Energy Balance Study of Combined Carbonization and Liquefaction of Coconut Shell

We present results of the detailed dust energy balance study for the seven large edge-on galaxies in the HEROES sample using three-dimensional (3D) radiative transfer (RT) modelling. Based on available optical and near-infrared (NIR) observations of the HEROES galaxies, we derive the 3D distribution of stars and dust in these galaxies. For the sake of uniformity, we apply the same technique to retrieve galaxy properties for the entire sample: we use a stellar model consisting of a Sérsic bulge and three double-exponential discs (a superthin disc for a young stellar population and thin and thick discs for old populations). For the dust component, we adopt a double-exponential disc with the new THEMIS dust-grain model. We fit oligochromatic RT models to the optical and NIR images with the fitting algorithm FITSKIRT and run panchromatic simulations with the SKIRT code at wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet to submillimeter. We confirm the previously stated dust energy balance problem in galaxies: for the HEROES galaxies, the dust emission derived from our RT calculations underestimates the real observations by a factor 1.5–4 for all galaxies except NGC 973 and NGC 5907 (apparently, the latter galaxy has a more complex geometry than we used). The comparison between our RT simulations and the observations at mid-infrared–submillimetre wavelengths shows that most of our galaxies exhibit complex dust morphologies (possible spiral arms, star-forming regions, more extended dust structure in the radial and vertical directions). We suggest that, in agreement with results from the literature, the large- and small-scale structure is the most probable explanation for the dust energy balance problem.

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The Energy Balance Study: The Design and Baseline Results for a Longitudinal Study of Energy Balance

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport ◽

10.1080/02701367.2013.816224 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. 275-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Gregory A. Hand ◽

Robin P. Shook ◽

Amanda E. Paluch ◽

Meghan Baruth ◽

E. Patrick Crowley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Balance Study

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Use of doubly labeled water technique in soldiers training for jungle warfare

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1989.67.1.14 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 14-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

C. H. Forbes-Ewan ◽

B. L. Morrissey ◽

G. C. Gregg ◽

D. R. Waters

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Food Intake ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Doubly Labeled Water ◽

Daily Energy Expenditure ◽

Balance Study ◽

Wide Range ◽

Daily Energy ◽

Doubly Labeled Water Method

The doubly labeled water method was used to estimate the energy expended by four members of an Australian Army platoon (34 soldiers) engaged in training for jungle warfare. Each subject received an oral isotope dose sufficient to raise isotope levels by 200–250 (18O) and 100–120 ppm (2H). The experimental period was 7 days. Concurrently, a factorial estimate of the energy expenditure of the platoon was conducted. Also, a food intake-energy balance study was conducted for the platoon. Mean daily energy expenditure by the doubly labeled water method was 4,750 kcal (range 4,152–5,394 kcal). The factorial estimate of mean daily energy expenditure was 4,535 kcal. Because of inherent inaccuracies in the food intake-energy balance technique, we were able to conclude only that energy expenditure, as measured by this method, was greater than the estimated mean daily intake of 4,040 kcal. The doubly labeled water technique was well tolerated, is noninvasive, and appears to be suitable in a wide range of field applications.

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Internal wave?granular temperature interaction: an energy balance study on granular flow

Acta Mechanica ◽

10.1007/bf01179255 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 136 (3-4) ◽

pp. 155-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D. Zhang ◽

M. A. Foda

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Internal Wave ◽

Granular Flow ◽

Granular Temperature ◽

Balance Study ◽

Temperature Interaction

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Dust energy balance study of two edge-on spiral galaxies in the Herschel-ATLAS survey

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ◽

10.1093/mnras/stv1104 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 451 (2) ◽

pp. 1728-1739 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Gert De Geyter ◽

Maarten Baes ◽

Ilse De Looze ◽

George J. Bendo ◽

Nathan Bourne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Spiral Galaxies ◽

Balance Study

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Optimizing large-eddy simulations for investigating the energy-balance closure problem at typical flux measurement heights

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-19678 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Luise Wanner ◽

Frederik De Roo ◽

Matthias Mauder

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Eddy Covariance ◽

Surface Fluxes ◽

Heat Fluxes ◽

Large Eddy Simulations ◽

Scale Model ◽

Energy Balance Closure ◽

Balance Study ◽

Large Eddy ◽

Secondary Circulations

<p>The eddy-covariance method generally underestimates sensible and latent heat fluxes, resulting in an energy-balance gap from 10&#160;% to even 30&#160;% across sites worldwide. In contrast to single-tower eddy-covariance measurements, large-eddy simulations (LES) provide information on a 3D array of grid points and can capture atmospheric processes such as secondary circulations on all relevant scales, which makes them a powerful tool to investigate this problem. In order to compare LES results to field measurements at 20 m height from the CHEESEHEAD (Chequamegon Heterogeneous Ecosystem Energy-balance Study Enabled by a High-density Extensive Array of Detectors) campaign, a LES-setup that provides comparability to the measurements at these low levels is necessary. However, former LES studies have shown that the energy balance is almost closed near the surface, which does not reflect the energy-balance gap in measurements. One possible reason might be the common use of prescribed surface fluxes that cannot adapt to changes in surface temperature and moisture, which would allow for the self-reinforcement of secondary circulations. Therefore, we set up an idealized study, in which we compare the performance of the land-surface and plant-canopy models implemented in PALM to the use of prescribed surface fluxes above homogeneous forest and grassland ecosystems under different atmospheric conditions with respect to realistic energy-balance closure behavior. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of a dynamic subgrid-scale model, as well as an alternative to the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (Banerjee et al. 2015, Q. J. R. Met. Soc.).</p>

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Crop energy balance study of cotton-chickpea cropping sequence under organic and inorganic fertilizer sources in western Maharashtra

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr.v39i1.8867 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nitin Gudadhe ◽

M. B. Dhonde ◽

N. A. Hirwe ◽

N. M. Thete

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Crop Production ◽

Energy Input ◽

Inorganic Fertilizer ◽

Energy Output ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Balance Study ◽

Benefit Cost Ratio ◽

Cropping Sequence ◽

Input Ratio

This study was conducted during the year 2006-07 and 2007-08 to determine how energy balances of crop production are affected by cotton-chickpea cropping sequence and different sources of organic and inorganic fertilizer under the semi-arid conditions of western Maharashtra. The energy input and output, energy balance per unit input ratio and the energy output/ input ratio were varied significantly individually to cotton and chickpea during both the years. However on pooled mean basis to cotton-chickpea cropping sequence, the energy input, output and energy balance were significantly higher by application of (RDF) Recommended Dose of Fertilizer according to Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) equation to cotton and 100% RDF to chickpea. Significantly higher energy balance per unit input and energy output per input ratio (6.46 MJ/ ha and 7.46) were recorded by 100% RDF + 10 FYM/ha to cotton and it was 5.72 MJ/ha and 6.72 by 100% RDF to chickpea. Application of RDF according to STCR equation (₹ 64960 and 3.07) to cotton and 100% RDF (₹ 46744 and 2.23) application to chickpea registered higher net monetary returns and benefit cost ratio respectively.

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