scholarly journals Toxicity of sediments under the influence of the submarine emissary of Santos using the marine amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Rampazzo Magalhães ◽  
Gisela de Aragao Umbuzeiro ◽  
Francine Inforçato Vacchi ◽  
Amanda dos Santos ◽  
Josiane Aparecida de Souza Vendemiatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Aquatic Biota ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Organic Extracts ◽  
Parhyale Hawaiensis ◽  
Marine Amphipod ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Negative Impacts

In Brazil, the submarine emissary of Santos is considered one of the main emissaries of the country. However, the practice of effluent disposal in the oceans may have negative impacts on aquatic biota. When treatment is not appropriate several contaminants can reach the water and sediments of the disposal area. This work aimed to perform acute toxicity tests with marine amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis, which is a new model for toxicity tests, with sediment samples under the influence of the submarine emissary of Santos. Samples were collected at four different sites in four sampling campaigns and were evaluated as fresh sediment, dry sediment, aqueous fraction (elutriate with sediment and water), and organic extracts. Liquid samples were tested using 96-wells microplates, and the sediment using 12 wells-microplates containing sediment and salt water in 1:4 (w/v). Neonates (< 7 days old) P. hawaiensis were used and placed individually in each well. Exposure conditions were 96h, 24+2ºC, 12h/12h light and dark. From samples analyzed, fresh sediment presented a toxicity for 72% of samples, while dried sediment were toxic for 78% of samples. Besides, all aqueous fraction were negative and organic extracts were toxic for 71% samples. Results suggest that toxicity is mainly related to organic contaminants, which is possible to note that mortality and organic matter are directly proportionals. Therefore, we conclude that the sediments are being adversely affected by outfall discharge.

scholarly journals Parhyale hawaiensis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otavio Jurgensen Diehl ◽  
Gisela de Aragao Umbuzeiro ◽  
Patrícia Kushima Assano
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
Ecotoxicological Tests ◽  
Life Data ◽  
Environmental Concentrations ◽  
Parhyale Hawaiensis ◽  
Ability To Regenerate ◽  
Marine Amphipod

Parhyale hawaiensis is a marine amphipod of circumtropical distribution and has been used in acute ecotoxicological tests. However, sub lethal responses are important endpoints in ecotoxicology because they allow the assessment of effects at environmental concentrations. P. hawaiensis has the ability to regenerate its appendages, limbs and tissues after an injury or loss during their entire life. Data on effects of toxicants on appendages regeneration of marine organisms are still scarce. Regeneration can be used as an ecotoxicological endpoint to assess potential teratogenic compounds and their impact on stem cells. Thus, the aim of this study was to obtain data on regeneration of antennae of P. hawaiensis to determine the viability this endpoint on toxicity tests.

Cadmium in the aquatic environment: a review of ecological, physiological, and toxicological effects on biota

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Wright ◽  
P. M. Welbourn
Keyword(s):  
Metal Binding ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Aquatic Biota ◽  
Cadmium Ion ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration

Cadmium is a nonessential element that can be toxic and carcinogenic. On a global scale, the ratio anthropogenic to natural emissions of cadmium is approximately 7:1. Sources of cadmium for freshwater and salt water include atmospheric deposition, direct and via runoff, as well as direct discharges into water or watersheds. Thirty percent of the atmospheric emissions fall onto water. In freshwater, the cadmium ion is the predominant dissolved form, while in seawater, chloride dominates. Much of the cadmium added to aquatic systems accumulates in sediments where it presents a risk to benthic biota and under certain conditions may reenter the water column. The cadmium ion is the most bioavailable to aquatic biota; factors affecting availability include salinity, dissolved organic matter, and hydrogen ion concentration, which affect the chemical forms of cadmium. Hydrogen and other ions, most notably calcium, also affect cadmium uptake and toxicity, through competition and physiological effects. The concentrations of cadmium that result in acute or chronic toxicity vary over several orders of magnitude, with certain freshwater fish and invertebrates being the most sensitive. Long-term field experiments and chronic toxicity tests on invertebrates suggest that the present Canadian guideline of 200 ng Cd∙L−1 for the protection of freshwater biota may be too high. Aquatic animals and plants, like most organisms, produce metal binding proteins, called metallothioneins, in response to cadmium. Some species or varieties within a species of aquatic biota are tolerant to cadmium. The relationship between cadmium tolerance and metallothionein is still incompletely resolved.Key words: cadmium, seawater, freshwater, availability, toxicity, metallothionein, tolerance, food chain.

scholarly journals Viability of the marine amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis growth rate as an endpoint for chronic ecotoxicological tests

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Kushima Assano ◽  
Gisela de Aragao Umbuzeiro ◽  
Otávio Jürgensen Diehl ◽  
Rhaul de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Ecotoxicological Tests ◽  
Parhyale Hawaiensis ◽  
Marine Amphipod

There is a lack of suitable marine species for ecotoxicological tests. Parhyale hawaiensis is a marine amphipod with circumtropical distribution. Recently, acute ecotoxicological procedures were standardized for these model organisms. However, its potential for chronic toxicity assessment still unclear. Sediment quality assessments using sublethal responses of benthic organisms, such as growth and reproduction, have been used to successfully evaluate moderately contaminated areas. The aim of this work was to evaluate the viability of growth rate as an sublethal endpoint for chronic toxicity tests.

Acute and chronic effect of cyaniade on survival rate, behavior, and reproduction of Daphnia sp.

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melky R Pattiwael ◽  
Remy E. P Mangindaan ◽  
Rudi Prabowo ◽  
Inneke F. M Rumengan
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Zooplankton Organism ◽  
Rate Behavior ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Reproduction Pattern ◽  
Acute And Chronic Effects ◽  
Ministerial Decree

Cyanide (CN) through leaching process in the gold processing could produce tailings that have negative impacts on the aquatic environment. To determine the acute and chronic effects of cyanide on aquatic organisms, toxicity tests have been conducted in the laboratory using Daphnia sp.This zooplankton organism is recommended by APHA as standard test animals. In this study the test concentrations refer to the Ministerial Decree No. 202 of 2004 and Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001. Cyanide was analyzed as free CN and WADS CN. The result of acute toxicity test using cyanide solution showed that Daphnia could survive a maximum concentration of 0.2 ppm. LC50 values for 24 and 72 hours were 0,59 mg/L and 0,10 mg/l, respectively. The LT50 was found at 42 hours. Daphnia sp. produced different numbers of offspring at different CN concentrations, and changed their reproduction pattern from parthenogenesis to sexual reproduction after exposure to a cyanide concentration of 0.1 ppm for 24 hours©  Sianida (CN) melalui proses leaching dalam proses pengolahan emas menghasilkan limbah yang dapat memberi dampak negatif bagi lingkungan perairan. Untuk mengetahui sampai seberapa jauh CN dapat memberi efek akut dan kronis terhadap biota air, telah dilakukan uji toksisitas di laboratorium dengan menggunakan Daphnia sp. Zooplankton ini direkomendasikan oleh APHA sebagai salah satu hewan uji standar. Dalam penelitian ini konsentrasi uji yang dipakai mengacu pada peraturan yang berlaku, yaitu Keputusan Menteri No. 202, Tahun 2004, dan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 82, Tahun 2001. Analisis sianida yang dihitung adalah nilai free CN dan WADS CN. Hasil penelitian uji toksisitas akut dengan menggunakan larutan sianida didapati Daphnia mampu bertahan hidup sampai pada konsentrasi 0,2 ppm dan nilai LC50 berada pada konsentarsi 0,1 ppm serta LT50 pada jam ke 42. Hasil uji efek kronis, Daphnia sp. menghasilkan jumlah anakan yang berbeda pada konsentrasi CN yang berlainan, dan mengalami perubahan pola reproduksi dari partenogenesis menjadi seksual setelah dipaparkan pada kosentrasi sianida 0,1 ppm selama 24 jam©

Acute Toxicity Testing with Juvenile White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)

1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.R. Bennett ◽  
A.P. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
White Sturgeon ◽  
Acipenser Transmontanus ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Acute Toxicity Testing

Abstract The primary goal of this study was to investigate the possibility of using early life stages of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) (eggs, larvae and fry) as a species relevant to the Fraser River, B.C., for the acute and sublethal toxico-logical testing of forest industry effluents. Here we report the first successful acute toxicity tests for 8-day-old larvae and 42-day-old fry exposed to several chemicals known to be released into the Fraser River (i.e., 6 monochlorovanillin [6 MVAN], 4,5 dichloroguaiacol [4,5 DCG], 4,5 dichlorocatechol [4,5 DCAT], pentachlorophenol [PCP], and didecyldimethylammonium chloride [DDAC]). In most cases, white sturgeon fry were at the lower end of the range for acute toxicity values for chlorinated phenolic compounds, when compared with other juvenile fish species, and they were extremely sensitive to DDAC. The larval stage was usually more sensitive than the fry stage. Acute toxicity tests with fertilized eggs were unsuccessful. A postexposure growth study was inconclusive because neither control nor toxicant-exposed larvae and fry withstood the additional handling used for measuring body mass. At 62-days-old, fry were more tolerant of handling. This allowed measurement of their swimming performance. Although we have concerns about the reliability of using larvae for acute toxicity testing at this time, 60-day-old white sturgeon fry would appear to be both a sensitive and relevant species for assessing environmental impacts relevant to the Fraser River.

The effects of contaminated sediments of the Blesbok Spruit near Witbank on water quality and the toxicity thereof to Daphnia pulex

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 173-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liesl Hill ◽  
Sebastian Jooste
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Mine Drainage ◽  
Interstitial Water ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Daphnia Pulex ◽  
Contaminated Sediments ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Major Route ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Route Of Exposure

With the increasing focus on environmental issues, the objective of this study is to evaluate the potential impact of contaminated sediments of the Blesbok Spruit near Witbank - which receives acid mine drainage (AMD) inter alia - on biota. Direct transfer of chemicals from sediments to organisms is considered to be a major route of exposure for many species, and therefore focusing attention on sediment contamination and highlighting the fact that sediments are an important resource. Acute toxicity tests were performed on Daphnia pulex using both extracted sediment interstitial water and surface water. Chemical analyses were also performed on the sediment, interstitial water and surface water samples. The toxicity results suggest that metal toxicity adds significantly to the toxicity of the stream water which is enhanced by the effect of pH. The pH of the stream and interstitial water was consistently below 4.5.

Post-treatment of sanitary landfill leachate by coagulation–flocculation using chitosan as primary coagulant

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inara Oliveira do Carmo Nascimento ◽  
Ana Rosa Pinto Guedes ◽  
Louisa Wessels Perelo ◽  
Luciano Matos Queiroz
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Sanitary Landfill ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Sanitary Landfill Leachate

Chitosan was chosen as an alternative primary coagulant in a complementary coagulation–flocculation treatment of sanitary landfill leachate with the aim of removing recalcitrant organic matter. In order to optimize the process conditions, central composite design and response surface methodology were applied. To evaluate the performance of the process using chitosan, we also carried out tests with aluminium sulphate (Al2 (SO4)3.14 H2O) as coagulant. In addition, acute toxicity tests were carried using the duckweed Lemna minor and the guppy fish Poecilia reticulata as test organisms. The analytic hierarchy process was employed for selecting the most appropriate coagulant. Mean values of true colour removal efficiency of 80% and turbidity removal efficiency of 91.4% were reached at chitosan dosages of 960 mg L−1 at pH 8.5. The acute toxicity tests showed that organisms were sensitive to all samples, mainly after coagulation–flocculation using chitosan. CE50 for L. minor was not determined because there was no inhibition of the average growth rate and biomass production; LC50 for P. reticulata was 23% (v v−1). Multi-criteria analysis showed that alum was the most appropriate coagulant. Therefore, chitosan as primary coagulant was not considered to be a viable alternative in the post-treatment of landfill leachate.

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