organizing principles which were unconsciously presupposed in concepts of reality. Nevertheless, the extent as to which these concepts are in fact committed to the assumption of a metaphysically determined measuring of reality, is not altogether clear. This article aims to discuss this question in general, based on recent views of the role of the ‘subject’ in epistemic orders.

scholarly journals The Thingness of the Thing: The Role of Everyday Objects in Becket Miracle Windows

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-157
Author(s):  
Dana Vasiliu
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Phenomenal World ◽  
Ordinary Objects ◽  
Everyday Objects ◽  
The Trinity ◽  
The Middle Ages

Abstract In “The Waning of the Middle Ages”, J. Huizinga has pointed out that “all things would be absurd if their meaning would be exhausted by their function and their place in the phenomenal world, if by their essence they did not reach into a world beyond this.” (1924:201) Starting from this assumption, I purport to analyze the role/roles played by everyday/ordinary objects in the miracle stories depicted in the Trinity Chapel glazing and argue that their individuation/haecceity is subject to practices of ritualistic and artistic encodings

scholarly journals composer phenomenon in a historical retrospect of an authorship idea formation in European musical culture of the middle ages

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 284-302
Author(s):  
Iryna Yu Konovalova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Historical Retrospect ◽  
Idea Formation ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article is devoted to comprehension of specifics and formation prerequisites of composer’s and musical authorship phenomena historical formation in European culture of the Middle Ages. Genesis of composer’s phenomenon and individual musical authorship model is considered on the basis of historical, socio-cultural and aesthetic-artistic transformations, on awareness about their dynamic’s tendencies and general cultural institutionalization of an authorship phenomenon, as well as on an increasing role of individual creativity in an artistic realm. It is stated that multi-ethnic and anonymous culture of oral tradition, folklore and Christian singing practices, as well as instrumental improvisation’s traditions, became spiritual sources of this phenomena and turn into a strong foundation of musical professionalism and creative impulse for European authorial music evolution. It is emphasized that process of composer’s formation as a creativity subject and musical professionalism carrier was stimulated by the necessity of everyday vocal-choral practice, conditioned by the spiritual context of time, by intention on theocentric world’s picture and religious – Christian outlook dominance. Significant role of secular direction development in the context of music-author’s discourse formation and composer’s figure assertion in the late Middle Ages is highlighted. 

scholarly journals NATIONALHISTORIE EFTER MODERNISMEN - FOLKEBEGREBET I LYSET AF EUROPAS STORE FORTÆLLINGER

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (117) ◽  
pp. 159-174
Author(s):  
Michael Böss
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Main Role ◽  
National History ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Middle Ages

WRITING NATIONAL HISTORY AFTER MODERNISM: THE HISTORY OF PEOPLEHOOD IN LIGHT OF EUROPEAN GRAND NARRATIVES | The purpose of the article is to refute the recent claim that Danish history cannot be written on the assumption of the existence of a Danish people prior to 19th-century nationalism. The article argues that, over the past twenty years, scholars in pre-modern European history have highlighted the limitations of the modernist paradigm in the study of nationalism and the history of nations. For example, modernists have difficulties explaining why a Medieval chronicle such as Saxo Grammaticus’s Gesta Danorum was translated in the mid-1600s, and why it could be used for new purposes in the 1800s, if there had not been a continuity in notions of peoplehood between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age. Of course, the claim of continuity should not be seen as an argument for an identity between the “Danes” of Saxo’s time and the Danes of the 19th-century Danish nation-state. Rather, the modern Danishness should be understood as the product of a historical process, in which a number of European cultural narratives and state building played a significant role. The four most important narratives of the Middle Ages were derived from the Bible, which was a rich treasure of images and stories of ‘people’, ‘tribe’, ‘God’, King, ‘justice’ and ‘kingdom’ (state). While keeping the basic structures, the meanings of these narratives were re-interpreted and placed in new hierarchical positions in the course of time under the impact of the Reformation, 16th-century English Puritanism, Enlightenment patriotism, the French Revolution and 19th-century romantic nationalism. The article concludes that it is still possible to write national histories featuring ‘the people’ as one of the actors. But the historian should keep in mind that ‘the people’ did not always play the main role, nor did they play the same role as in previous periods. And even though there is a need to form syntheses when writing national history, national identities have always developed within a context of competing and hierarchical narratives. In Denmark, the ‘patriotist narrative’ seems to be in ascendancy in the social and cultural elites, but has only partly replaced the ‘ethno-national’ narrative which is widespread in other parts of the population. The ‘compact narrative’ has so far survived due the continued love of the people for their monarch. It may even prove to provide social glue for a sense of peoplehood uniting ‘old’ and ‘new’ Danes.

History and formation of hospitals in the Middle ages

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-87
Author(s):  
O.A. Oparin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article shows and analyzed the development of hospitals in the Middle Ages. The main features of hospitals in its different periods are shown. The deterrent role of medieval religious beliefs and dogma in the development of hospitals is shown and revealed

The Enduring Interim

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kenneth Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Saint Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter discusses the basic economic life in the Middle Ages, noting the absence of trade or a market during the period. It first considers the legacy of the Romans with respect to economic and political life, including their commitment to the sanctity of private property and Christianity. In particular, it describes Christian attitudes toward wealth and the link between morality and the market. It also examines the ideas of Saint Thomas Aquinas and Nicole Oresme before turning to the role of markets in the Middle Ages, along with their special characteristics. Finally, it looks at other aspects of economic life during the medieval period, such as the intrusion of ethics on economics—the fairness or justice of the relationship between master and slave, lord and serf, landlord and sharecropper.

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