scholarly journals Comparison of two protocols aimed to evaluate the impact of dizziness in patients with vestibular disorders

Author(s):  
Maria Luiza Carlos Riato ◽  
Maria Isabel Ramos do Amaral ◽  
Vanessa B. Campoy Rocha ◽  
Raquel Mezzalira ◽  
Guita Stoler

Exploring emotional aspects commonly associated with the symptom of dizziness is essential for a better understanding and prognosis of vestibular disorder, once it is known that dizziness can be associate as a cause or consequence from psychological disorders. The aim of this study was to analyse the emotional impact caused by dizziness/vertigo symptom in vestibulopathic patients comparing two protocols: Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) and Questionário de Impacto Emocional da Vertigem (CIEV). We concluded that both questionnaires can be used to evalute the impact of dizziness in patients' quality of life, but they explore different aspects being considered complementary during the diagnosis and for a better prognosis.

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill G Zwicker ◽  
Melinda Suto ◽  
Susan R Harris ◽  
Nikol Vlasakova ◽  
Cheryl Missiuna

Introduction Affecting 5–6% of children, developmental coordination disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by poor motor coordination and difficulty learning motor skills. Although quantitative studies have suggested that children with developmental coordination disorder experience reduced quality of life, no known qualitative studies have reported what daily life is like from their perspective. Method Guided by an inductive realistic approach and using semi-structured, individual interviews, 13 children (8–12 years) were asked to describe what life is like in their own words. Three researchers coded interviews manually to identify relevant content. An experienced qualitative researcher conducted a second, in-depth thematic analysis using NVivo to identify patterns and themes. Findings Two themes – milestones as millstones and the perils of printing – illuminated participants’ challenges in completing everyday activities at home and at school. The third theme – more than a motor problem – revealed the social and emotional impact of these struggles and from being excluded from play. The fourth theme – coping strategies – described their efforts to be resilient. Conclusion Parents, educators, physicians, and therapists working with children with developmental coordination disorder must recognize how their quality of life is affected by the physical and emotional toll of their efforts to participate successfully in daily activities.


Author(s):  
John Verrinder Veasey ◽  
Adriana Bittencourt Campaner

Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil epidemiológico e impacto na qualidade de vida dos pacientes portadores de verrugas anogenitais. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal prospectivo realizado no Ambulatório de Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis do Hospital da Santa Casa de São Paulo no período de janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2017. Para avaliação do impacto na qualidade de vida foi aplicado um questionário específico para condiloma acuminado, que analisa o impacto na esfera emocional e sexual, e comparou-se seus resultados ao número e tempo de lesões apresentadas pelos pacientes do sexo masculino. Resultados: Foram avaliados o perfil epidemiológico de 48 pacientes, destes 23 pacientes responderam o questionário e demonstraram terem sido afetados na dimensão emocional e/ou sexual pelas suas lesões. Ao se correlacionar o número de lesões de condilomas aos resultados de impacto emocional, impacto sexual e impacto geral não se observou relação estatisticamente significante (p= 0,298, p=0,297 e p=0,230 respectivamente). Ao se correlacionar o tempo de lesão apresentada pelos pacientes ao impacto nas esferas emocional, sexual e geral houve uma relação inversa significativa com p<0,05, apresentando correlação moderada pelo método de análise de Pearson com p=0,039 na esfera emocional, p=0,009 na esfera sexual e p=0,010 na esfera global. Conclusões: A presença de condilomas anogenitais interfere na qualidade de vida de seus portadores, afetando tanto a esfera emocional quanto sexual. Notou-se também que pacientes com impacto na qualidade de vida pela presença de condilomas tendem a buscar auxílio médico mais rapidamente, enquanto pacientes com baixo impacto nas esferas sexual e emocional demoram mais tempo a procurar tratamento médico.Descritores: Papillomaviridae, Condiloma acuminado, Perfil de impacto da doença, Indicadores de qualidade de vida Abstract Objective: To evaluate the epidemiological profile and impact on the quality of life of patients with anogenital warts. Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted at the Ambulatory of Sexually Transmitted Infections at Santa Casa de São Paulo Hospital from January 2015 to December 2017. To evaluate the impact on quality of life, a specific questionnaire was used for condyloma acuminata, which analyzes the impact in the emotional and sexual sphere, and compared its results to the number and time of lesions presented by the patients. Results: The epidemiological profile of 48 patients was evaluated; 23 of these patients answered the questionnaire and were affected in the emotional and / or sexual dimension by their lesions. When correlating the number of condyloma lesions to the results of emotional impact, sexual impact and general impact, no statistically significant relationship was observed (p = 0.298, p = 0.297 and p = 0.230, respectively). When correlating the time of condyloma presented by the patients to the impact in the emotional, sexual and general spheres, there was a significant inverse relationship with p <0.05, presenting a moderate correlation with the Pearson analysis method with p = 0.039 in the emotional sphere, p = 0.009 in the sexual sphere and p = 0.010 in the global sphere. Conclusions: The presence of anogenital condylomas interferes in the quality of life of the patients, affecting both the emotional and sexual spheres. It was also noted that patients with impact on quality of life due to the presence of condylomata tend to seek medical help more quickly, while patients with low impact in the sexual and emotional spheres take more time to seek medical treatment.Key Words: Papillomaviridae, Condylomata acuminata, Sickness impact profile, Indicators of quality of life


Author(s):  
Samuel O. Adegbola ◽  
Lesley Dibley ◽  
Kapil Sahnan ◽  
Tiffany Wade ◽  
Azmina Verjee ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Perianal fistulas are a challenging manifestation of Crohn’s disease. Best medical and surgical therapy results in only about a third of patients remaining in remission at one year on maintenance treatment and sustained healing is often elusive. There is little published data on patient perspective of living with the condition or coping strategies in the face of non-curative/non-definitive treatment. We aimed to understand the experience of living with perianal fistula(s) and their impact on quality of life and routine functioning. Methods This exploratory qualitative study used purposive sampling to recruit participants with current / previous diagnosis of Crohn’s anal fistulas, from national IBD / bowel disease charities. The “standards for reporting qualitative research” (SRQR) recommendations were followed. Unstructured individual face-to-face interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. Early themes were reviewed by the study team including patient advocates, clinicians and qualitative researchers. Results Twelve interviews were conducted, achieving apparent data saturation. Three broad themes were uncovered: Burden of symptoms; Burden of treatment; and Impact on emotional, physical and social well-being. Each included several sub-themes, with considerable interplay between these. The impact of perianal fistula(s) on patients with CD is intense and wide reaching, negatively affecting intimate, close and social relationships. Fistulas cause losses in life and work-related opportunities, and treatments can be difficult to tolerate. Conclusion Crohn’s perianal fistulas exert a heavy negative physical and emotional impact on patients. These findings will inform development of a patient reported outcome measure to assess treatment effectiveness and quality of life for patients living with this challenging condition.


Revista CEFAC ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-237
Author(s):  
Adriele Lins Silva ◽  
Lidiane Maria de Brito Macedo Ferreira ◽  
Raysa Vanessa de Medeiros Freitas ◽  
Kenio Costa de Lima ◽  
Ricardo Oliveira Guerra ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Purpose: to evaluate the quality of life in institutionalized elderly people with dizziness complaint and to relate the results to the characteristics of dizziness and functional capacity. Methods: in this cross-sectional study, one-hundred and nineteen elderly residents in three geriatric long-term care institutions in Natal city, Brazil, were evaluated. Those who had presented dizziness in the former year (30/25.2%) were included in this study. The quality of life was measured by the Dizziness Handicap Inventory. Functional capacity was measured by the Berg Balance Scale, the Functional Reach Test, the Unipedal Stance Test with eyes open and closed, and the Falls Efficacy Scale - International. Results: associations were found between physical, functional and emotional aspects and the duration of dizziness (p=0.002, p=0.041 and p=0.004, respectively); the functional aspects with age (p=0.031), the physical aspects with the presence of falls in the previous year (p=0.039); and the physical, functional and emotional aspects of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory with fear of falling (p=0.004, p<0.001 and p=0.016, respectively). Conclusion: institutionalized elderly with dizziness complaints had a low perception of quality of life, and the duration of dizziness, age, falls and fear of falling negatively influenced their quality of life.


Blood ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 2-3
Author(s):  
Waleed Ghanima ◽  
Drew Provan ◽  
Nichola Cooper ◽  
Axel Matzdorff ◽  
Ming Hou ◽  
...  

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired autoimmune disorder defined by a platelet count &lt; 100 × 109/L without explanation, and an increased risk of bleeding. ITP itself as well as its treatments have multifaceted, often poorly understood impacts on patients' quality of life (QoL). These effects include impact on activities of daily living, emotional health, energy, ability to think well and clearly, and productivity in the workplace. There are limited data on which individual aspects of ITP are perceived both by patients and physicians as having the greatest impact on QoL. Understanding patients' perspectives is vital to optimize their QoL by specifying particular areas in need of therapy. I-WISh 1.0 was an exploratory, cross-sectional survey in which 1507 patients with ITP and 472 physicians across 13 countries completed separate, but related, online surveys that included assessments of ITP signs and symptoms, impact of symptoms, and patient-physician relationships. These findings have been presented at previous ASH and EHA congresses, and manuscripts are currently in preparation. However, although I-WISh 1.0 provided considerable insights into unexplored facets of the effects of ITP, an all-too-large number of gaps in understanding still remain. In response to this, I-WISh 2.0 is currently being developed. The objectives of the I-WISh 2.0 patient and physician cross-sectional surveys include: (1) to further explore the burden of fatigue and how it affects patients' lives, including what makes it better or worse; (2) to assess the emotional impact of living with chronic ITP, especially in relation to depression; (3) to assess how treatments for ITP can impact activities of daily living (positively and negatively); (4) to further relate effects of treatment to patients' QoL; and (5) to explore how telemedicine affects healthcare delivery for patients with ITP. Furthermore, data from subsets of patients will address (6) the impact of COVID-19 in patients with ITP; and (7) special issues affecting ITP in pregnancy. A steering committee of ITP expert physicians and patient advocacy group representatives are designing and will endorse the patient and physician surveys now nearing readiness after several meetings to determine the areas of greatest need of assessment. In addition, a control group will be included. Survey launch and data collection are scheduled to commence in early Q4 2020. Patients and physicians will complete similar online surveys. Both patient and physician surveys include a screener and sections of questions related to the specific objectives of I-WISh 2.0. The surveys include updates to key topics in I-WISh 1.0 (impact of fatigue, impact on daily life, treatment of ITP, emotional impact of ITP); validated patient-reported outcome tools to measure fatigue (MFIS-5), presence and severity of depression (PHQ-9), work-related burden (WPAI), and impact on quality of life (ILQI) tools; and questions related to COVID-19, telemedicine (remote patient monitoring), and pregnancy and ITP. Patients will be recruited to I-WISh 2.0 via treating physicians and patient advocacy groups, and will be included if they are ≥ 18 years of age, diagnosed with ITP, and agree to participate. Participating physicians will be required to be actively managing patients with ITP and have a minimum caseload of 3 ITP patients currently under their care; physicians must also have a primary specialty of hematology or hematology-oncology. Approval will be sought from an independent centralized Institutional Review Board. Data analysis will be primarily descriptive and correlative in nature. Breakdown by country and geographic areas will be included. A global sample is planned from 21 countries across 6 continents, with the aim of surveying more than 2000 patients and 600 physicians. I-WISh 2.0 will be the largest observational global survey ever conducted in ITP. If accepted, preliminary data are planned to be presented at the ASH meeting. I-WISh 2.0 will build on the strengths of I-WISh 1.0, which highlighted areas requiring further assessment and will explore aspects of ITP of great interest that were neither conclusively addressed in the first survey nor well-studied in the past. Disclosures Ghanima: Bristol Myers Squibb:Research Funding;Principia:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Pfizer:Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau;Amgen:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Novartis:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Bayer:Research Funding.Provan:ONO Pharmaceutical:Consultancy;MedImmune:Consultancy;UCB:Consultancy;Amgen:Honoraria, Research Funding;Novartis:Honoraria, Research Funding.Cooper:Amgen:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Novartis:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau.Matzdorff:Roche Pharma AG:Other: Family stockownership;Amgen GmbH:Consultancy, Other: Honoraria paid to institution;Grifols Deutschland GmbH:Consultancy, Other: Honoraria paid to institution;Swedish Orphan Biovitrium GmbH:Consultancy, Other: Honoraria paid to institution;UCB Biopharma SRL:Consultancy, Other: Honoraria paid to institution;Novartis Oncology:Consultancy, Other: Honoraria paid to institution.Santoro:Novartis:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Takeda:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Amgen:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Novo Nordisk:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Bayer:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;CSL Behring:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Roche:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Sobi:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau.Morgan:Sobi:Other: Consultancy fees paid to the ITP Support Association;UCB:Other: Consultancy fees paid to the ITP Support Association;Novartis:Other: Consultancy fees paid to the ITP Support Association.Kruse:Principia:Other: Grant paid to PDSA;Pfizer:Other: Grant and consultancy fee, all paid to PDSA;Argenx:Other: Grant paid to PDSA;Novartis:Other: PDSA received payment for recruiting patients to I-WISh and for promoting I-WISh on the globalitp.org website. Grant and consultancy fee, all paid to PDSA outside the submitted work;CSL Behring:Other: Grant paid to PDSA;UCB:Other: Grant and consultancy fee, all paid to PDSA;Rigel:Other: Grant paid to PDSA;Amgen:Other: Grant and honorarium, all paid to PDSA.Zaja:Janssen-Cilag:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Takeda:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Bristol Myers Squibb:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Grifols:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Amgen:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;AbbVie:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Kyowa Kirin:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Mundipharma:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau;Novartis:Honoraria, Patents & Royalties: Pending patent (No. PAT058521) relating to TAPER trial (NCT03524612), Speakers Bureau;Roche:Honoraria, Speakers Bureau.Lahav:Novartis:Other: Consultancy fees paid to the Israeli ITP Support Association.Tomiyama:Novartis:Consultancy, Honoraria;Kyowa Kirin:Honoraria;Sysmex:Consultancy.Winograd:Novartis:Other: Consultancy fees paid to the Israeli ITP Support Association.Lovrencic:UCB:Other: Consultancy fees paid to AIPIT;Novartis:Other: Honorarium paid to AIPIT.Bailey:Adelphi Real World:Current Employment;Novartis:Other: Employee of Adelphi Real World, which has received consultancy fees from Novartis.Haenig:Novartis:Current Employment.Bussel:Novartis:Consultancy;Argenx:Consultancy;UCB:Consultancy;CSL Behring:Consultancy;Shionogi:Consultancy;Regeneron:Consultancy;3SBios:Consultancy;Dova:Consultancy;Principia:Consultancy;Rigel:Consultancy;Momenta:Consultancy;RallyBio:Consultancy;Amgen:Consultancy.


2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (04) ◽  
pp. 546-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Judson

AbstractHealth-related quality of life (HRQL) is an important aspect of patient evaluation. HRQL is particularly important in sarcoidosis, where treatment decisions are often based on HRQL impairment. HRQL assessment in sarcoidosis must take into account not only the direct effects of the disease but also the disease's psychosocial and emotional impact as well as the potential toxicity of therapy. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) have been used to assess HRQL in sarcoidosis cohorts. Recent HRQL PROs have been developed that are sarcoidosis-specific and have adequate resolution to be used for monitoring individual patients potentially. In this article, the approach to HRQL assessment in sarcoidosis is discussed. This article focuses on the general approach to HRQL assessment, specific sarcoidosis issues concerning HRQL assessment, the construction of HRQL PROs, and their application in sarcoidosis. Several HRQL issues in sarcoidosis will be specifically highlighted, including parasarcoidosis syndromes, sarcoidosis-induced fatigue, and the impact of corticosteroid therapy.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-589
Author(s):  
Martina Hagen ◽  
Taara Madhavan ◽  
John Bell

AbstractBackground and aimsRecognition of the biopsychosocial aspects of pain is important for a true understanding of the burden of pain and the necessity of pain management. Biopsychosocial aspects of pain may differ between countries and cultures. Market research methods can be well suited and effective for assessing patient perspectives of pain and biopsychosocial differences. We conducted and combined 3 cross-sectional, international surveys to document the impact of pain on physical and emotional aspects of life, as well as quality of life (QOL).MethodsOnline panelists from 24 countries took part in our surveys in 2014, 2016, and 2017. Fourteen countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Poland, Russia, United Kingdom, United States, Mexico, Sweden, Saudi Arabia) contributed data in all 3 surveys and comprise the analysis population. A Global Pain Index (GPI) was constructed using 8 questions in 3 categories: Physical (frequency, duration, intensity of pain), Emotional (anxiety, impact on self-esteem, happiness), and Impact on QOL and ability to enjoy life. Each item was scored as the percentage of respondents meeting a prespecified threshold indicative of a substantial pain impact. Scores for the items within each category were averaged to obtain a category score, category scores were averaged to obtain a total score for each survey, and total scores from each survey were averaged to obtain a final combined score. Scores were assessed for the overall population, by individual countries, by age and gender, and by self-identified pain-treatment status (treat immediately, wait, never treat).ResultsOf the 50,952 adult respondents, 28,861 (56.6%) had ever experienced musculoskeletal pain; 50% of those with pain had pain with a multifaceted impact based on the GPI (Physical: 51%; Emotional: 40%; QOL Impact: 59%). Russia (57%) and Poland (56%) had the highest scores; Mexico (46%), Germany (47%), and Japan (47%) had the lowest. GPI score was higher in women (52%) than men (48%), and initially increased with age through age 54 (18‒24 years: 45%; 25‒34 years: 52%; 35‒44 years: 53%; 45‒54 years: 54%), after which it decreased again (55‒64 years: 51%; ≥65 years: 45%). A majority (65%) of respondents wait to treat their pain, whereas 21% treat their pain immediately and 14% never treat pain. The most common reason for waiting (asked in survey 3 only) was to avoid taking medication.ConclusionsIn this combined analysis of 3 international surveys using a novel biopsychosocial pain assessment tool, pain had a substantial impact on ~50% of respondents’ lives, spanning physical (51%), emotional (40%), and QOL effects (59%). Despite the substantial impact, a majority of patients tried to avoid treating their pain.ImplicationsClinicians should take a biopsychosocial approach to pain by asking patients not only about the presence and severity of pain, but the extent to which it affects various aspects of their lives and daily functioning. Patients may also need education about the efficacy and safety of available treatments for self-management of pain. The GPI may be a useful new tool for future studies of the biopsychosocial effects of pain in large populations.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255501
Author(s):  
Jonas K. Kurzhals ◽  
Gina Klee ◽  
Hauke Busch ◽  
Victoria Hagelstein ◽  
Detlef Zillikens ◽  
...  

With more than 82 million cases worldwide and almost two million deaths, the Covid-19 global pandemic shows little sign of abating. However, its effect on quality of life (QoL) in skin cancer patients has not been systematically evaluated to date. Given that QoL impairments may be associated with increased psychological morbidity, and may interfere with engagement with cancer therapy and follow-up, we prospectively evaluated quality of life in skin cancer patients using the Covid-19 Emotional Impact Survey (C-19EIS) and the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaires. 101 patients (48 females and 53 males) completed both questionnaires. The mean C-19EIS score was 3.8 on a scale from 0 (no impact) to 12 (severe impact). Patients undergoing systemic therapy showed significantly impaired physical (p = 0.006) and social functioning (p = 0.003). However, when compared to the published normative EORTC QLQ-C30 data, there was no evidence that the Covid-19 pandemic had significantly impacted upon overall quality of life. Subscales of the EORTC QLQ-C30 were significantly inversely correlated with the C-19EIS, validating its use in skin cancer patients. Despite the Covid-19 pandemic, skin cancer patients in our tertiary referral center were surprisingly resilient. However, given the geographical variations in the rates of Sars-CoV-2 infection it is possible that the low incidence in Northern Germany may have resulted in a lack of general QoL impairments. Multi-center studies are required to further determine the impact of Covid-19 on psychological wellbeing in skin cancer patients in order to develop supportive interventions and to ensure that engagement with cancer care services is maintained in order to enable early detection of cancer progression and/or recurrence.


2021 ◽  

Introduction: Chronic pain patients who undergo to stressful events may experience worsening in pain, sleep, and quality of life (QoL). The primary objective of this observational study was to compare QoL and sleep parameters before and after the COVID-19 lockdown in patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS). The psychological impact of lockdown was also assessed, as well as the emotional impact of the pandemic and its correlations with patient socio-demographics. Methods: Patients aged ≥18 years with FMS diagnosed according to ACR (American College of Rheumatology) 2016 Criteria with at least one pre-pandemic QoL and sleep evaluation were included. QoL and sleep disturbances were analyzed by comparing scores on the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire-Revised (FIQ-R), the 12-item Short Form Survey (SF-12), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) before and after the first lockdown in Italy (March to May 2020). Psychological impact was investigated via a 52-item survey of daily life changes in FMS management during the lockdown and emotional impact with the Impact Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) tool during the onset period after the lockdown. Questionnaire responses were correlated with patients’ socio-demographics. Results: Questionnaires were submitted via email to 54 patients; 37/54 patients (63.7%) returned them. QoL and sleep disturbances showed no statistically significant worsening. However, the psychological impact survey revealed that 3 out of 5 patients feared very much for their family members’ lives during lockdown. The emotional impact survey disclosed 72.7% of patients with psychological distress. Conclusions: While questionnaire responses showed no significant changes in QoL and sleep after the COVID-19 lockdown in this sample of FMS patients, the emotional investigation revealed moderate/severe psychological distress not detected by commonly used QoL tests in FMS.


Author(s):  
Himanshu Swami ◽  
Aravind B. M.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Dizziness is a commonly reported complaint among elderly.. Among the elderly in particular, factors such as Ageing, presbycusis, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteopenia, and osteoporosis increase the risk. Dizziness handicap inventory is used to assess the quality of life among the individuals with vestibular dysfunction. This is also used to assess the impact of interventions for vestibular dysfunction. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of latent vestibular dysfunction among the Indian population, and the impact of interventions among the same.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital. As per sample size estimates, 200 participants aged &gt;60 years without previous diagnosis of vestibular dysfunction were screened using appropriate tests. The quality of life of the affected individuals were assessed using Dizziness Handicap Inventory Score (DHIS) before and after intervention.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The prevalence of latent vestibular dysfunction was found to be 23.5%. Most of them reported having moderate handicap due to the condition. Following intervention, those with moderate handicap either became normal (47.8%) or had residual mild handicap (52.2%). The mean DHIS score significantly decreased from 40.91 points during pre-intervention to 16.12 points post-intervention.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Around one-fourth of the Indian elderly is found to have latent vestibular dysfunction. It has a major impact on the individual’s quality of life. Yet, screening and intervention is found to make a considerable improvement among the affected individuals.</p>


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