scholarly journals Shark Conservation – Analysis and Synthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ila France Porcher ◽  
Brian W Darvell ◽  
Iris Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Ecological Value ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Will ◽  
Species Being

A detailed analysis of fishing records has shown that the shark species accessible to global fisheries have been systematically depleted for decades. They were already fished to about 10 percent of their former levels by 2003. Now one species after another is being listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as their numbers drop towards extinction. Shark depletion has not been well documented and a large proportion of shark mortality has been bycatch, the target species being teleost fish. But with the rise in value of shark fins due to the shark fin trade, at the same time as teleost fish stocks have become severely overfished, sharks, along with tuna, have become the most valuable catches. Fishing on the high seas is scarcely profitable, and so is heavily supported by subsidies. But the shark fin trade, in which organized crime is heavily involved, is driven by enormous profits and provides a powerful demand for the fins of all sharks. Thus it is now being supplied by fisheries around the world. There is no interest in sustainability in consumer countries, and neither the will nor the resources to manage the trade exist. Although some shark fisheries might have been managed sustainably in some regions for certain species for meat, such fisheries are increasingly dependent on the shark fin trade.. The rising global demand for shark fins, coupled with the increasing depletion of the animals supplying that demand, makes commercial fishing for sharks unsustainable. Given their high ecological value across the aquatic ecosystems they inhabit, it is important that they receive more effective measures of protection going far beyond the currently existing ones. In particular, protection of all sharks, manta rays, devil rays and rhino rays through an Appendix I CITES listing should be effected immediately due to the scale of the global take of the shark fin trade and the state of shark depletion amply documented in the literature.

scholarly journals Shark Conservation – Analysis and Synthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ila France Porcher ◽  
Brian W Darvell ◽  
Iris Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Ecological Value ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Will ◽  
Species Being

A detailed analysis of fishing records has shown that the shark species accessible to global fisheries have been systematically depleted for decades. They were already fished to about 10 percent of their former levels by 2003. Now one species after another is being listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as their numbers drop towards extinction. Shark depletion has not been well documented and a large proportion of shark mortality has been bycatch, the target species being teleost fish. But with the rise in value of shark fins due to the shark fin trade, at the same time as teleost fish stocks have become severely overfished, sharks, along with tuna, have become the most valuable catches. Fishing on the high seas is scarcely profitable, and so is heavily supported by subsidies. But the shark fin trade, in which organized crime is heavily involved, is driven by enormous profits and provides a powerful demand for the fins of all sharks. Thus it is now being supplied by fisheries around the world. There is no interest in sustainability in consumer countries, and neither the will nor the resources to manage the trade exist. Although some shark fisheries might have been managed sustainably in some regions for certain species for meat, such fisheries are increasingly dependent on the shark fin trade.. The rising global demand for shark fins, coupled with the increasing depletion of the animals supplying that demand, makes commercial fishing for sharks unsustainable. Given their high ecological value across the aquatic ecosystems they inhabit, it is important that they receive more effective measures of protection going far beyond the currently existing ones. In particular, protection of all sharks, manta rays, devil rays and rhino rays through an Appendix I CITES listing should be effected immediately due to the scale of the global take of the shark fin trade and the state of shark depletion amply documented in the literature.

scholarly journals Shark Conservation – Analysis and Synthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ila France Porcher ◽  
Brian W Darvell ◽  
Iris Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Ecological Value ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Will ◽  
Species Being

A detailed analysis of fishing records has shown that the shark species accessible to global fisheries have been systematically depleted for decades. They were already fished to about 10 percent of their former levels by 2003. Now one species after another is being listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as their numbers drop towards extinction. Shark depletion has not been well documented and a large proportion of shark mortality has been bycatch, the target species being teleost fish. But with the rise in value of shark fins due to the shark fin trade, at the same time as teleost fish stocks have become severely overfished, sharks, along with tuna, have become the most valuable catches. Fishing on the high seas is scarcely profitable, and so is heavily supported by subsidies. But the shark fin trade, in which organized crime is heavily involved, is driven by enormous profits and provides a powerful demand for the fins of all sharks. Thus it is now being supplied by fisheries around the world. There is no interest in sustainability in consumer countries, and neither the will nor the resources to manage the trade exist. Although some shark fisheries might have been managed sustainably in some regions for certain species for meat, such fisheries are increasingly dependent on the shark fin trade.. The rising global demand for shark fins, coupled with the increasing depletion of the animals supplying that demand, makes commercial fishing for sharks unsustainable. Given their high ecological value across the aquatic ecosystems they inhabit, it is important that they receive more effective measures of protection going far beyond the currently existing ones. In particular, protection of all sharks, manta rays, devil rays and rhino rays through an Appendix I CITES listing should be effected immediately due to the scale of the global take of the shark fin trade and the state of shark depletion amply documented in the literature.

scholarly journals Shark Conservation – Analysis and Synthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ila France Porcher ◽  
Brian W Darvell
Keyword(s):  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Ecological Value ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Will ◽  
Species Being

A detailed analysis of fishing records has shown that the shark species accessible to global fisheries have been systematically depleted for decades. They were already fished to about 10 percent of their former levels by 2003. Now one species after another is being listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as their numbers drop towards extinction. Shark depletion has not been well documented and a large proportion of shark mortality has been bycatch, the target species being teleost fish. But with the rise in value of shark fins due to the shark fin trade, at the same time as teleost fish stocks have become severely overfished, sharks, along with tuna, have become the most valuable catches. Fishing on the high seas is scarcely profitable, and so is heavily supported by subsidies. But the shark fin trade, in which organized crime is heavily involved, is driven by enormous profits and provides a powerful demand for the fins of all sharks. Thus it is now being supplied by fisheries around the world. There is no interest in sustainability in consumer countries, and neither the will nor the resources to manage the trade exist. Although some shark fisheries might have been managed sustainably in some regions for certain species for meat, such fisheries are increasingly dependent on the shark fin trade.. The rising global demand for shark fins, coupled with the increasing depletion of the animals supplying that demand, makes commercial fishing for sharks unsustainable. Given their high ecological value across the aquatic ecosystems they inhabit, it is important that they receive more effective measures of protection going far beyond the currently existing ones. In particular, protection of all sharks, manta rays, devil rays and rhino rays through an Appendix I CITES listing should be effected immediately due to the scale of the global take of the shark fin trade and the state of shark depletion amply documented in the literature.

scholarly journals Kahawai Phylogeny and Phylogenetics:  A Genetic Investigation into Commercial and Recreational Fisheries Management and Practice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Brenton Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Recreational Fisheries ◽  
Monophyletic Clade ◽  
Genetic Investigation ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Family

<p>Globally, commercially exploited fish species are coming under more and more pressure as the population of humans grow. Protein from the sea has traditionally been available to coastal communities throughout history. In modern times however, traditional artisanal fisheries have been replaced by commercial fishing industries. It is estimated by some authorities that these modern fisheries have led to decreases in pre-exploitation biomass of desirable species of up to 90%. As desirable species decline, secondary species become more valuable and subject to exploitation. An issue with this exploitation is that management decisions of fish stocks are often based on political or commercial concerns rather than sound science focussed on preserving stocks, and ultimately, fishing industries. To investigate phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships of fish, kahawai (Arripis trutta) was used as a proxy species. A. trutta is one of only four members of the genus Arripis, which in turn is the sole member of the family Arripidae. It was found that a single, highly connected population of A. trutta inhabit New Zealand waters, and approximately 15 migrants per generation make the journey between New Zealand and Australia, genetically linking these populations. A phylogeny of A. trutta was resolved using mitochondrial DNA, and while COX1 data supported the hypothesis that A. trutta forms a monophyletic clade within the Stromateoids (medusa fish, squaretails and drift fish) and the Scombrids (tuna, mackerel and their allies) suggesting a common ancestor, other data collected during the investigation does not support this hypothesis.</p>

scholarly journals ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS E SOCIOECONÔMICOS DA PESCA ESPORTIVA NO “DECK DO PESCADOR" DE SANTOS (SP, BRASIL)

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Barrella ◽  
Natália Cachola ◽  
Milena Ramires ◽  
Matheus Marcos Rotundo
Keyword(s):  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
College Degree ◽  
Sport Fishing ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Trichiurus Lepturus ◽  
Socioeconomic Profile ◽  
Micropogonias Furnieri

Sport fishing is one of the fastest growing leisure categories in today's world. In Brazil it is also practiced as a sport or leisure, noncommercial purposes. However, few studies are conducted in order to manage this activity in a sustainable manner. This study aimed to analyze sport fishing, practiced the "Fisherman’s Deck" (Santos, SP, Brazil), describing their biological characteristics and the socioeconomic profile of its participants. We interviewed 150 fishermen, aged between 12 and 82 years, 85% male. The majority (56%) has a college degree and resides near the fishing spot. The target species are swordfish (Trichiurus lepturus), bass (Centropomus spp.), Hake (Cynoscion spp.), betara (Menticirrhus americanus), corvina (Micropogonias furnieri) and hake-yellow (Macrodon atricauda). Three types of fishing, bottom fishing, surface and crab were identified. Fishermen indicated that fish stocks have declined due to increased commercial fishing and pollution. Each fishery lasted on average 5.0 (S.D.=2.1) hours and captured 850,8g (S.D.=962.5) g / angler / day. The estimated catch for the study period was 1314.8 (S.D.=1919.1) kg, representing less than 3% of fish landed by commercial fishing. Therefore, sport fishing from "Fisherman’s Deck" causes low impact to regional fish stocks.

scholarly journals Odonates from Bodoquena Plateau: checklist and information about endangered species

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Koroiva ◽  
Marciel Elio Rodrigues ◽  
Francisco Valente-Neto ◽  
Fábio de Oliveira Roque
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Red List Species ◽  
Data Deficient ◽  
First Time ◽  
Species Being ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

Abstract Here we provide an updated checklist of the odonates from Bodoquena Plateau, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. We registered 111 species from the region. The families with the highest number of species were Libellulidae (50 species), Coenagrionidae (43 species) and Gomphidae (12 species). 35 species are registered in the IUCN Red List species, four being Data Deficient, 29 of Least Concern and two species being in the threatened category. Phyllogomphoides suspectus Belle, 1994 (Odonata: Gomphidae) was registered for the first time in the state.

Evaluation of spatiotemporal imputations for fishing catch rate standardization

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 1348-1361
Author(s):  
Ross J. Marriott ◽  
Berwin A. Turlach ◽  
Kevin Murray ◽  
David V. Fairclough
Keyword(s):  
High Growth ◽  
Catch Rate ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Rate Data ◽  
Fishing Activity ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Base Method ◽  
Catch Rates ◽  
Over Time

As commercial fishing activity shifts to target different grounds over time, spatial gaps can be created in catch rate data, leading to biases in derived indices of fish abundance. Imputation has been shown to reduce such biases. In this study, the relative performance of several imputation methods was assessed using simulated catch rate data sets. Simulations were carried out for three fish stocks targeted by a commercial hook-and-line fishery off the southwestern coast of Australia: snapper (Chrysophrys auratus), West Australian dhufish (Glaucosoma hebraicum), and baldchin groper (Choerodon rubescens). For high-growth scenarios, the mean squared errors (MSEs) of geometric and linear imputations were lower, indicating higher accuracy and precision than that for base method (constant value) imputations. For low-growth scenarios, the lowest MSEs were achieved for base method imputations. However, for the final standardized and imputed abundance indices, the base method index consistently demonstrated the largest biases. Our results demonstrate the importance of selecting an appropriate imputation method when standardizing catch rates from a commercial fishery that has changed its spatial pattern of fishing over time.

scholarly journals Why Climate Change and State Subsidies Will Collide to Create Fishery Conflict

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 96-108
Author(s):  
Jonathan Kelman
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Iuu Fishing ◽  
State Involvement ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Seafood Products ◽  
State Subsidies ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
Distant Water Fishing

Climate change, combined with rising global demand for seafood products, will lead to greater conflict over remaining fisheries. Warming and acidifying oceans are shifting the availability of oxygen and nutrients that are necessary to maintain fish stocks. These changes are likely to increase conflict, both interstate and intrastate, in several important ways. For one, the fish stocks that are already under stress from demand for seafood protein are also shifting location. Most significantly, scarcity will likely draw in greater state involvement in fisheries. As traditional fleets exhaust their territorial waters, domestic political pressure will lead to greater state investment in distant water fishing (DWF) fleets to access fish stocks on the high seas and in the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of other states. DWF fleets are destabilizing because they can easily access fishing zones with low levels of enforcement. Their industrial scale and low level of transparency means that they are also more likely to engage in Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing activities. States are also more likely to intervene militarily to protect their state-support DWF fleets.

scholarly journals Dispositivity principle in the criminal procedure of Azerbaijan Republic: concept and application in individual rights

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 504-520
Author(s):  
Gahraman V. Jafarov
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Presumption Of Innocence ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Legal Concept ◽  
Criminal Process ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Will ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Procedural Rights

Unlike other principles of criminal procedure (such as legality, presumption of innocence, etc.), the principle of dispositivity (the principle of autonomy of the will of a participant in the proceedings) does not have an independent legal formula, enshrined in a separate article in the current criminal procedure legislation of Azerbaijan. In this regard, questions about the existence, concept, content, individual elements, manifestations, and scope of the principle are becoming relevant and at the same time highly disputable. The author aims to determine the essence of dispositivity, to consider its individual manifestations, as well as to develop scientifically sound recommendations for optimizing the application in practice of the norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure in regulating issues related to the dispositive basis of the criminal process. The set goals predetermined solution for such basic issues as study of the philosophical and legal concept of dispositivity; determination of determinants-manifestations of dispositivity in criminal proceedings as a whole; recognition of dispositivity as one of the autonomous principles of the modern criminal process of Azerbaijan. The study was conducted by methods of dialectical cognition based on the principles of reflection, comprehensiveness, unity of induction and deduction, determinism, contradiction, and unity of analysis and synthesis. The author has studied and summarized a great deal of doctrinal material and jurisprudence, and some selected judicial acts have been used as real models for casuistry of the issues addressed in the article. As a result of the study, the author substantiates that, despite the absence of an independent article in the CPC on this principle, dispositivity is an autonomous principle of criminal procedure, not covered by other principles; on the contrary, it enters into various correlative relations with them. In other words, the Code of Criminal Procedure does not provide a binding feature of the principle of criminal procedure. As the main determinants of the principle under study, the author proposes to consider a system of procedural rights of non-governmental participants in the proceedings that have the effect of initiating some kind of proceedings, and the consent of a participant category, which is a mandatory condition in the procedural decision-making mechanism of entities with power.

Theory of Interpretation of Law in Modern German legal Doctrine

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Belova M. A. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Objective Theory ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Federal Constitutional ◽  
The Will ◽  
To Come

Currently, in the legal doctrine of Germany, a heated discussion continues between representatives of the objective and subjective schools of interpretation. Opponents of the objective theory argue that the mistakenly called «objective» method, which largely supplants the will of the legislator, leads to the fact that from a rule of law based on the principle of separation of powers, Germany turns into a «state of judges». The purpose of this work is to study the content and topical problems of objective and subjective theories of interpretation of law in the modern German legal doctrine. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are being solved: the analysis of the content and structure of theories of interpretation in the modern legal doctrine of Germany is carried out; defines the distinction between the concepts of interpretation (Auslegung) and development (Rechtsfortbildung) of law; analyzes the position of the Federal Constitutional Court of the Federal Republic of Germany on the choice of the method of interpretation; the position of German legal scholars on the admissibility of «judicial law» is analyzed. In the course of the study, the following methods were used: analysis and synthesis, hermeneutic, comparative method. As a result of the study, it was possible to come to the following conclusions: 1) in contrasting the subjective and objective theories of the interpretation of normative legal acts in the modern German legal doctrine, the complex difference between the interpretation (Auslegung) and the development of law (Rechtsfortbildung) is considered, for the substantiation of which changing semantic theories are used, which are based not only on a methodological problem, but also, possibly, a different understanding of the Constitution and ideas about the tasks, as well as the boundaries of jurisprudence. Subjective theory attaches decisive importance to the regulative will of the legislator, the correct method of interpretation according to this theory is to first investigate the historical prescription and purpose (Zweck). The objective theory, on the contrary, proceeds from the idea that the law from the moment of publication «breaks away» from the legislator and henceforth is independent, so that the will of the rulemaker no longer matters; 2) the need for a clear delimitation of the judicial development of law from interpretation. The limitation of judicial possibilities in the interpretation and development of law lies in the fact that they must be carried out according to the accepted rules of interpretation. The established methodology, that is, the formal correctness of the trial, provides, to a certain extent, confidence in the material correctness of the decision and prevents arbitrariness.

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