scholarly journals Rope jumping pattern under different sensory information conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Wellington R. G. de Carvalho ◽  
Ana M. Pellegrini
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Relative Phase ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Haptic Information ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Discrete Relative Phase

The present study examined the stability of rope jumping skill measured by relative phase under different available sensory information. Nine male and nine female university students were required to perform a sequence of rope jumping at different pacing frequencies (1.4, 1.6, and 1.8 Hz) and in two different conditions: a) rope was turned by the performer itself (haptic information available), and b) rope was turned by others (visual and auditory information available). Passive marks were fixed on the rope and on the hip, knee, and ankle joint for analysis of the dependent variables: height of the rope, height of the jump and discrete relative phase. Overall, the results suggested that the motor pattern for jumping the rope is more stable when the performer herself/himself turns the hope and consequently is able to use haptic information in order to control the motor action as opposed to when only visual and auditory information are available. 

Infants' Age and Walking Experience Shapes Perception-Action Coupling When Crossing Obstacles

2018 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-201
Author(s):  
Ana P. B. Vieira ◽  
Raquel P. Carvalho ◽  
Ana M. F. Barela ◽  
José A. Barela
Keyword(s):  
Relative Phase ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Interlimb Coordination ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Vertical Distance ◽  
Step Over ◽  
Action Coupling ◽  
Perception Action

This study examined the effects of age and walking experience on infants' ability to step over an obstacle. We videotaped 30 infants with one (mean [ M] age = 12.6 months), three ( M age = 14.7 months), and six months ( M age = 17.7 months) of walking experience walking on a pathway with and without an obstacle. We found a shorter stride and slower velocity for infants with one month of walking experience and for the walking condition with an obstacle than for other experience groups or for walking without an obstacle. Across all groups, the horizontal distance between an infant's foot and the obstacle was larger for the trailing leg than for the leading leg. The vertical distance for both legs was similar among 1-month walkers, increased for 3-month walkers, and was similar for the trailing leg of the 6-month walker group. The percentage of the interlimb coordination relative phase for the leading limb was smaller for 3- and 6-month walker groups. In conclusion, age and walking experience contribute to improving coupling between sensory information and motor action and to organization for stepping over an obstacle in infants.

When vision is not an option: Development of haptic–auditory integration

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Karin Petrini ◽  
Alicia Remark ◽  
Louise Smith ◽  
Marko Nardini
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Object Size ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Haptic Information ◽  
Bimodal Condition ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Auditory Integration ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Single Modality

To perform everyday tasks, such as crossing a road, we greatly rely on our sight. However, certain situations (e.g., an extremely dark environment) as well as visual impairments can either reduce the reliability of or completely remove this sensory information. In these cases, the use of other information is vital. Here we seek to examine the development of haptic and auditory integration. Three different groups of adults and 5- to 12-year-old children were asked to judge which of a standard sized and a variably sized ball was the largest. One group performed the task with auditory information only, haptic only or both. Auditory information about object size came from the loudness of a naturalistic sound played when observers knocked the ball against a touch-pad. A second group performed the same conditions, while wearing a thick glove to reduce the reliability of the haptic information. Finally, a third group performed the task with either congruent or incongruent information. Psychometric functions were fitted to responses in order to measure observers’ sensitivities to object size under these different conditions. Integration of haptic and auditory information predicts greater sensitivity in the bimodal condition than in either single-modality condition. Initial results show that young children do not integrate information from haptic and auditory modalities, with some children aged below 8 years performing worse in the bimodal condition than in the auditory-only condition. Older children and adults seem able to integrate auditory and haptic information, especially when the reliability of the haptic information is reduced.

Authoritative Maternal Parenting Associates With the Explicit Need for Autonomy

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
Jonathan E. Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Perceived Parenting ◽  
Maternal Parenting ◽  
Retrospective Design ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Paternal Parenting ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Previous research suggests that parenting style influences the development of the needs for achievement, power, and affiliation. The present study investigated the relationship between parenting style and another important motive disposition – the need for autonomy – in a sample of Singapore university students ( N = 97, 69% female), using a cross-sectional and retrospective design. It was predicted that an authoritative perceived parenting style would relate positively to the implicit need for autonomy ( nAut), the explicit need for autonomy ( sanAut), and the congruence between these two motive dispositions. Authoritative maternal parenting was found to positively associate with sanAut, while maternal parenting was not found to associate with nAut, or with nAut/ sanAut congruence. Paternal parenting was not associated with any of the dependent variables.

Do Current Measures of Dimensions of Source Credibility Produce Stable Outcomes in Replicated Tests?

1995 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 675-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. Powell ◽  
J. W. Wanzenried
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Source Credibility ◽  
Hillary Clinton ◽  
George Bush ◽  
Credibility Scale ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Stability

Over a period of one year, data were obtained from four groups of university students to compare the stability of scores on the McCroskey and Jenson Source Credibility Scale and the Leathers Personal Credibility Scale in repeated tests. Using pre- and posttest scores, perceptions of President Clinton were obtained at four intersections while perceptions of Hillary Clinton, Jerry Brown, George Bush, and Ross Perot were obtained on a single date. The two scales used in the test yield approximate explanations of variance and coefficients a across the 16 analyses. The results suggest that current conceptualization and measurement of source credibility do not provide consistent dimensions on repeated tests.

scholarly journals Contribution of Visual vs. Haptic Perception to the Stability of Relative Phase in Coordinated Movement

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 262-262
Author(s):  
A. D Wilson ◽  
G. P Bingham ◽  
D. R Collins
Keyword(s):  
Haptic Perception ◽  
Relative Phase ◽  
The Stability

Neural control of hindleg steering in flight in the locust

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (4) ◽  
pp. 869-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Lorez
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Recording ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Common Input ◽  
Central Elements ◽  
Flight Steering ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Flight Motor

Corrective flight steering with the hindlegs was investigated in intact tethered flying locusts inside a wind tunnel as well as in animals dissected for intracellular recording and showing fictive flight activity. In intact tethered flying animals, activity in the second coxal abductor muscle (M126) was highly correlated with hindleg steering and was coupled to the elevator phase of the flight cycle. Fictive flight and steering could also be elicited in animals dissected for intracellular recording of motoneurones innervating M126. During fictive flight activity, motoneurones 126 were rhythmically excited in the elevator phase, presumably from central elements of the neuronal oscillator generating the flight motor pattern, as is the case for motoneurones innervating wing muscles. During fictive straight flight, this input was subthreshold, and it could be demonstrated that simulated deviation from the flight course resulted in recruitment of motoneurones 126. Statistical analysis of the latencies of fast muscle spikes in M126 and in one wing elevator muscle showed that both received common input during flight steering. One source of this common input was identified as the sensory information from the lateral ocelli, which play an important role in the detection of course deviation. The experiments demonstrated that processing in the sensory-motor system for hindleg steering is probably organized in a very similar way to that responsible for steering with the wings.

Model Mediated Telemanipulation

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Probal Mitra ◽  
Gu¨nter Niemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Force Feedback ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Virtual Model ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Natural Motion ◽  
New Information ◽  
Remote Environment ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Master Device

A telemanipulation system allows a human user to manipulate a remote environment using a local interface (master robot) to control a remote (slave) robot. In doing so, it is desirable to provide users with appropriate sensory feedback, most often taking the form of visual and force information. In the presence of communication delays, however, a force feedback telemanipulation system must overcome detrimental effects caused by the delay, both on the quality of feedback to the user and the stability of the control system. For large delays, like those experienced in space telerobotics, the user's perceptive abilities are distorted and challenged by the lag between action and response. With this paper, a user-centered approach is proposed which seeks to simultaneously provide stable master-slave interaction as well as a natural user experience, tolerant of large delays. Rather than directly sending sensory information from the slave robot to the user, the goal is to use this information to create a real-time virtual model of the remote environment, which then serves as the user's interface. Maintaining a dynamic, virtual model locally at the master-side, the user is provided with immediate visual and haptic responses to his/her actions through the master device. At the remote site, the slave robot tracks the user's continuous and natural motion commands, while providing new information needed to update the virtual model. This method abstracts the data transmitted between the sites and creates greater delay tolerance. The basic principles of the approach are demonstrated on a simple one-degree of freedom telerobotic system, with a rigid, stationary slave environment.

scholarly journals Development of Metronidazole Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Using QbD Approach—A Novel and Potential Antibacterial Formulation

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 920
Author(s):  
Nagaraja Sreeharsha ◽  
Kuldeep Rajpoot ◽  
Muktika Tekade ◽  
Dnyaneshwar Kalyane ◽  
Anroop B. Nair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fractional Factorial Design ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Eudragit S100 ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Stirring Time ◽  
Enteric Coated ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Risk Assessment Methodology

The aim of this study was to design, optimize, and develop metronidazole (Met) loaded nanoparticles (MetNp) by employing quality-based design (QbD) as well as a risk assessment methodology. A fractional factorial design was used by selecting five independent variables viz., chitosan concentration, tripolyphosphate concentration, and acetic acid concentration as material attributes, stirring speed, and stirring time as process parameters, whereby their influence on two dependent variables such as particle size (PS) and %entrapment efficiency (%EE) was studied. MetNp were synthesized by employing an ionic-gelation technique and optimized formula obtained from the QbD design study. PS and %EE studies revealed the formation of MetNp with 558.06 ± 2.52 nm and 59.07 ± 2.15%, respectively. Furthermore, a Met release study in various simulated gastro-intestinal media suggested pH-triggered (pH > 7.0) and sustained release profile of Met from Eudragit S100 enteric-coated MetNp capsule (MetNp cap). Moreover, the stability investigation of formulations confirmed good stability with respect to their PS and residual drug content (RDC) at different temperature conditions. In conclusion, the QbD method was effectively utilized in the development of MetNp and enteric-coated MetNp cap depicting their potential to release Met through MetNp cap only in the colon region and can be utilized for the treatment of amoebiasis in the colon.

scholarly journals Subdividing the Beat: Auditory and Motor Contributions to Synchronization

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 415-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janeen D. Loehr ◽  
Caroline Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Motion Capture ◽  
Music Performance ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Finger Motion ◽  
Motor Production ◽  
Synchronization Accuracy ◽  
Kinematic Information

THE CURRENT STUDY EXAMINED HOW AUDITORY AND kinematic information influenced pianists' ability to synchronize musical sequences with a metronome. Pianists performed melodies in which quarter-note beats were subdivided by intervening eighth notes that resulted from auditory information (heard tones), motor production (produced tones), both, or neither. Temporal accuracy of performance was compared with finger trajectories recorded with motion capture. Asynchronies were larger when motor or auditory sensory information occurred between beats; auditory information yielded the largest asynchronies. Pianists were sensitive to the timing of the sensory information; information that occurred earlier relative to the midpoint between metronome beats was associated with larger asynchronies on the following beat. Finger motion was influenced only by motor production between beats and indicated the influence of other fingers' motion. These findings demonstrate that synchronization accuracy in music performance is influenced by both the timing and modality of sensory information that occurs between beats.

MUSCULOSKELETAL STABILIZATION OF THE ELBOW — COMPLEX OR REAL

2007 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 275-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
HEIKO WAGNER ◽  
PETER GIESL ◽  
REINHARD BLICKHAN
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Musculoskeletal System ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Biomechanical Model ◽  
Environmental Perturbations ◽  
Complex Eigenvalues ◽  
Study Support ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Musculoskeletal Systems

Both sensory information and mechanical properties of the musculoskeletal system are necessary for fast and appropriate reactions of humans and animals to environmental perturbations. In this paper, we focus on the musculoskeletal system and study the stability of a human elbow in an equilibrium state. We derive a biomechanical model of the human elbow, including an antagonistic pair of muscles, and investigate the stability analytically based on the theory of Ljapunov. Depending on the elbow angle and the level of coactivation, we obtain the following three qualitatively different behaviors: unstable, stable with real eigenvalues, and stable with complex eigenvalues. If the eigenvalues are real, then the system is critically damped; for complex eigenvalues, solutions near the equilibrium are oscillating. Based on experimental data, we found that in principle real and complex behaviors may occur in human arm movements. The experiments support the analytical predictions. Furthermore, in agreement with the simulations, we found differences in the experimental results among the subjects. The results of this study support the assumption that arm movements around an equilibrium point may be self-stabilized without sensory feedback or motor control, based only on mechanical properties of musculoskeletal systems.

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