Plaidoyer for the unique tourism accounts (dilemas, difficulties and questions)

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Vladimir Stipetić
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
European System ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Given

Tourism is recognised as an important economic, social and cultural factor in modem societies. However, statisticians still face an enormous challenge when it comes to measuring the economic importance of tourism for given national economy. In his paper author examines the position of tourism in System of National Accounts (SNA-as presented in the version from 1993) and in European System of Accounts (acronym ESA, from 1995). He comes to the conclusion that is impossible to get the full answers on the importance of tourism for the given national economy within those frameworks. The main reason for such conclusion he has found in the fact that tourism is the multifacet activity, with difficult concept to define, let alone measure. He gets the proof for his conclusion comparing the different methodologies for defining who is the tourist, finding six different criterias in application at the moment. The results obtained are, of course, differing considerably, what makes them strictly incompatibles. The comparison of such data is for that reason difficult to make and the comparative results are of limited use. Author advocates a need to make on international level a Unified Tourism Economic Account (UTEA), covering the main activities of tourism sector. He regards the existing work by OECD and WTO as a good basis for further work. Only when majority countries would make UTEA, based on accepted methodology, could be the cross-country comparison made on scientific basis.

A plaidoyer for the unique tourism accounts (dilemmas, difficulties and questions)

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-293
Author(s):  
Vladimir Stipetić
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Country Comparison ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
European System ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Given

Tourism is recognised as an important economic, social and cultural factor in modern societies. However, statisticians still face an enormous challenge when it comes to measuring the economic importance of tourism for given national economy. In his paper author examines the position of tourism in European System of Accounts (acronym ESA), from 1995. He comes to the conclusion that is impossible to get the full answers on the importance of tourism for the given national economy within those frameworks. The main reason for such conclusion he has found in the fact that tourism is the multifacet activity, with difficult concept to define, let alone measure. He gets the proof for his conclusion by comparing the different methodologies for defining who is the tourist, finding in application at the moment six different criteria’s. The results obtained are, of course, differing considerably, what makes them strictly incompatibles. The comparison of such data's is for that reason difficult to make and when made comparative results are of limited use. Author advocates a need to make on international level a Unified Tourism Economic Account (UTEA), covering the main activities of tourism sector. He regards the existing work by OECD and WTO as a good basis for further work. Only when majority countries would make UTEA, based on accepted methodology, could be the cross-country comparison made on scientific basis.

The outline of national accounts history

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 70-80
Author(s):  
Renata Bielak
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
National Income ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Global System ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Material Production ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
European System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Income Measurement

The system of national accounts is an international standard applied by most countries in order to present national economy in a complete manner. The development of this system results from variety of researches and discussion undertaken by scientists. Theories concerning national income and its measure had been the subject of scientific deliberation for several centuries before the term ”national accounts” was adopted by the economists. The aim of the article is to introduce the concepts that can be considered as the foundation of the current, global system of national accounts. The first part of the study provides an overview of the output of researchers who contributed to the establishment of modern national accounts methodology. The second part describes the evolution of the national income measurement in Poland (the conversion from the material production to the European system of national and regional accounts).

scholarly journals Ways of intensification of economic growth and activation of investment activities in order to ensure the economic security of the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 284 ◽  
pp. 07015
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Kopteva ◽  
Irina Romanova ◽  
Angela Mottaeva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
National Economy ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
The Russian Federation

Macroeconomic dynamics is in the focus of attention of the scientific community due to the fact that it characterizes the key trends in the development of the national economy. The basic indicator in the system of national accounts is the gross domestic product (GDP), which in general form is the aggregate value of all goods and services produced within the national economy. GDP is widely used in the analysis of economic growth trends. Economic growth, creating conditions for it – the most important goal of economic development, both within the framework of ensuring the economic security of the entire national economy and at the level of an individual enterprise. Nowadays, economic development is characterized by an accelerated rate of scientific and technological progress: new technologies and approaches are being created that have higher efficiency. From a microeconomic point of view, the main factors of production are labor, capital and information. Fixed capital investments (buildings, structures, machinery and equipment) are a key instrument for renewing fixed assets. Investment activity is the process of renewing the capital of an enterprise as a result of modernizing its technical and technological base, which ensures its economic security. Investments, along with government spending, are key drivers of economic growth. As a result, we can confidently assert the high importance of investment activities, both throughout the country and at the level of individual economic entities, as well as their economic independence. The paper shows the ways to intensify economic growth and intensify investment activities in order to ensure the economic security of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals Measuring aggregate production in a virtual economy using log data

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuukka Lehtiniemi
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Worlds ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Aggregate Production ◽  
Log Data ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
Virtual Economy ◽  
Macroeconomic Aggregates

Virtual worlds typically contain systems of resource allocation, production, and consumption, which are often called virtual economies. The operator of a virtual world clearly has an incentive to monitor the virtual economy, and users and outside observers would benefit from e.g. temporal or cross-economy comparisons. Standard methodology of computing macroeconomic aggregates for virtual economies would allow this kind of analysis, but such method is currently unavailable. This study fills this gap by employing the concepts of national accounting and unique log data from a virtual world. In particular, the focus is on virtual economies where the production of new virtual goods takes place as the users expend inputs to produce predetermined outputs along predetermined production paths. The major MMOGs fall into this category. Previous attempts on measuring the aggregate production of a virtual economy have been based on non-standard method and externally collected data. In virtual economies the operator can collect extensive data automatically, a characteristic feature that should be reflected in any standard accounting scheme. Macroeconomic aggregates for a national economy are computed using the UN System of National Accounts (SNA). It is a standard accounting system, and its probably most quoted outcome is the gross domestic product. The most relevant borderline in SNA lies between the national economy and the rest of the world: domestic production is included, whereas foreign production is not. SNA cannot be directly used in a virtual economy, as the concepts of “domestic” and “foreign” are not applicable. In this study, the concepts and methods of SNA are transferred to a virtual economy context. The relevant distinction in a virtual economy is made between production by the users and the creation of goods by the virtual world code. Application of the concepts of SNA and flow chart analysis result in an aggregate measure called the Gross User Product (GUP), which measures the value of the aggregate output of production activities – of both goods and services – by the users of a virtual economy. In the empirical part of this study, the potential of GUP is demonstrated by measuring it for the virtual economy of EVE Online based on extensive log data collected by the operator. Temporal comparisons are performed after purging the GUP values from the effect of significant deflation using a chained Fischer index. A 50% real growth per user is observed for the first half of the year 2007. The composition of GUP has remained rather stable during this period of significant growth. The concept of GUP is general, and it can be used for quantifying virtual economies other than that in EVE Online on the macro level.

Gross domestic product as the subject of criticism

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
Bohdan Wyżnikiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
Economic Organizations ◽  
European System ◽  
Separate System ◽  
The Subject

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the most important and the most common measure of production and its changes, estimated in the national accounts. Since the second half of the 20th century, the UN in cooperation with other international economic organizations has been working on new versions of rules for GDP estimation, known as the System of National Accounts (SNA) and its European version, the European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA). The GDP concept has been criticised by economists, politicians and journalists mainly due to their disappointment that GDP does not measure social progress. This article aims at presenting issues and conventional solutions concerning GDP, which are the subject of criticism, as well as demands for changes in the methodology of computing this measure. This paper concludes that it is not possible to build a single indicator for measuring both economic growth and social development. The barrier to constructing a measure of social progress with features similar to GDP is the requirement for evaluative assumptions which are beyond the GDP concept. It was found that a separate system of indicators should be developed for statistical measurement of social aspects of development.

Agreement of Macroeconomic Forecasts in the Methodology of the System of National Accounts

2006 ◽  
pp. 65-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Andryakov ◽  
E. Gurvich ◽  
A. Chernyavsky
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
Complex Evaluation ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Financial Balance ◽  
The Given ◽  
Working Out

In this paper the authors propose the model of agreement (financial balance) of macroeconomic forecasts, budget plans and balance of payments forecasts and the results of experimental calculations of this model for 2006-2008. The urgency of working out special instruments of such agreement is connected with increasing quality demands for medium-term budget plans. The proposed model is increasing the capacities of macroeconomic forecasts qualitative analysis; it explicitly contains resources of consumption and accumulation for major sectors of the economy and the economy as a whole. The financial balance is harmonized with the System of National Accounts and may be used for complex evaluation of the fiscal policy. In particular, it is possible to evaluate the influence of changes in tax regulation on macroeconomic and balance of payments indexes. The model contains net lending / net borrowing indexes for the sectors of the economy and on this base one can make conclusions about lending and borrowing capacities of the given sectors in future.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT: СURRENT PROBLEMS OF MEASUREMENTS IN TERMS OF DIGITALIZATION OF THE ECONOMY

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
A. S. Abroskin ◽  
N. A. Abroskina
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

The relevant for Russian statistics issues of digitalization processes accounting in the construction of gross domestic product indicator have been considered. Special attention to the problem of formation of the methodological basis for digital economy measurements – the definition of its boundaries, structure and principles of accounting for this object in the system of macroeconomic indicators – has been paid. An important aspect in the analysis are problems specific to measuring the impact of digitalization processes of the Russian economy on the level and dynamics of gross domestic product. These are the problems of use in the Russian practice the industrial approach, interpretation and correctness of the estimates obtained. As an alternative, an approach based on the allocation of digital segments in the industries of the national economy and taking into account their impact on gross domestic product dynamics in accordance with the general principles of the System of National Accounts, – has been proposed.

scholarly journals Periodization of the studies of territorial organization of recreation and tourism

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 520-528
Author(s):  
V. V. Yavorska ◽  
I. V. Hevko ◽  
V. A. Sych ◽  
K. V. Kolomiyets
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Synergetic Effect ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Territorial Planning ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Recreation And Tourism

The article deals with the main periods of formation of views on the territorial organization of recreation and tourism from the moment of the establishment of tourism as an independent sphere of activity to the present. It is stressed that a great deal of scientific works are devoted to the territorial organization of recreation and tourism, which has a hierarchical multilevel structure with a system of various connections. The purpose of this study is to periodize the scientific approaches to the territorial organization of recreation and tourism, as well as to identify current trends in this field. It was established that the first period is based on the understanding of tourism as a systemic phenomenon, during this period the concept of territorial recreational systems was developed, and at the same time, the basis of the study of the causes of territorially uneven development of tourism was laid. At this stage, researchers began to pay more attention to the role of behaviour, and to general psychological factors that motivate potential consumers of tourist products, to the perception oftourists of destinations. The second period is characterized by the spread of the concept of tourist destination and the beginning of the use of clusters in the tourism sector. The third period is marked by the center-peripheral model of tourism development, the possibility of transformation of the territorial organization of tourism through globalization processes, the emphasis on the environmental components of tourism activity. The most developed means of organizing a territory is recreation and tourism zoning, which traditionally serves as the scientific basis of territorial planning and tourism complex management, and is important in the implementation of tourism infrastructure development programmes. Among the current trends in the spatial organization of tourism activities the process of clusterization is noted, which spatially occurs both on the local and global levels. One of the characteristicfeatures of the cluster as the concentration of interacting and simultaneously competing enterprises is the developed network of horizontal ties, the importance of cooperation at different levels for synergetic effect. It is determined that the characteristic feature of the recreational-tourist cluster is not only the complementarity of the enterprises belonging to it, but also the impossibility of operating them outside the recreational and tourist sphere.

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