scholarly journals Pupil dilation as indicative of cognitive workload while driving a car: effects of cell phone use and driver experience in young adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 391-402
Author(s):  
Bethânya G. Carizio ◽  
Gustavo A. Silva ◽  
Gabriel P. Paschoalino ◽  
Juliana C. De Angelo ◽  
Gisele C. Gotardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Pupillary Response ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Traffic Information ◽  
Cognitive Workload ◽  
Driving Experience ◽  
Pupillary Responses ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Car Driving

BACKGROUND: Cognitive workload resulting from drivers’ engagement in concomitant tasks while driving, such as talking on a cell phone, affects the availability of attentional resources for the various stages of information processing, which can interfere with the selection of relevant traffic information, leading to poor performance and higher risk of accidents. AIM: The purpose of this study was to test the adaptation and application of the method of fixation-aligned pupillary response averaging to the car driving context, and, if successful, to determine effects of talking on a cell phone while driving, in both handheld and hands-free situations, and effects of driving experience on pupillary responses of young adult drivers, as indicative of cognitive workload. METHOD: Ten novice and ten experienced drivers had pupil diameter measured while driving in a car simulator under velocity of 80-120 km/h, daylight, linear trajectory and low traffic level. Data analysis was based on the method of fixation-aligned pupillary response averaging. RESULTS: Noise curves were around baseline (zero) values while pupil dilation curves clearly stood out from noise magnitude, in all conditions for both groups. Greater pupil dilation peak during talking on the cell phone (handheld and hands-free conditions) while driving occurred only for the novice group. CONCLUSION: Adaptation and application of the method of fixation-aligned pupillary response averaging to the car driving context succeed. Cognitive workload imposed by the dual task of talking on a cell phone increased pupil dilation for novice drivers, which may alter acquisition of visual information and impair driving behavior.

scholarly journals Elaborate pupils in skates may help camouflage the eye

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Youn ◽  
Corey Okinaka ◽  
Lydia M Mäthger
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Pupillary Response ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Primary Factor ◽  
Natural Substrate ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Pupillary Responses ◽  
Changing Light

AbstractThe little skate Leucoraja erinacea has elaborately shaped pupils, whose characteristics and functions have not been studied extensively. It has been suggested that such pupil shapes may camouflage the eye; yet, no experimental evidence has been presented to support this claim. Skates are bottom-dwellers that often bury into the substrate with their eyes protruding. If these pupils serve any camouflage function, we expect there to be a pupillary response related to the spatial frequency (“graininess”) of the background against which the eye is viewed. Here, we tested whether skate pupils dilate or constrict in response to background spatial frequency. We placed skates on background substrates with different spatial frequencies and recorded pupillary responses at three light intensities. In experiment 1, the skates’ pupillary response to three artificial checkerboards of different spatial frequencies was recorded. Skates responded to changing light intensity with pupil dilation/constriction; yet, their pupils did not change in response to spatial frequency. In experiment 2, in which skates could bury into three natural substrates with different spatial frequencies, such that their eyes protruded above the substrate, the pupils showed a subtle but statistically significant response to changes in substrate spatial frequency. Given the same light intensity, the smaller the spatial frequency of the natural substrate, the more constricted the pupil. While light intensity is the primary factor determining pupil dilation, these experiments are the first to show that pupils also change in response to background spatial frequency, which suggests that the pupil may aid in camouflaging the eye.

scholarly journals Disentangling listening effort and memory load beyond behavioural evidence: Pupillary response to listening effort during a concurrent memory task

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Alexandre Lehmann ◽  
Mickael Deroche
Keyword(s):  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Pupillary Response ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Listening Effort ◽  
Pupillary Responses ◽  
Behavioural Evidence

AbstractRecent research has demonstrated that pupillometry is a robust measure for quantifying listening effort. However, pupillary responses in listening situations where multiple cognitive functions are engaged and sustained over a period of time remain hard to interpret. This limits our conceptualisation and understanding of listening effort in realistic situations, because rarely in everyday life are people challenged by one task at a time. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to reveal the dynamics of listening effort in a sustained listening condition using a word repeat and recall task.Words were presented in quiet and speech-shaped noise at different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). Participants were presented with lists of 10 words, and required to repeat each word after its presentation. At the end of the list, participants either recalled as many words as possible or moved on to the next list. Simultaneously, their pupil dilation was recorded throughout the whole experiment.When only word repeating was required, peak pupil dilation (PPD) was bigger in 0dB versus other conditions; whereas when recall was required, PPD showed no difference among SNR levels and PPD in 0dB was smaller than repeat-only condition. Baseline pupil diameter and PPD followed different growth patterns across the 10 serial positions in conditions requiring recall: baseline pupil diameter built up progressively and plateaued in the later positions (but shot up at the onset of recall, i.e. the end of the list); PPD decreased at a pace quicker than in repeat-only condition.The current findings concur with the recent literature in showing that additional cognitive load during a speech intelligibility task could disturb the well-established relation between pupillary response and listening effort. Both the magnitude and temporal pattern of task-evoked pupillary response differ greatly in complex listening conditions, urging for more listening effort studies in complex and realistic listening situations.

scholarly journals Background luminance effects on pupil size associated with emotion and saccade preparation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yih-Giun Cherng ◽  
Talia Baird ◽  
Jui-Tai Chen ◽  
Chin-An Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Luminance Level ◽  
Pupillary Response ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Background Luminance ◽  
Sympathetic Activation ◽  
Dark Background ◽  
Pupillary Responses ◽  
Saccade Preparation

Abstract Pupil dilation is consistently evoked by affective and cognitive processing, and this dilation can result from sympathetic activation or parasympathetic inhibition. The relative contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on the pupillary response induced by emotion and cognition may be different. Sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is regulated by global luminance level. Higher luminance levels lead to greater activation of the parasympathetic system while lower luminance levels lead to greater activation of the sympathetic system. To understand the contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to pupillary responses associated with emotion and saccade preparation, emotional auditory stimuli were presented following the fixation cue whose color indicated instruction to perform a pro- or anti-saccade while varying the background luminance level. Pupil dilation was evoked by emotional auditory stimuli and modulated by arousal level. More importantly, greater pupil dilation was observed with a dark background, compared to a bright background. In contrast, pupil dilation responses associated with saccade preparation were larger with the bright background than the dark background. Together, these results suggest that arousal-induced pupil dilation was mainly mediated by sympathetic activation, but pupil dilation related to saccade preparation was primarily mediated by parasympathetic inhibition.

scholarly journals Disentangling listening effort and memory load beyond behavioural evidence: Pupillary response to listening effort during a concurrent memory task

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0233251
Author(s):  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Alexandre Lehmann ◽  
Mickael Deroche
Keyword(s):  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Pupillary Response ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Listening Effort ◽  
Pupillary Responses ◽  
Variation Patterns ◽  
Behavioural Evidence

Recent research has demonstrated that pupillometry is a robust measure for quantifying listening effort. However, pupillary responses in listening situations where multiple cognitive functions are engaged and sustained over a period of time remain hard to interpret. This limits our conceptualisation and understanding of listening effort in realistic situations, because rarely in everyday life are people challenged by one task at a time. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to reveal the dynamics of listening effort in a sustained listening condition using a word repeat and recall task. Words were presented in quiet and speech-shaped noise at different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR): 0dB, 7dB, 14dB and quiet. Participants were presented with lists of 10 words, and required to repeat each word after its presentation. At the end of the list, participants either recalled as many words as possible or moved on to the next list. Simultaneously, their pupil dilation was recorded throughout the whole experiment. When only word repeating was required, peak pupil dilation (PPD) was bigger in 0dB versus other conditions; whereas when recall was required, PPD showed no difference among SNR levels and PPD in 0dB was smaller than repeat-only condition. Baseline pupil diameter and PPD followed different variation patterns across the 10 serial positions within a block for conditions requiring recall: baseline pupil diameter built up progressively and plateaued in the later positions (but shot up when listeners were recalling the previously heard words from memory); PPD decreased at a pace quicker than in repeat-only condition. The current findings demonstrate that additional cognitive load during a speech intelligibility task could disturb the well-established relation between pupillary response and listening effort. Both the magnitude and temporal pattern of task-evoked pupillary response differ greatly in complex listening conditions, urging for more listening effort studies in complex and realistic listening situations.

Effects of Using a Cell Phone on Gaze Movements During Simulated Car Driving: Hand-Held and Hands-Free Conditions

2017 ◽  
pp. 289-299
Author(s):  
Bethânya Graick Carizio ◽  
Gisele Chiozi Gotardi ◽  
Juliana Cristina de Ângelo ◽  
Paula Fávaro Polastri ◽  
Fábio Augusto Barbieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Phone ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Car Driving

scholarly journals Pupillary dilation responses as a midlife indicator of risk for Alzheimer’s Disease: Association with Alzheimer’s disease polygenic risk

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Kremen ◽  
Matthew S. Panizzon ◽  
Jeremy A. Elman ◽  
Eric L. Granholm ◽  
Ole A. Andreassen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Pupillary Response ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Polygenic Risk ◽  
Pupillary Responses ◽  
Span Tasks

ABSTRACTPathological changes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) begin decades before dementia onset. Because locus coeruleus tau pathology is the earliest occurring AD pathology, targeting indicators of locus coeruleus (dys)function may improve midlife screening for earlier identification of AD risk. Pupillary responses during cognitive tasks are driven by the locus coeruleus and index cognitive effort. Several findings suggest task-associated pupillary response as an early marker of AD risk. Requiring greater effort suggests being closer to one’s compensatory capacity, and adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have greater pupil dilation during digit span tasks than cognitively normal individuals, despite equivalent task performance. Higher AD polygenic risk scores (AD-PRSs) are associated with increased odds of MCI and tau positivity. We hypothesized that AD-PRSs would be associated with pupillary responses in cognitively normal middle-aged adults. We demonstrated that pupillary responses during digit span tasks were heritable (h2=.30-.36) in 1119 men ages 56-66. We then examined associations between AD-PRSs and pupillary responses in a cognitively normal subset who all had comparable span capacities (n=539). Higher AD-PRSs were associated with greater pupil dilation/effort in a high (9-digit recall) cognitive load condition; Cohen’s d=.36 for the upper versus lower quartile of the AD-PRS distribution. Results held up after controlling for APOE genotype. The results support pupillary response—and by inference, locus coeruleus dysfunction—as a genetically-mediated biomarker of early MCI/AD risk. In some studies, cognition predicted disease progression earlier than biomarkers. Pupillary responses might improve screening and early identification of genetically at-risk individuals even before cognitive performance declines.

The Evolution of Augmentative Communication and the Importance of Alternate Access

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Chapple
Keyword(s):  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Handheld Devices ◽  
Alternative Communication ◽  
Access Methods ◽  
The Past ◽  
Communication Device ◽  
Internet Browser ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Development Of Language

Abstract Over the past 20 years, there have been many advances in the computer industry as well as in augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices. Computers are becoming more compact and have multiple purposes, such as the iPhone, which is a cell phone, mp3 player, and an Internet browser. AAC devices also have evolved to become multi-purpose devices; the most sophisticated devices have functionality similar to the iPhone and iPod. Recently, the idea of having the iPhone and iPad as a communication device was initiated with the development of language applications specifically for this format. It might be true that this idea could become the future of AAC devices; however, there are major access issues to overcome before the idea is a reality. This article will chronicle advancements in AAC devices, specifically on access methods, throughout the years, towards the transition to handheld devices. The newest technologies hold much promise with both features and affordability factors being highly attractive. Yet, these technologies must be made to incorporate alternate access if they are to meet their fullest potential as AAC tools.

scholarly journals Listener’s personality traits predict changes in pupil size during auditory language comprehension

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabell Hubert Lyall ◽  
Juhani Järvikivi
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Pupillary Responses ◽  
Grammatical Errors

AbstractResearch suggests that listeners’ comprehension of spoken language is concurrently affected by linguistic and non-linguistic factors, including individual difference factors. However, there is no systematic research on whether general personality traits affect language processing. We correlated 88 native English-speaking participants’ Big-5 traits with their pupillary responses to spoken sentences that included grammatical errors, "He frequently have burgers for dinner"; semantic anomalies, "Dogs sometimes chase teas"; and statements incongruent with gender stereotyped expectations, such as "I sometimes buy my bras at Hudson's Bay", spoken by a male speaker. Generalized additive mixed models showed that the listener's Openness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism traits modulated resource allocation to the three different types of unexpected stimuli. No personality trait affected changes in pupil size across the board: less open participants showed greater pupil dilation when processing sentences with grammatical errors; and more introverted listeners showed greater pupil dilation in response to both semantic anomalies and socio-cultural clashes. Our study is the first one demonstrating that personality traits systematically modulate listeners’ online language processing. Our results suggest that individuals with different personality profiles exhibit different patterns of the allocation of cognitive resources during real-time language comprehension.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document