Predicting the occurrence of iron chlorosis in grapevine with tests based on soil iron forms

Aims: Iron deficiency symptoms (leaf chlorosis and depressed growth) are common in grapevine growing on calcareous soils. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between these symptoms and the properties of Spanish vineyard soils.Methods and results: Soils from thirty vineyards with leaf chlorosis were used to pot '110 Richter' rootstock for three seasons. Mean leaf chlorophyll concentration, as measured via SPAD, was positively correlated with the soil content in poorly crystalline Fe oxides, as estimated by extraction with various reagents, and negatively correlated with the contents in calcium carbonate equivalent and active lime. Iron deficiency affected plant growth but none of the measured growth variables was correlated with soil properties. The relationships between SPAD and acid ammonium oxalate-, citrate/ascorbateand unbuffered hydroxylamine-extractable Fe conformed to the linear-plateau model, from which clear-cut critical levels (345, 425 and 8 mg kg-1, respectively) could be established. This was not possible with tests based on the alkalinity properties (e.g. the calcite ion activity product), the IPC (« Indice du pouvoir chlorosant »), and the DTPA-extractable Fe test, which generally exhibited a poor predictive value.Conclusion: Tests based on reagents capable of extracting, in part or quantitatively, the most reactive forms of soil Fe were useful to estimate the risk of Fe chlorosis in grapevine. Acid ammonium oxalate, citrate/ascorbate and unbuffered hydroxylamine were the best extractants for this purpose.Significance and impact of study: This study has shown the limited usefulness of tests based on the contents and reactivity of the soil carbonate to predict the occurrence of Fe chlorosis in grapevine; tests capable of estimating the contents of the labile soil Fe forms constitute the best alternative.

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Greenhouse Screening of Citrus Rootstock for Tolerance to Bicarbonate-induced Iron Chlorosis

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.2.113 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 113-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

◽

D.H. Byrne ◽

R.E. Rouse

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Calcareous Soils ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Sand Culture ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll ◽

Citrus Rootstock ◽

Greenhouse Screening ◽

Fe Chlorosis ◽

Cleopatra Mandarin ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration

Eighteen citrus rootstock seedling lines were tested for their tolerance to Fe chlorosis using sand culture. Potassium carbonate was used to induce Fe-deficiency chlorosis. Chlorosis was quantified by 1) visual ratings, 2) SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter readings, 3) leaf chlorophyll concentration, 4) leaf active Fe, and 5) leaf total Fe. The first four criteria were well correlated among each other but not with leaf total Fe. Although any of the first four measurements could be used to quantify chlorosis, visual ratings and SPAD-502 readings were more convenient. The rootstock that have been reported to be tolerant or very susceptible to Fe chlorosis in calcareous soils were rated similarly for tolerance to bicarbonate-induced Fe chlorosis. Nontrifoliate types such as Texas sour orange (C. aurantium L.), Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco), Vangasay lemon (C. limon Burro.), and Ridge pineapple x Milam 1578-201 (C. sinensis L. Osbeck x C. jambhiri) were tolerant to moderately tolerant. Although most of the trifoliate hybrids tested were moderately susceptible to very susceptible, Smooth Seville x Argentine trifoliate {[C. grands (L.) Osbeck x C. aurantium] x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.} and F-81-12 citrange (C. sinensis x P. trifoliata) exhibited relatively high tolerance to lime-induced Fe chlorosis.

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Tolerance of Prunus Rootstock to Potassium Carbonate-induced Chlorosis

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.120.2.283 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 120 (2) ◽

pp. 283-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yan Shi ◽

D. H. Byrne

Keyword(s):

Prunus Persica ◽

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Commercial Fertilizer ◽

Nutrient Source ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Tolerance Level ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll ◽

Standardized Screening ◽

Fe Chlorosis ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration

A standardized screening procedure for tolerance to bicarbonate-induced Fe chlorosis using a commercial fertilizer mix (Plantex) as the nutrient source, high solution pH (8.5) and 1.5 m m bicarbonate to simulate a calcareous soil situation was used with a 1 vermiculite:1 perlite (v/v) support media, small pots and topping (pinching back the tops of shoots). The tolerance level of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] rootstock could be assessed by leaf visual-chlorosis ratings and Spad-502 chlorophyll readings instead of extractable leaf-chlorophyll concentration or plant Fe concentration. Although most of the tolerant genotypes had almond [P. amygdalus (Mill.) D.A. Webb] in their parentage, a few peaches (`Swat', NJ672281007) showed high to moderate levels of tolerance.

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Adaptation, Biometric Traits and Performances of Guayule Lines Grown in Two Mediterranean Environments

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture10120651 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 651

Author(s):

Leonardo Sulas ◽

Giuseppe Campesi ◽

Simone Canu ◽

Antonio M. Carroni ◽

Antonio Dore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Plant Survival ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll ◽

Mediterranean Environments ◽

Affected Plant ◽

Perennial Shrub

The perennial shrub guayule (Parthenium argentatum A. Gray) has gained interest as a potential source of natural and hypoallergenic rubber in Southern Europe. Although, native to northern Mexico, it is suited to semi-arid and Mediterranean environments. A research study was conducted in Sardinia (Italy) to evaluate adaptation and biometric traits of introduced guayule lines and to determine the contents and yields of rubber and resin obtainable from its aboveground biomass. Seedlings of the accessions AZ-1, AZ-2, P803, and 11591 were field transplanted in 2015 at two locations of southern, and northern Sardinia, respectively, differing for annual precipitation. Plant survival rate, height and width, trunk diameter, leaf chlorophyll concentration and photosystem photochemical efficiency were monitored. Shoots were harvested at 30 months after transplanting and were partitioned into twigs and remaining stems and its rubber and resin contents were determined. Location markedly affected plant survival rates and biometric traits. Dry matter yield of aboveground components as well as contents of rubber and resin and plant rubber and resin yields differed significantly among accessions under comparison. We found that AZ1 and 11591 were the most successful accessions at southern Sardinia site, whereas 11591 was the only accession exhibiting a satisfactory plant survival rate in the northern location.

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Fe-EDDHA Alleviates Chlorosis in `Concord' Grapevines Grown at High pH

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.6.1498 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 1498-1501 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Brandon R. Smith ◽

Lailiang Cheng

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Calcareous Soils ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fe Deficiency ◽

High Ph ◽

Leaf Chlorosis ◽

Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Hcl Concentration

`Concord' grapevines (Vitis labruscana Bailey) can readily develop iron deficiency-induced leaf chlorosis when grown on calcareous or high pH soils. Iron (Fe) chelates are often applied to the soil to remedy chlorosis but can vary in their stability and effectiveness at high pH. We transplanted own-rooted 1-year-old `Concord' grapevines into a peat-based medium adjusted to pH 7.5 and fertigated them with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 4mg·L–1 Fe from Fe-EDDHA [ferric ethylenediamine di (o-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid] to determine the effectiveness of this Fe chelate for alleviating Fe deficiency-induced chlorosis at high pH. Vines were sampled midseason for iron, chlorophyll, CO2 assimilation, and photosystem II quantum efficiency (PSII) and at the end of the season for leaf area, dry weight, and cane length. We found that leaf total Fe concentration was similar across all treatments, but active Fe (extracted with 0.1 n HCl) concentration increased as the rate of Fe-EDDHA increased. Chlorophyll concentration increased curvilinearly as applied Fe increased and was highly correlated with active Fe concentration. CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, and PSII were very low without any supplemental Fe and increased rapidly in response to Fe application. Total leaf area, foliar dry weight, and cane length all increased as Fe application increased to 1 mg·L–1 Fe, but above this rate, a further increase in Fe did not significantly increase growth. Our results demonstrate that Fe-EDDHA is very effective in alleviating Fe deficiency-induced leaf chlorosis in `Concord' grapevines grown at high pH, which provides a foundation for continuing research related to the optimum rate and timing of application of Fe-EDDHA in `Concord' vineyards on calcareous soils. Compared with total Fe, leaf “active Fe” better indicates the actual Fe status of `Concord' vines.

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RESPONSES OF TWO LETTUCE CULTIVARS TO IRON DEFICIENCY

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479712000439 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 523-535 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

NAJOUA MSILINI ◽

HOUNEIDA ATTIA ◽

MOKDED RABHI ◽

NAJOUA KARRAY ◽

MOKHTAR LACHAÂL ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Photosynthetic Pigment ◽

Sufficient Conditions ◽

Pigment Concentration ◽

Total Leaf Area ◽

Fresh Matter ◽

Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽

Root Extracts ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll

SUMMARYA comparative study of two lettuce varieties (Lactuca sativa: ‘Romaine’ and ‘Vista’) was conducted to understand the effect of iron deficiency on growth, biomass allocation, chlorophyll fluorescence and root and leaf enzymatic activity. After 15 days of growth in hydroponic solution under Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient conditions, leaf chlorophyll concentration, activities of ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) in leaves extract, ferric chelate reductase (FCR) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in root extracts were measured. We found that there were significant differences in fresh matter accumulation and pigment concentration between the varieties. Fresh weight and total leaf area and leaf number were significantly reduced under iron deficiency. There was also a significant decrease in photosynthetic pigment concentration in both varieties. In response to Fe deficiency, ‘Vista’ variety showed higher FCR and PEPC activities compared to ‘Romaine’ variety. Moreover, this increase was accompanied by an enhanced accumulation of phenolic compound in roots of ‘Vista’ variety. These findings show that ‘Romaine’ was more affected by iron deficiency than ‘Vista’.

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Iron Deficiency Chlorosis and Seed Yield in Dry Edible Beans Grown on High-pH Calcareous Soils

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.444f ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 444f-445

Author(s):

J.W. Gonzales ◽

D.P. Coyne ◽

W.W. Stroup

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Calcareous Soils ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Iron Deficiency Chlorosis ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

High Ph ◽

The Third ◽

Content Index

Iron deficiency chlorosis (FeDC) can cause significant seed yield reduction in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown on high-pH calcareous soils. To determine the effects of FeDC on seed yield, and the effect of Fe-spray as a correction factor for FeDC, 22 breeding lines/cultivars were planted on high-pH (8.0), calcareous (3.2–3.5 calcium carbonate equivalent), and low-Fe (1.8–4.2 ppm DTPA) sandy clay loam Tripp soils at Mitchell and Scottsbluff in western Nebraska. A split-plot design was used with Fe treatments as main plots and breeding lines/cultivars as subplots. Three foliar sprays of Fe-EDDHA (2.4 kg·ha–1) were applied at V4, R5, and R7 dry bean growth stages, during 1996 and 1997. Leaf chlorosis was measured simultaneously by using a Minolta Chroma-meter (CIE L* a* b* color space system), a Minolta Chlorophyll-meter (chlorophyll content index), and by visual ratings (1 = normal green to 5 = severe chlorosis). In 1996 no significant Fe-spray × line interaction (P = 0.776) and Fe-spray effect (P = 0.884) on seed yield was observed. Breeding lines showed significant differences in seed yield (P = 0.0001) with WM2-96-5 being the highest-yielding line (4047 kg·ha–1). In 1997 a significant Fe spray × line interaction (P = 0.029) was observed. The cultivar Chase without Fe spray (3375 kg·ha–1), and lines WM2-96-5 (3281 kg·ha–1), WM2-96-8 (3171 kg·ha–1) with Fe spray were the highest yielding entries under those treatments. Differences in visual ratings after the third Fe spray in 1997 were significant (P = 0.004) for Fe spray × line interaction. In 1996 visual ratings were different only for breeding lines. Chlorophyll content index showed a significant Fe spray × line interaction after the second Fe spray (P = 0.022) and after the third Fe spray (P = 0.0003) in 1997.

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The problem op iron deficiency in peanuts (arachis hypogaea L.) on basic and calcareous soils in Israel

Journal of Plant Nutrition ◽

10.1080/01904168209363022 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 5 (4-7) ◽

pp. 923-926 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

A. Hartzook

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Calcareous Soils ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L

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Growth and Photosynthetic Response of Two Persimmon Rootstocks (Diospyros kaki and D. virginiana) under Different Salinity Levels

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha4229471 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 386-391 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Meral INCESU ◽

Berken CIMEN ◽

Turgut YESILOGLU ◽

Bilge YILMAZ

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Diospyros Kaki ◽

Gas Exchange Parameters ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll ◽

Salinity Levels ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Exchange Parameters

Salinity continues to be a major factor in reduced crop productivity and profit in many arid and semiarid regions. Seedlings of Diospyros kaki Thunb. and D. virginiana L. are commonly used as rootstock in persimmon cultivation. In this study we have evaluated the effects of different salinity levels on photosynthetic capacity and plant development of D. kaki and D. virginiana. Salinity was provided by adding 50 mM, 75 mM and 100 mM NaCl to nutrient solution. In order to determine the effects of different salinity levels on plant growth, leaf number, plant height, shoot and root dry mass were recorded. Besides leaf Na, Cl, K and Ca concentrations were determined. Also leaf chlorophyll concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fvâ€™/Fmâ€™) and leaf gas exchange parameters including leaf net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gS), leaf transpiration rate (E), and CO2 substomatal concentration (Ci) were investigated. Significant decrease of leaf number, shoot length and plant dry mass by increasing salinity levels was observed in both rootstocks. D. virginiana was less affected in terms of plant growth under salinity stress. Leaf chlorophyll concentration reduction was higher in the leaves of D. kaki in comparison to D. virginiana in 100 mM NaCl treatment. By increasing salinity levels PN, gS and E markedly decreased in both rootstocks and D. kaki was more affected from salinity in terms of leaf gas exchange parameters. In addition there was no significant difference but slight decreases were recorded in leaf chlorophyll fluorescences of both rootstocks.

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Nutrients Assimilation and Chlorophyll Contents for Different Grapevine Varieties in Calcareous Soils in the Somontano DO (Spain)

Beverages ◽

10.3390/beverages4040090 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 90 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

José Casanova-Gascón ◽

Pablo Martín-Ramos ◽

Clara Martí-Dalmau ◽

David Badía-Villas

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Calcareous Soils ◽

Pinot Noir ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Cabernet Sauvignon ◽

Chlorophyll Contents ◽

Young Leaves ◽

The Impact

Lime-induced chlorosis (LIC) is an important abiotic constraint affecting the growth and yield of grapevines growing in calcareous soils in the Mediterranean region, and the sensory properties of the produced wine. In the work presented herein, the impact of LIC on the nutritional status and chlorophyll content was assessed for eleven varieties and a clone (Merlot, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo, Parraleta, Moristel, Aglianico, Macabeo, Sauvignon, Chardonnay, and Riesling), grafted to the same rootstock (1103 Paulsen). Macro- and micronutrient contents were determined in the fruit set and veraison stages by petiole analyses, while chlorophyll content in young leaves was monitored by SPAD. Significant differences were detected amongst varieties for all nutrients (including Fe), and inverse relationships between Fe and P contents in the petiole and chlorophyll concentration in the young leaves were found. Regarding LIC resistance, the Fe and chlorophyll contents suggest that Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo and Aglianico varieties would show the best performance, while Sauvignon would be the least tolerant.

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Quantifying Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration of Sorghum from Hyperspectral Data Using Derivative Calculus and Machine Learning

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12132082 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (13) ◽

pp. 2082 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sourav Bhadra ◽

Vasit Sagan ◽

Maitiniyazi Maimaitijiang ◽

Matthew Maimaitiyiming ◽

Maria Newcomb ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Random Forest ◽

Least Squares ◽

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Feature Space ◽

Hyperspectral Data ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll ◽

Reflectance Factor ◽

Leaf Level ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration

Leaf chlorophyll concentration (LCC) is an important indicator of plant health, vigor, physiological status, productivity, and nutrient deficiencies. Hyperspectral spectroscopy at leaf level has been widely used to estimate LCC accurately and non-destructively. This study utilized leaf-level hyperspectral data with derivative calculus and machine learning to estimate LCC of sorghum. We calculated fractional derivative (FD) orders starting from 0.2 to 2.0 with 0.2 order increments. Additionally, 43 common vegetation indices (VIs) were calculated from leaf spectral reflectance factor to make comparisons with reflectance-based data. Within the modeling pipeline, three feature selection methods were assessed: Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC), partial least squares based variable importance in the projection (VIP), and random forest-based mean decrease impurity (MDI). Finally, we used partial least squares regression (PLSR), random forest regression (RFR), support vector regression (SVR), and extreme learning regression (ELR) to estimate the LCC of sorghum. Results showed that: (1) increasing derivative order can show improved model performance until certain order for reflectance-based analysis; however, it is inconclusive to state that a particular order is optimal for estimating LCC of sorghum; (2) VI-based modeling outperformed derivative augmented reflectance factor-based modeling; (3) mean decrease impurity was found effective in selecting sensitive features from large feature space (reflectance-based analysis), whereas simple Pearson’s correlation coefficient worked better with smaller feature space (VI-based analysis); and (4) SVR outperformed all other models within reflectance-based analysis; alternatively, ELR with VIs from original reflectance yielded slightly better results compared to all other models.

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