Effect of Wild Apricot Root Stock on Graft Success, Growth and Foliage 	Characters of Different Varieties of Prunus spp.

An excised twig assay was developed to evaluate cherry geno-types for their tolerance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. One-year-old wood was collected at monthly intervals from October until January of `Royal Ann', `Corum', and a number of cherry rootstock. The rootstock included; F/12–1 and Giessen (GI) and M × M selections. A 2-cm incision (“^”-shaped flap) was made on each twig. A 20-μl droplet of inoculum or water was placed onto each incision. The inoculum was prepared with one avirulent (K4) and three virulent strains (W4N54, AP2, B15) concentrations (105, 106, or 107 cfu). Inoculated twigs were placed in test tubes and incubated at 15C in high relative humidity for 3 weeks. After incubation, twigs were evaluated for gummosis production (0–3, 0 = no gummosis), incision browning (1–4, 1 = yellow pith), and callus production (0–1, 0 = no callus). The concentration of bacterial suspension had no effect on symptom development. No gummosis or browning was observed on twigs inoculated with water or the avirulent strain. Based on the gummosis and browning ratings, rootstock M × M 2, M × M 39, M × M 60, GI 148-1, GI 154-2, and GI 154-4 were found to be resistant to these three strains of P. syringae in this assay. Root-stock F 12-1, GI 169–15, GI 172–9, and GI 173-9 were found to be tolerant.

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Phylogeography of Prunus armeniaca L. revealed by chloroplast DNA and nuclear ribosomal sequences

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-93050-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Wen-Wen Li ◽

Li-Qiang Liu ◽

Qiu-Ping Zhang ◽

Wei-Quan Zhou ◽

Guo-Quan Fan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Variation ◽

Chloroplast Dna ◽

Population Expansion ◽

Prunus Armeniaca ◽

River Valley ◽

Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽

Glacial Refugium ◽

Ili River Valley ◽

Wild Apricot

AbstractTo clarify the phytogeography of Prunus armeniaca L., two chloroplast DNA fragments (trnL-trnF and ycf1) and the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were employed to assess genetic variation across 12 P. armeniaca populations. The results of cpDNA and ITS sequence data analysis showed a high the level of genetic diversity (cpDNA: HT = 0.499; ITS: HT = 0.876) and a low level of genetic differentiation (cpDNA: FST = 0.1628; ITS: FST = 0.0297) in P. armeniaca. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that most of the genetic variation in P. armeniaca occurred among individuals within populations. The value of interpopulation differentiation (NST) was significantly higher than the number of substitution types (GST), indicating genealogical structure in P. armeniaca. P. armeniaca shared genotypes with related species and may be associated with them through continuous and extensive gene flow. The haplotypes/genotypes of cultivated apricot populations in Xinjiang, North China, and foreign apricot populations were mixed with large numbers of haplotypes/genotypes of wild apricot populations from the Ili River Valley. The wild apricot populations in the Ili River Valley contained the ancestral haplotypes/genotypes with the highest genetic diversity and were located in an area considered a potential glacial refugium for P. armeniaca. Since population expansion occurred 16.53 kyr ago, the area has provided a suitable climate for the population and protected the genetic diversity of P. armeniaca.

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Identification and Sequence Analysis of a Novel Ilarvirus Infecting Sweet Cherry

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10030514 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 514

Author(s):

Chrysoula G. Orfanidou ◽

Fei Xing ◽

Jun Zhou ◽

Shifang Li ◽

Nikolaos I. Katis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Nucleotide Sequence ◽

Sanger Sequencing ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Novel Species ◽

Peach Tree ◽

Sweet Cherries ◽

Blastn Analysis ◽

Fruit Orchards ◽

Prunus Spp

In the present study, we utilized high throughput and Sanger sequencing to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of a putative new ilarvirus species infecting sweet cherry, tentatively named prunus virus I (PrVI). The genome of PrVI is comprised of three RNA segments of 3474 nt (RNA1), 2911 nt (RNA2), and 2231 nt (RNA3) and features conserved motifs representative of the genus Ilarvirus. BlastN analysis revealed 68.1–71.9% nt identity of PrVI with strawberry necrotic shock virus (SNSV). In subsequent phylogenetic analysis, PrVI was grouped together with SNSV and blackberry chlorotic ringspot virus (BCRV), both members of subgroup 1 of ilarviruses. In addition, mini-scale surveys in stone fruit orchards revealed the presence of PrVI in a limited number of sweet cherries and in one peach tree. Overall, our data suggest that PrVI is a novel species of the genus Ilarvirus and it consists the fifth member of the genus that is currently known to infect Prunus spp.

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383 RECONSTRUCTION OF EXTENDED URETHRAL STRICTURES WITH BUCCAL MUCOSAL GRAFT. SUCCESS RATES AFTER 60 MONTHS OF FOLLOW UP: ANALYSIS OF 184 PATIENTS

European Urology Supplements ◽

10.1016/s1569-9056(10)60381-8 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 143

Author(s):

A. Pandev ◽

L. Dobkowicz ◽

J. Beier ◽

H. Keller

Keyword(s):

Success Rates ◽

Urethral Strictures ◽

Buccal Mucosal Graft ◽

Graft Success

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Overexpression of a Redox-Regulated Cutinase Gene, MfCUT1, Increases Virulence of the Brown Rot Pathogen Monilinia fructicola on Prunus spp.

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-23-2-0176 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 176-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Miin-Huey Lee ◽

Chiu-Min Chiu ◽

Tatiana Roubtsova ◽

Chien-Ming Chou ◽

Richard M. Bostock

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Redox Regulation ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Gus Expression ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Gus Activity ◽

Monilinia Fructicola ◽

Gus Reporter ◽

Flanking Regions ◽

Prunus Spp

A 4.5-kb genomic DNA containing a Monilinia fructicola cutinase gene, MfCUT1, and its flanking regions were isolated and characterized. Sequence analysis revealed that the genomic MfCUT1 carries a 63-bp intron and a promoter region with several transcription factor binding sites that may confer redox regulation of MfCUT1 expression. Redox regulation is indicated by the effect of antioxidants, shown previously to inhibit MfCUT1 gene expression in cutin-induced cultures, and in the present study, where H2O2 enhanced MfCUT1 gene expression. A β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene (gusA) was fused to MfCUT1 under the control of the MfCUT1 promoter, and this construct was then used to generate an MfCUT1-GUS strain by Agrobacterium spp.-mediated transformation. The appearance of GUS activity in response to cutin and suppression of GUS activity by glucose in cutinase-inducing medium verified that the MfCUT1-GUS fusion protein was expressed correctly under the control of the MfCUT1 promoter. MfCUT1-GUS expression was detected following inoculation of peach and apple fruit, peach flower petals, and onion epidermis, and during brown rot symptom development on nectarine fruit at a relatively late stage of infection (24 h postinoculation). However, semiquantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction provided sensitive detection of MfCUT1 expression within 5 h of inoculation in both almond and peach petals. MfCUT1-GUS transformants expressed MfCUT1 transcripts at twice the level as the wild type and caused more severe symptoms on Prunus flower petals, consistent with MfCUT1 contributing to the virulence of M. fructicola.

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Multiyear Evaluation of the Durability of the Resistance Conferred by Ma and RMia Genes to Meloidogyne incognita in Prunus Under Controlled Conditions

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-09-12-0228-r ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 103 (8) ◽

pp. 833-840 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Samira Khallouk ◽

Roger Voisin ◽

Ulysse Portier ◽

Joël Polidori ◽

Cyril Van Ghelder ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Economic Losses ◽

R Gene ◽

R Genes ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Controlled Conditions ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Resistance Breakdown ◽

Susceptible Tomato ◽

Prunus Spp

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) (Meloidogyne spp.) are highly polyphagous pests that parasitize Prunus crops in Mediterranean climates. Breeding for RKN-resistant Prunus cultivars, as an alternative to the now-banned use of nematicides, is a real challenge, because the perennial nature of these trees increases the risk of resistance breakdown. The Ma plum resistance (R) gene, with a complete spectrum, and the RMia peach R gene, with a more restricted spectrum, both provide total control of Meloidogyne incognita, the model parthenogenetic species of the genus and the most important RKN in terms of economic losses. We investigated the durability of the resistance to this nematode conferred by these genes, comparing the results obtained with those for the tomato Mi-1 reference gene. In multiyear experiments, we applied a high and continuous nematode inoculum pressure by cultivating nematode-infested susceptible tomato plants with either Prunus accessions carrying Ma or RMia R genes, or with resistant tomato plants carrying the Mi-1 gene. Suitable conditions for Prunus development were achieved by carrying out the studies in a glasshouse, in controlled conditions allowing a short winter leaf fall and dormancy. We first assessed the plum accession ‘P.2175’, which is heterozygous for the Ma gene, in two successive 2-year evaluations, for resistance to two M. incognita isolates. Whatever the isolate used, no nematodes reproducing on P.2175 were detected, whereas galls and nematodes reproducing on tomato plants carrying Mi-1 were observed. In a second experiment with the most aggressive isolate, interspecific full-sib material (P.2175 × [‘Garfi’ almond × ‘Nemared’ peach]), carrying either Ma or RMia (from Nemared) or both (in the heterozygous state) or neither of these genes, was evaluated for 4 years. No virulent nematodes developed on Prunus spp. carrying R genes, whereas galling and virulent individuals were observed on Mi-1-resistant tomato plants. Thus, the resistance to M. incognita conferred by Ma in Prunus material in both a pure-plum and an interspecific genetic background, or by RMia in an interspecific background, appears to be durable, highlighting the value of these two genes for the creation of Prunus rootstock material.

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Comparing the Missouri Gravel Bed and a Wood Chip Production Method for Tree Growth

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry ◽

10.48044/jauf.2019.029 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Kelby Fite ◽

Liza Holmes ◽

Elden LeBrun

Keyword(s):

Wood Chip ◽

Production Method ◽

White Oak ◽

Gravel Bed ◽

System A ◽

Nursery Production ◽

Quercus Bicolor ◽

Root Stock ◽

Swamp White Oak ◽

Bare Root

Tree root defects from current nursery production practices influence short- and long-term tree performance and survivability. The Missouri Gravel Bed (MGB) system, a production method using gravel as a substrate, has been used to prevent many of these defects from occurring. MGB production involves planting bare root stock into a bed of gravel with frequent drip irrigation in order to produce a root system with relatively few defects. MGB production methods have also been purported to allow for summer transplanting of many species, as opposed to traditional dormant transplanting.Because gravel has low water- and nutrient-holding capacity, biochar (5% by volume) was incorporated into one plot as a possible means of improving both water- and nutrient-holding capacity over gravel alone. Wood chip mulch was also investigated as a growing substrate in place of the gravel in a growing system. In 2015, three species, Quercus bicolor (swamp white oak), Taxodium distichum (baldcypress), and Tilia cordata (littleleaf linden), were studied in pea gravel (PG), biochar-amended pea gravel (BC), and wood chip mulch bed (MB) growing environments. Very few differences occurred over the growing season with above- or belowground parameters indicating that the minimal-to-no-cost, more readily available substrate of wood chip mulch should be considered in these growing systems.

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Apiosporina morbosa. [Distribution map].

Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases ◽

10.1079/dmpd/20066500048 ◽

2002 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

North Carolina ◽

South Carolina ◽

North America ◽

New Brunswick ◽

South Dakota ◽

Prince Edward Island ◽

Distribution Map ◽

Prunus Spp ◽

New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Apiosporina morbosa (Schwein.) v. Arx Fungi: Ascomycota: Dothideales Hosts: Stone fruit (Prunus spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest, Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Mexico, USA, Alabama, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin.

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