scholarly journals The difference of knowledge and primary preventive for typhoid fever between parents in rural and urban areas to children under-five ages

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 384
Author(s):  
Yushi Rohana
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rural And Urban Area ◽  
Cluster Random Sampling

Children under five ages are vulnerable to infectious disease, one of which is typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is a disease caused by infection of Salmonella typhii and Indonesia is endemic typhoid fever. So that the toddler has not been suffered from typhoid fever, it needs participation of their parents to prevent them from the occurrence of the disease. The aim of this research was to analyze the difference between knowledge and parents’s action in preventing typhoid fever of their children in rural and urban areas. This type of this research is observational analytic with design of study is cross sectional. The population is parents of children under five ages in rural and urban areas. Samples of this research was ECE’s that taken by one stage cluster random sampling. The number of samples in the rural area were 51 parents of children under five ages and the number of samples in urban were 54 parents of children under five ages. The collection of data used a questionnaire to parents of children under five ages. Data analysis techniques used two independent samples t test and Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test. The results of this study that there were difference in knowledge of typhoid fever for parents of children under five ages in the rural and urban area (p = 0.014), there are differences in the primary preventive against in typhoid fever between parents in rural and in urban areas (p = 0.0001), and there are difference in secondary prevention against typhoid fever between parents in rural and in urban areas (p = 0.0001). The conclusion of this research isthere are differences in knowledge and actions of parents in rural and urban areas in preventing typhoid fever in children under five ages. The suggestion for parents of children under five ages is attention and increase hiegiene and sanitation to avoid typhoid fever and they should teach their children to always keep cleanKeywords : knowledge, prevention, typhoid fever, children under five ages

scholarly journals The difference of knowledge and primary preventive for typhoid fever between parents in rural and urban areas to children under-five ages

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 384
Author(s):  
Yushi Rohana
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rural And Urban Area ◽  
Cluster Random Sampling

Children under five ages are vulnerable to infectious disease, one of which is typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is a disease caused by infection of Salmonella typhii and Indonesia is endemic typhoid fever. So that the toddler has not been suffered from typhoid fever, it needs participation of their parents to prevent them from the occurrence of the disease. The aim of this research was to analyze the difference between knowledge and parents’s action in preventing typhoid fever of their children in rural and urban areas. This type of this research is observational analytic with design of study is cross sectional. The population is parents of children under five ages in rural and urban areas. Samples of this research was ECE’s that taken by one stage cluster random sampling. The number of samples in the rural area were 51 parents of children under five ages and the number of samples in urban were 54 parents of children under five ages. The collection of data used a questionnaire to parents of children under five ages. Data analysis techniques used two independent samples t test and Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test. The results of this study that there were difference in knowledge of typhoid fever for parents of children under five ages in the rural and urban area (p = 0.014), there are differences in the primary preventive against in typhoid fever between parents in rural and in urban areas (p = 0.0001), and there are difference in secondary prevention against typhoid fever between parents in rural and in urban areas (p = 0.0001). The conclusion of this research isthere are differences in knowledge and actions of parents in rural and urban areas in preventing typhoid fever in children under five ages. The suggestion for parents of children under five ages is attention and increase hiegiene and sanitation to avoid typhoid fever and they should teach their children to always keep cleanKeywords : knowledge, prevention, typhoid fever, children under five ages

scholarly journals The Quality of Life of Coronavirus Disease Survivors Living in Rural and Urban Area of Riau Province, Indonesia

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Suyanto Suyanto ◽  
Shashi Kandel ◽  
Rahmat Azhari Kemal ◽  
Arfianti Arfianti
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Status ◽  
Rural And Urban Area

This study assesses the status of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among coronavirus survivors living in rural and urban districts in Riau province, Indonesia. The cross-sectional study was conducted among 468 and 285 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) survivors living in rural and urban areas, respectively in August 2021. The St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) was used to measure the HRQOL of COVID-19 survivors. A higher total score domain corresponds to worse quality of life status. Quantile regression with the respect to 50th percentile found a significant association for the factors living in rural areas, being female, having comorbidities, and being hospitalized during treatment, with total score of 4.77, 2.43, 7.22, and 21.27 higher than in their contra parts, respectively. Moreover, having received full vaccination had the score 3.96 in total score. The HRQOL of COVID-19 survivors living in rural areas was significantly lower than in urban areas. Factors such as living in rural areas, female sex, having comorbidities, and history of symptomatic COVID-19 infection were identified as significant predictors for lower quality of life. Meanwhile, having full vaccination is a significant predictor for a better quality of life. The results of this study can provide the targeted recommendations for improvement of HRQOL of COVID-19 survivors.

scholarly journals Prevalence of seizures and associated factors in children under five living in a deprived municipality of southern Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 65 (3a) ◽  
pp. 581-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheple Roberto Abib ◽  
Raúl A. Mendoza-Sassi ◽  
Jaime Bech-Nappi ◽  
Airton Tetelbom Stein
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and distribution of seizure in children under five, living in a deprived community. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in a probabilistic sample of 487 children aged 5 or less, resident in the rural and urban areas of São José do Norte, a poor municipality in southern Brazil, during the period 1998-99. Children were identified as having this disorder after the application of the three subsequent instruments, the screening questionnaire for epileptic seizures (SQES), the neurological diagnostic interview for epilepsy (NDIE) and the EEG. Statistical analysis included a multivariate analysis using Poisson regression. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: Diagnosis of epileptic seizures was confirmed in 22 children. Prevalence of seizure was 45.2/1000 (CI 2.9-6.8). Absence of tap water (PR 2.86; IC 1.15-7.10), and precarious housing (PR 2.50; CI 1.01-6.18) were significantly associated with the outcome. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of seizure in this deprived population is extremely high and related to socio-economic conditions.

scholarly journals Investigating how consumer education and lifestyle influence the consumer empowerment: case in rural and urban areas, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1232-1249
Author(s):  
Megawati Simanjuntak
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Consumer Education ◽  
Consumer Empowerment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Linear Regressions

This study aimed to analyze the difference of consumer education, lifestyle, and consumer empowerment in rural and urban areas, and to analyze the effect of consumer education and lifestyle on the consumer empowerment. This research used a cross-sectional design study with 120 housewives as the sample selected purposively. Data were analyzed using independent sample t-test, Mann-Whitney, and multiple linear regressions. There were significant differences (p<0.01) in consumer education, fulfilled lifestyle, believer lifestyle, and consumer empowerment index between the two regions, where the urban area scores were higher compared to the rural area. Consumer education and length of education affected positively and significantly (p<0.01) on the consumer empowerment index, while the lifestyle did not significantly affect the consumer empowerment index. The higher intensity of consumer education and higher education levels will increase the consumer empowerment index.

Marked Gender Difference in Plasma Total Homocysteine Concentrations in Indian Adults with low Vitamin B12

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 306-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadanand Naik ◽  
Charudatta Joglekar ◽  
Dattatray Bhat ◽  
Himangi Lubree ◽  
Sonali Rege ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Total Homocysteine ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Plasma Total Homocysteine

Context: Plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is higher in men than women. Objective: To explore the gender differences in tHcy in relation to determinants of one-carbon metabolism in Indian people with low B12 and adequate folate. Setting: The study took place in rural and urban areas of Pune, India. Design and participants: Participants were 441 men from the cross-sectional Coronary Risk of Insulin Sensitivity in Indian Subjects study (CRISIS) and premenopausal wives of 146 men (median ages 38 and 34 years, respectively). Main outcome measures: Gender difference in fasting tHcy in relation to plasma albumin and creatinine concentrations, lifestyle factors, diet and lean mass, plasma B12 and red cell folate (RCF) was assessed. Results: Prevalence of high tHcy (> 15 µmol/L, median 14.4 µM) was 40 %, low B12 (< 150 pmol/L, 114 pmol/L) 66 %, and low RCF (< 283 nmol/L, 525 nmol/L) 8 %. Men had higher (1.8x) plasma tHcy concentrations (16.2 µmol/L) than women (9.5 µmol/L). Only 50 % of the gender difference was explained by age, lean mass, B12, and RCF. The difference remained after controlling for other explanatory variables. Women with a tHcy of 9.3 µM had the same B12 concentration (129 pmol/L) as men with a tHcy of 15 µM; and for a tHcy of 10.0 µmol/L women had the same RCF concentration (533 nmol/L) as men with a tHcy of 15 µmol/L. Conclusions: Adult Indian women have markedly lower tHcy concentrations compared to men. This suggests a lower threshold for supplementation to improve reproductive and cardiovascular outcomes.

scholarly journals PO 8496 ACCURACY OF DIAGNOSIS AND HAEMATOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE AMONG MALARIA PATIENTS IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS IN THE ASHANTI REGION OF GHANA

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A46.2-A46
Author(s):  
Abdul-Hakim Mutala ◽  
Kingsley Badu ◽  
Austine Tweneboah ◽  
Samul Agordzo ◽  
Dawood Ackom Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Density ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

BackgroundOver recent years, there has been an increase in the use of a histidine-rich protein 2(HRP-2)-based rapid diagnostic test (RDT) in the diagnosis of malaria. Accurate and prompt diagnosis of malaria will help reduce parasite reservoir and reduce malaria transmission. However, the underdiagnosis of malaria due to low parasite density hinders malaria eradication. The study aimed at establishing the baseline information on the accuracy of the HRP2-based RDT used in Ghana in three communities (Agona [rural], Kuntanase [peri-urban] and Kumasi [urban]) while determining the haematological difference among malaria patients.MethodsCross-sectional study was conducted from January to April 2018. A total of 304 participants were recruited in the study. Microscopy and RDT were used in the detection of malaria parasitaemia in all the samples.ResultsThe overall sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value was 75.9%, 95.6%, 64.7% and 97.4% respectively. The HRP-2 based RDT was highly sensitive (100%) for parasite density ≥250 parasite µl and relatively low for parasite density ≤100 parasite/µl (50%- Kumasi, 67%- Agona and 75%- Kuntanase). On the other hand, Agona (rural) recorded the highest prevalence (15.8%) followed by Kumasi (urban) (9%) and Kuntanase (peri-urban) being the lowest (6.8%). The difference in prevalence was however not statistically significant across the three communities. The rural area also accounted for highest parasite density (mean 99.53) and lowest in urban (60.29) with a statistical difference (p<0.001). The difference in white blood cell levels was significant (<0.0001) across Agona, Kuntanase and Kumasi. RBC and Hb levels were however not significant.ConclusionThe high specificity observed indicates that the majority of the patients without malaria were correctly diagnosed. Notwithstanding, the sensitivity was relatively low and below the WHO standard of ≥95% hence a significant number of malaria-positive cases were misdiagnosed. It is therefore important that the accuracy of RDT should be frequently assessed to improve its quality.

scholarly journals Urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, 2008–2012: a cross-sectional analysis of data from 36 cancer registers

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e042762
Author(s):  
Shuai Yuan ◽  
Shao-Hua Xie
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Anatomic Site ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural

ObjectiveThe substantial differences in socioeconomic and lifestyle exposures between urban and rural areas in China may lead to urban–rural disparity in cancer risk. This study aimed to assess the urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China.MethodsUsing data from 36 regional cancer registries in China in 2008–2012, we compared the age-standardised incidence rates of cancer by sex and anatomic site between rural and urban areas. We calculated the rate difference and rate ratio comparing rates in rural versus urban areas by sex and cancer type.ResultsThe incidence rate of all cancers in women was slightly lower in rural areas than in urban areas, but the total cancer rate in men was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The incidence rates in women were higher in rural areas than in urban areas for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower for cancers of thyroid and breast. Men residing in rural areas had higher incidence rates for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower rates for prostate cancer, lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer, and colorectal cancer.ConclusionsOur findings suggest substantial urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, which varies across cancer types and the sexes. Cancer prevention strategies should be tailored for common cancers in rural and urban areas.

scholarly journals Authors Response: Clinical differences between children with asthma and rhinitis in rural and urban areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-48
Author(s):  
Jorge Sánchez ◽  
Andrés Sánchez ◽  
Ricardo Cardona
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sample Size Calculation ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Children With Asthma ◽  
The Difference

We greatly appreciate the interest shown in the article "Clinical differences between children with asthma and rhinitis in rural and urban areas", which we hope will be one of several future articles that we intend to carry out in the study cohort. To the questions generated by the reader, one is focused on the calculation of the sample size, while the other two questions are focus in the method of analysis, and the reader suggests, it could be more robust. Regarding the sample size, we describe that infant asthma in urban areas of Medellin was 11% and rhinitis 23%, according to previous studies. There is no data available for the rural area. We note that with a confidence level of 95%, a power of 80% and a sample size error of 0.5%, the sample size was calculated; estimating 201 children for the urban area and 128 for the rural area. Finally, we recruited and were able to continue for a year, a total of 248 children from the urban area and 134 from the rural area. The complaint of the reader, is focus that the more appropriated technique would be "… the appropriate sample size calculation must have been the difference of means between two independent populations, although the authors did not report any ACT effect size based on previous studies."...

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