scholarly journals Impact Assessment of COVID-19 on Immunization Service for Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Kharisma Nurul Fazrianti Rusman ◽  
Evi Martha
Keyword(s):  
Double Burden ◽  
Immunization Service ◽  
Child Immunization ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The World ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
The Government ◽  
Narrative Literature Review ◽  
The Impact

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) or the coronavirus disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a concern around the world, especially in Indonesia. As of January 31, 2021, the total cases of COVID-19 infection in the world reached 103 million with 2.22 million cases. The COVID-19 pandemic threatened to have an impact on health progress and particularly on children's development due to the obstruction of immunization services as a national program. Objective: This study aims to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child immunization services. Methods: The method used was a narrative literature review conducted by synthesizing and analyzing 4 search engines including ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Pubmed, and SpringerLink. The search for this manuscript found 22 texts that matched the specified topic, namely the impact of the presence of COVID-19 on immunization services in children, searched for the keywords immunization, COVID-19, immunization service, and child. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic has an impact on changes in immunization services for children who have become obstructed, reduced service coverage, perceptions of parents reflecting the high demand for immunization, and an impact on health status, namely by carrying out routine immunizations resulting in trained immunity and generating immunity. Conclusion: COVID-19 has a special impact on child immunization services. Immunization services must continue to run and carry out according to applicable standards following local government policies by taking into account the principles and guidelines given. Collaboration between the government, the community, non-governmental organizations, and health professionals are needed to prevent a double burden during the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Economic Perspectives on the Impact of Covid Vaccines

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-54
Author(s):  
A Sangamithra ◽  
S Thilagavathy
Keyword(s):  
Health Benefits ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
The Impact

Vaccination and the impact on health on the world’s people is very difficult to exaggerate. The main aim is to treat people with mental health issues and substance use of disorder. Vaccination is crucial in terms of ensuring the overall health conditions and well–being. The development of vaccines is an expensive and lengthy process. Depreciation is high and takes multiple candidates and long years to produce a licensed vaccine. The access to vaccines that prevent life-threatening infectious diseases remains not equal to all the population. The benefits of vaccination derive from health and economic benefits and the health benefits have diminishing returns as a result of high-risk individuals been vaccinated first. Economic benefits depend both on the health benefits and on how reduced risk of infection and death translates into a leading general economic activity. Department of Government is required to perform a systematic economic analyses of vaccines and to justify their given pressure on both private and public finances on a global level; provoke in the year 2008 financial crash. Mostly, the government supports charities and non-governmental organizations, where people invest in these, with the hope of improving the health conditions.

The Indian Nationalist Movement and the League of Nations: Prologue to the United Nations

1983 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A. Keenleyside
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
United Nations ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Governmental Institutions ◽  
British Commonwealth ◽  
The Impact

Prior to 1947, India, despite its dependence upon Great Britain, was represented in most of the bonafide international conferences and organizations that evolved especially during the inter-war years. For example, India participated in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Washington Conference on Naval Armaments of 1921, the London Naval Conference of 1930, the Disarmament Conference of 1932 and the annual inter-war conferences of the International Labour Organization. In addition, India was represented in two important international organizations of the inter-war period—the British Commonwealth, in whose deliberations it was included from 1917 onwards and the League of Nations, of which it was a founding member. For a variety of reasons; Indians involved in the independence movement disassociated themselves from and were critical of official Indian diplomacy conducted through the major international conferences and institutions of the world community and tended to attach greater importance to those non-governmental organizations in which the voice of nationalist India could be fully heard—that is to the deliberations of such bodies as the League Against Imperialism, 1927–1930, the Anti-War Congress of 1932, the World Peace Congress of 1936 and the International Peace Campaign Conference of 1938. Nevertheless, despite the nationalist antipathy for official Indian diplomacy, an examination of such governmental institutions as the League of Nations from the perspective of nationalist India is still important in order to understand some aspects of independent India's foreign policy and more specifically its approach to international organization. Further, even though Indian delegations to the League were unrepresentative, there were subtle ways in which they reflected national Indian opinions and exhibited specifically Indian traits, so that a study of the official Indian role is useful in drawing attention to what were to prove to be some of the earliest and most persisting elements of independent Indian diplomacy via such bodies as the United Nations. It is thus the purpose of this article first to explore nationalist Indian attitudes towards the League (especially the reasons for opposition to the organization), second to analyze the extent to which the official Indian role in the League reflected nationalist Indian concerns, and third to comment upon the impact of the League of Nations on independent India's foreign policy, especially its role in the United Nations.

Using Photovoice with NGO Workers in Sierra Leone

2011 ◽  
pp. 269-277
Author(s):  
Ashley Walker ◽  
Jody Oomen-Early
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Participatory Action Research ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Participatory Action ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

Sierra Leone currently has one of the highest child mortality rates in the world. Among those children who have the greatest chance of survival are those who have access to life’s basic needs. Because the government of Sierra Leone does not provide child welfare programming, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are often lifelines for millions of children. Few studies have explored the barriers facing these NGOs or have used participatory action research methods to do so. This case study serves agencies working to address barriers to individual and community health in war-torn and developing countries. This research also makes a case for using technology as a tool for community engagement and empowerment. This chapter will highlight the findings of a participatory action research study and describe how Photovoice can be used to build community capacity and mobilize communities, organizations, and governments to bring about social change.

scholarly journals Refugee Repatriation and the Problem of Consent

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mollie Gerver
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
The Past ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Existing Data

Over the past decade, millions of refugees have fled their countries of origin and asked for asylum abroad. Some of these refugees do not receive asylum, but are not deported. Instead they are detained, or denied basic rights of residency, some forced into enclosed camps. Hoping to escape such conditions, they wish to return to unsafe countries, and ask for help from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. In such cases, should NGOs and the UN assist refugees to return? Drawing on original data gathered in South Sudan, and existing data from around the world, I argue that they should assist with return if certain conditions are met. First, the UN and NGOs must try to put an end to coercive conditions before helping with return. Secondly, helping with return must not encourage the government to expand the use of coercive policies to encourage more to return. Finally, NGOs and the UN must ensure that refugees are fully informed of the risks of returning. Organizations must either conduct research in countries of origin or lobby the government to allow refugees to visit their countries of origin before making a final decision.

Every Cloud …?: The World Conference on Human Rights and Supervision of Implementation of Human Rights

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-468
Author(s):  
Ineke Boerefijn ◽  
Koen Davidse
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
World Conference ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Human Rights Norms ◽  
The Impact

In this article, the authors deal with the impact of the World Conference on Human Rights (WCHR) on the supervision of the implementation of human rights, one of the main topics on the agenda of the WCHR. Within the framework of the United Nations, various procedures have been developed regarding the international supervision of human rights norms. Procedures have been established on the basis of treaties as well as on the basis of resolutions of the Commission on Human Rights. Many contributions were made on this issue to the WCHR, from inter-governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations as well as independent experts. Submissions concerned the strengthening of existing mechanisms, as well as the creation of new mechanisms. After describing developments initiated by the relevant supervisory bodies themselves, the authors examine to which extent the WCHR gave an impetus to the strengthening of the current machinery, through further enhancing and expanding treaty-based supervision and through strengthening the position of independent experts mandated by the Commission on Human Rights. Next, the authors examine whether the WCHR gives room for the creation of new mechanisms, such as the High Commissioner for Human Rights.

scholarly journals Nutrition Surveillance Bangladesh: A Useful Tool for Policy Planning at the Local and National Levels

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin W. Bloem ◽  
Abdul Hye ◽  
Jonathan Gorstein ◽  
Marijke Wijnroks ◽  
Gillian Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Government ◽  
Agriculture And Food ◽  
The Impact

As a response to the inability of both governmental and non-governmental organizations to provide vital information during the floods of 1987 and 1988 in Bangladesh, a nutrition surveillance system (the NSP) was established in April 7990. This is a collaborative effort that involves international and indigenous non-governmental organizations and the government of Bangladesh, and is coordinated by Helen Keller International and funded by the US Agency for International Development. During the past three years the NSP has demonstrated an ability to provide regular and dependable information on the prevalence of undernutrition and morbidity in children under five years of age, household socioeconomic characteristics, food prices, and the extent of distress at household and community levels from data collected every two months by NGOs and the government in selected rural districts and urban slums in all regions of the country. The system was established as a bottom-up surveillance system based on NGO-specific teams with a continuous central quality control system to ensure the collection of reliable data. The NSP has proved to be an excellent tool for policy makers from several sectors, involving health, agriculture, and food aid The NGOs use it for the continuous monitoring of their development programmes and to identify mechanisms through which services can be delivered most effectively. Regional-level analyses evaluated the impact of the universal vitamin A capsule distribution programme. After the cyclone of 1991, the NSP demonstrated its flexibility by expanding rapidly to cover affected districts and provide pertinent information to those involved in relief efforts. Most recently, the NSP has provided information on the role of food prices on nutrition status and assisted the Ministry of Food in its decision-making. The model is worthy of consideration for replication in other countries in the world.

From Stockholm to Rio and beyond: the impact of the environmental movement on the United Nations consultative arrangements for NGOs

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Willetts
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
General View ◽  
Earth Summit ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Media ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

No account of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 and popularly known as the Earth Summit, would be complete without coverage of the activity of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). They generated debate with the government and in the media in many, perhaps most, countries. They took part in the preparatory work, wrote special reports, joined governmental delegations to Rio and ran a large forum in parallel to the official conference. UN officials have described the role of NGOs as having been ‘unprecedented‘, and that is the general view. It is less widely known that NGOs have been influential at UN conferences for decades and that they were in danger of having less access than normal to the Earth Summit. Far from the situation being ‘unprecedented’, the NGOs made such an impact at Rio because the weight of precedents made it impossible to restrict their numbers and their activities.

6. Farming futures

2016 ◽  
pp. 100-116
Author(s):  
Paul Brassley ◽  
Richard Soffe
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Pressure Groups ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Impact

National governments as well as international organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Trade Organization all have an interest in agriculture. So too do numerous non-governmental organizations, pressure groups, and charities. ‘Farming futures’ first considers some of the arguments around agricultural policy. It then goes on to look at some of the most important questions that agricultural policymakers currently have to think about: what will be the impact of climate change? What is the impact of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and are they safe to use? Will we be able to meet the demand for food by the world’s growing population?

Exhibition and Trade Fair Activity and Economic Crises: response measures and factors for recovery

Communicology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-89
Author(s):  
A.A. Nazarov
Keyword(s):  
Trade Fair ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Multiplier Effect ◽  
Response Measures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Exhibition Industry

The paper represents the analysis of the impact on the exhibition and trade fair activity of the Russian Federation during crisis situations caused by external factors. The author examined the major anticrisis measures, industry statistics and the main trends in the postcrisis phase. The fundamental role of the exhibition industry as a tool is caused by stimulation of economic sectors recovery from the crisis due to the multiplier effect. The particular relevance of the article is justified by a comprehensive study of the state of the industry during the current crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The author provides an overview of main government support measures for the industry and explains factors that have reduced some of these measures. Also, the author examined in detail activities of non-governmental organizations and associations of the exhibition industry in lobbying for the provision of state support and educational and legal assistance to Russian exhibition companies. Thus, the importance of coordinating activities of all participants in the exhibition industry and, in particular, further consolidation of interaction at the level of industry associations, becomes apparent. Besides, the author suggests a number of measures, such as highlighting exhibitions, trade fairs and congresses from the list of mass events following the example of Germany, introducing insurability for exhibition organizers in case of postponement or cancellation of events due to emergency circumstances, standardizing public health and hygiene rules. Their practical application should mitigate the way out of the current situation.

NGOs for International Justice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjersti Lohne
Keyword(s):  
International Criminal Court ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
International Justice ◽  
Relative Lack ◽  
International Crimes ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Oriented Approach

Kjersti Lohne describes the impact of non-governmental organizations at the International Criminal Court (ICC), in particular discussing the relative lack of regard for defendants’ rights, and especially highlighting the difficulties encountered by those acquitted. After the Coalition for the International Criminal Court contributed to the establishment of the ICC itself in the fight against impunity for international crimes, that Coalition has continued a victim-oriented approach, arguably at the expense of defendants’ rights. The ICC’s focus on victims, ‘truth’, and ‘memory’ may challenge the legitimacy of the Court in the longer run.

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