scholarly journals Policies for knowledge generation in the catch-up process

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. e021017
Author(s):  
Paulo Henrique Assis Feitosa
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Context Dependence ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Public Intervention ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Catch Up

Public intervention to support knowledge generation is recognized as a fundamental strategy that enables the closing the gap between latecomers and forerunners economies. Evaluations and academic studies have been conducted on a wide variety of interventions and rapidly expanded what is known about these policies instruments. However, much of the evidence report conflicting results and can lead to misunderstandings about the potential of these interventions. This article offers a systematic review and a critical discussion of what the literature has to say about the effectiveness of these instruments. It is argued that learning about the effectiveness of interventions requires a capacity to seize and interpret its effects. Specifically, two critical factors are emphasized to understand the potential of these policies, which are their sequence of implementation and the context-dependence of interventions. Since none of these issues has been investigated in-depth, some aspects are discussed to guide future evaluations.

scholarly journals Measuring context-dependent memory in rodents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of important variables in the object-in-context task.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milou Sep ◽  
Marijn Vellinga ◽  
R. Angela Sarabdjitsingh ◽  
Marian Joëls
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Learning Trials

Environmental information plays an important role in remembering events. Information about stable aspects of the environment (here referred to as ‘context’) and the event are combined by the hippocampal system and stored as context-dependent memory. In rodents (such as rats and mice), context-dependent memory is often investigated with the object-in-context task. However, the implementation and interpretation of this task varies considerably across studies. This variation hampers the comparison between studies and - for those who design a new experiment or carry out pilot experiments – the estimation of whether observed behavior is within the expected range. Also, it is currently unclear which of the variables critically influence the outcome of the task. To address these issues, we carried out a preregistered systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42020191340) and provide an up-to-date overview of the animal-, task-, and protocol-related variations in the object-in-context task for rodents. Using a data-driven explorative meta-analysis we next identified critical factors influencing the outcome of this task, such as sex, testbox size and the delay between the learning trials. Based on these observations we provide recommendations to create more consensus in the set-up, procedure and interpretation of the object-in-context task for rodents. This could contribute to a more robust and evidence-based design in future animal experiments.

Mandibular Catch-Up Growth in Pierre Robin Sequence: A Systematic Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad A. Purnell ◽  
Lindsay E. Janes ◽  
Julian L. Klosowiak ◽  
Arun K. Gosain
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Pierre Robin Sequence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mandibular Growth ◽  
Gonial Angle ◽  
Robin Sequence ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Pierre Robin

Objective: The concept of mandibular catch-up growth is often quoted in the literature regarding Pierre Robin sequence (PRS). We endeavored to perform a systematic review of whether the literature supports this concept. Design: Systematic review. Interventions: A PubMed-based systematic review of the English literature was performed of articles objectively measuring mandibular growth or position after nonoperative management of PRS. Main Outcome Measures: Rate and end point of mandibular length, ramus length, gonial angle, and maxillomandibular discrepancy. Results: The initial search delivered 607 English-language abstracts. Of these, 16 met inclusion criteria. Eight articles evaluating 143 patients followed longitudinal patient data and therefore allowed comparison of growth rates to controls. Ten articles evaluating 228 patients presented cross-sectional data and therefore could only evaluate a single time point. Two of the 8 longitudinal studies reported faster than normal growth of mandibular length in a significant portion of their cohort. Five of 8 reported equal growth rates. One of 16 studies reported that mandibular length of patients with PRS normalized compared to controls. Two of 16 studies reported no difference in maxillomandibular discrepancy between PRS and controls, whereas 10 reported a posteriorly displaced mandible relative to the maxilla in PRS. Significant differences in control groups, patients, and age existed between studies. Conclusions: While the concept of catch-up growth in PRS is often quoted, a minority of objective studies suggest increased mandibular growth rates in isolated PRS. Even fewer studies suggest that the maxillomandibular discrepancy in PRS completely resolves.

scholarly journals Catch-Up Growth in Full-Term Small for Gestational Age Infants: A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan C Campisi ◽  
Sarah E Carbone ◽  
Stanley Zlotkin
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Catch Up

Critical factors limiting pollination success in oil palm: A systematic review

2019 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 152-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Li ◽  
Teja Tscharntke ◽  
Barbara Saintes ◽  
Damayanti Buchori ◽  
Ingo Grass
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Pollination Success

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of Severe Neurological Manifestations in Pediatric Patients with Coexisting SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-427
Author(s):  
Lauren O’Loughlin ◽  
Nilo Alvarez Toledo ◽  
Leon Budrie ◽  
Randall Waechter ◽  
Joanna Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome

SARS-CoV-2 infection in children produces mild respiratory symptoms or no symptoms at all in most cases. Some pediatric patients develop a severe complication associated with high mortality, the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). In both scenarios, there are reports of neurological manifestations. This article aims to review the cases of pediatric patients with severe neurological issues and a coexisting positive SARS-CoV-2 test. A literature search was performed between March 2020 and May 2021. The results included the data from 41 studies, with 159 children with severe neurological manifestations, within an age range from 24 h to 17 years. The neurological disorders included 38 cases with stroke, 32 with encephalitis, 22 with encephalopathy, and 10 with Guillain–Barre syndrome. Sixty-five out of 159 cases with severe neurological manifestations were diagnosed with MIS-C. Direct neuroinvasion and the exaggerated immune response in some patients seem to be the most critical factors triggering these manifestations. Further research in the ongoing pandemic is needed to elucidate the precise mechanism.

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