The Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Wound Repair and Regeneration

In the past decades, regenerative medicine applied on skin lesions has been a field of constant improvement for both human and veterinary medicine. The process of healing cutaneous wound injuries implicates a well-organized cascade of molecular and biological processes. However, sometimes the normal process fails and can result in a chronic lesion. In addition, wounds are considered an increasing clinical impairment, due to the progressive ageing of the population, as well as the prevalence of concomitant diseases, such as diabetes and obesity, that represent risk aggravating factors for the development of chronic skin lesions. Stem cells regenerative potential has been recognized worldwide, including towards skin lesion repair, Tissue engineering techniques have long been successfully associated with stem cell therapies, namely the application of 3D bioprinted scaffolds. With this review we intend to explore several stem cell sources with promising aptitude towards skin regeneration, as well as different techniques used to deliver those cells and provide a supporting extracellular matrix environment, with effective outcomes. Furthermore, different studies are discussed, both in vitro and in vivo, towards their relevance in the skin regeneration field.

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The Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Wound Repair and Regeneration

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11073000 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 3000

Author(s):

Bruna Lopes ◽

Patrícia Sousa ◽

Rui Alvites ◽

Mariana Branquinho ◽

Ana Sousa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Wound Repair ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

Skin Regeneration ◽

Cell Therapies ◽

Cell Sources

In the past decades, regenerative medicine applied on skin lesions has been a field of constant improvement for both human and veterinary medicine. The process of healing cutaneous wound injuries implicates a well-organized cascade of molecular and biological processes. However, sometimes the normal process fails and can result in a chronic lesion. In addition, wounds are considered an increasing clinical impairment, due to the progressive ageing of the population, as well as the prevalence of concomitant diseases, such as diabetes and obesity, that represent risk-aggravating factors for the development of chronic skin lesions. Stem cells’ regenerative potential has been recognized worldwide, including towards skin lesion repair, Tissue engineering techniques have long been successfully associated with stem cell therapies, namely the application of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted scaffolds. With this review, we intend to explore several stem cell sources with promising aptitude towards skin regeneration, as well as different techniques used to deliver those cells and provide a supporting extracellular matrix environment, with effective outcomes. Furthermore, different studies are discussed, both in vitro and in vivo, in terms of their relevance in the skin regeneration field.

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Multifunctional silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles: a facile four-in-one system for in situ study of neural stem cell harvesting

Faraday Discussions ◽

10.1039/c4fd00132j ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 175 ◽

pp. 13-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Yung-Kang Peng ◽

Cathy N. P. Lui ◽

Tsen-Hsuan Lin ◽

Chen Chang ◽

Pi-Tai Chou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Iron Oxide ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Neural Stem Cells ◽

Neural Stem Cell ◽

Cell Therapies ◽

Bimodal Imaging

Neural stem cells (NSCs), which generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system, are multipotent cells and are able to differentiate into multiple cell types via external stimuli from the environment. The extraction, modification and re-application of NSCs have thus attracted much attention and raised hopes for novel neural stem cell therapies and regenerative medicine. However, few studies have successfully identified the distribution of NSCs in a live brain and monitored the corresponding extraction processes both in vitro and in vivo. To address those difficulties, in this study multi-functional uniform nanoparticles comprising an iron oxide core and a functionalized silica shell (Fe3O4@SiO2(FITC)-CD133, FITC: a green emissive dye, CD133: anti-CD133 antibody) have been strategically designed and synthesized for use as probe nanocomposites that provide four-in-one functionality, i.e., magnetic agitation, dual imaging (both magnetic resonance and optical) and specific targeting. It is shown that these newly synthesized Fe3O4@SiO2(FITC)-CD133 particles have clearly demonstrated their versatility in various applications. (1) The magnetic core enables magnetic cell collection and T2 magnetic resonance imaging. (2) The fluorescent FITC embedded in the silica framework enables optical imaging. (3) CD133 anchored on the outermost surface is demonstrated to be capable of targeting neural stem cells for cell collection and bimodal imaging.

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Diabetic Retinopathy and Stem Cell Therapy

10.5772/intechopen.100812 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sevil Kestane

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Cell Therapy ◽

Stem Cell Therapy ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Cell Therapies ◽

Long Time

This overview was evaluated by the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the stem cell therapy approach. DR is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by damage to the retinal blood vessels leading to progressive loss of vision. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms are complicated and not completely understood yet. The current treatment strategies have included medical, laser, intravitreal, and surgical approaches. It is known that the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), which has a great potential, is promising for the treatment of many degenerative disorders, including the eye. In retinal degenerative diseases, MSCs were ameliorated retinal neurons and retinal pigmented epithelial cells in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Stem cell therapies show promise in neurodegenerative diseases. However, it is very important to know which type of stem cell will be used in which situations, the amount of stem cells to be applied, the method of application, and its physiological/neurophysiological effects. Therefore, it is of great importance to evaluate this subject physiologically. After stem cell application, its safety and efficacy should be followed for a long time. In the near future, widespread application of regenerative stem cell therapy may be a standard treatment in DR.

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In Vitro Generation of Oocyte Like Cells and Their In Vivo Efficacy: How Far We have been Succeeded

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells9030557 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 557 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dinesh Bharti ◽

Si-Jung Jang ◽

Sang-Yun Lee ◽

Sung-Lim Lee ◽

Gyu-Jin Rho

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Embryonic Stem ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Special Focus ◽

Morphological Alterations ◽

Cell Sources ◽

Induced Pluripotent

In the last few decades, stem cell therapy has grown as a boon for many pathological complications including female reproductive disorders. In this review, a brief description of available strategies that are related to stem cell-based in vitro oocyte-like cell (OLC) development are given. We have tried to cover all the aspects and latest updates of the in vitro OLC developmental methodologies, marker profiling, available disease models, and in vivo efficacies, with a special focus on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) usage. The differentiation abilities of both the ovarian and non-ovarian stem cell sources under various induction conditions have shown different effects on morphological alterations, proliferation- and size-associated developments, hormonal secretions under gonadotropic stimulations, and their neo-oogenesis or folliculogenesis abilities after in vivo transplantations. The attainment of characters like oocyte-like morphology, size expansion, and meiosis initiation have been found to be major obstacles during in vitro oogenesis. A number of reports have either lacked in vivo studies or have shown their functional incapability to produce viable and healthy offspring. Though researchers have gained many valuable insights regarding in vitro gametogenesis, still there are many things to do to make stem cell-derived OLCs fully functional.

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Urine Cells-derived iPSCs: An Upcoming Frontier in Regenerative Medicine

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867328666210623142150 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

Author(s):

Sanjeev Gautam ◽

Sangita Biswas ◽

Birbal Singh ◽

Ying Guo ◽

Peng Deng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Drug Testing ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Cell Therapies ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Key Issues ◽

Induced Pluripotent

: There is a momentous surge in the development of stem cell technology as a therapeutic and diagnostic tools. Stem cell-derived cells are currently used in various clinical trials. However, key issues and challenges involve the low differentiation efficiency, integration, and functioning of transplanted stem cells-derived cells. Extraction of bone marrow, adipose, or other mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) involves invasive methods, specialized skills, and expensive technologies. Urine-derived cells, on the other hand, are obtained by non-invasive methods. Samples can be obtained repeatedly from patients of any age. Urine-derived cells are used to generate reprogrammed or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which can be cultured, and differentiated into various types of cell lineages for biomedical investigations and drug testing in vitro or in vivo using model animals of human diseases. Urine cell-derived iPSCs (UiPSCs) have emerged as a major area of research and immense therapeutic significance. Given that preliminary preclinical studies are successful in terms of safety and as a regenerative tool, the UiPSCs will pave the way to develop and expedite various types of autologous stem cell therapies.

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Multiscale Stem Cell Technologies for Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2019/8914569 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yi Wang ◽

Xibo Ma ◽

Wei Chai ◽

Jie Tian

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Femoral Head ◽

Stem Cell Therapies ◽

Cell Therapies ◽

Osteogenic Lineage ◽

Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Or Gene

The last couple of decades have seen brilliant progress in stem cell therapies, including native, genetically modified, and engineered stem cells, for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). In vitro studies evaluate the effect of endogenous or exogenous factor or gene regulation on osteogenic phenotype maintenance and/or differentiation towards osteogenic lineage. The preclinical and clinical outcomes accelerate the clinical translation. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells have demonstrated better effects in the treatment of femoral head necrosis. Various materials have been used widely in the ONFH treatment in both preclinical and clinical trials. In a word, in vivo and multiscale efforts are expected to overcome obstacles in the approaches for treating ONFH and provide clinical relevance and commercial strategies in the future. Therefore, we will discuss the above aspects in this paper and present our opinions.

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What do we know about the neurogenic potential of different stem cell types?

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/s0004-282x2012000700013 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 70 (7) ◽

pp. 540-546 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Guilherme Lepski

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Large Body ◽

Cell Therapies ◽

Induced Pluripotent

Cell therapies, based on transplantation of immature cells, are being considered as a promising tool in the treatment of neurological disorders. Many efforts are being concentrated on the development of safe and effective stem cell lines. Nevertheless, the neurogenic potential of some cell lines, i.e., the ability to generate mature neurons either in vitro or in vivo, is largely unknown. Recent evidence indicate that this potential might be distinct among different cell lines, therefore limiting their broad use as replacement cells in the central nervous system. Here, we have reviewed the latest advancements regarding the electrophysiological maturation of stem cells, focusing our attention on fetal-derived-, embryonic-, and induced pluripotent stem cells. In summary, a large body of evidence supports the biological safety, high neurogenic potential, and in some diseases probable clinical efficiency related to fetal-derived cells. By contrast, reliable data regarding embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are still missing.

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Minimally Invasive Delivery of Microbeads with Encapsulated, Viable and Quiescent Neural Stem Cells to the Adult Subventricular Zone

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-54167-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rita Matta ◽

Seyoung Lee ◽

Nafiisha Genet ◽

Karen K. Hirschi ◽

Jean-Leon Thomas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Subventricular Zone ◽

Critical Role ◽

Neurological Injury ◽

Cell Therapies ◽

Neuronal Stem Cells ◽

The Brain

AbstractStem cell therapies demonstrate promising results as treatment for neurological disease and injury, owing to their innate ability to enhance endogenous neural tissue repair and promote functional recovery. However, delivery of undifferentiated and viable neuronal stem cells requires an engineered delivery system that promotes integration of transplanted cells into the inflamed and cytotoxic region of damaged tissue. Within the brain, endothelial cells (EC) of the subventricular zone play a critical role in neural stem cell (NSC) maintenance, quiescence and survival. Therefore, here, we describe the use of polyethylene glycol microbeads for the coincident delivery of EC and NSC as a means of enhancing appropriate NSC quiescence and survival during transplantation into the mouse brain. We demonstrate that EC and NSC co-encapsulation maintained NSC quiescence, enhanced NSC viability, and facilitated NSC extravasation in vitro, as compared to NSC encapsulated alone. In addition, co-encapsulated cells delivered to an in vivo non-injury model reduced inflammatory response compared to freely injected NSC. These results suggest the strong potential of a biomimetic engineered niche for NSC delivery into the brain following neurological injury.

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The Safety of a Therapeutic Product Composed of a Combination of Stem Cell Released Molecules from Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Fibroblasts

10.1101/2020.02.14.950055 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Greg Maguire ◽

Peter Friedman

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Skin Diseases ◽

Cell Therapies ◽

Blood Diseases ◽

Cell Transplants ◽

Therapeutic Development

AbstractStem cell transplants have demonstrated life-saving capabilities for some blood diseases, and the molecules and exosomes released from stem cells are currently in therapeutic development for a number of diseases and conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, heart conditions, glaucoma, hearing loss, and skin diseases. Stem cell science is a relatively new science, and therapeutic development using stem cells, even approved stem cell therapies for blood diseases, is in need of a better understanding of mechanisms of action and acute and long-term safety profiles. Here we performed a number of safety tests for a stem cell-based therapeutic comprised of the stem cell released molecules from a combination of adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts that have demonstrated efficacy in a number of conditions. Using in vitro, in vivo, and skin sensitivity studies in humans, the stem cell therapeutic comprised of stem cell released molecules was shown to have an excellent safety profile when tested for toxicity, mutagenicity, tumorigenesis, ocular toxicity, inflammation, and irritation.

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Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from humans and animals into insulin-producing cells: An overview in vitro induction forms

Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.2174/1574888x16666201229124429 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Bruna O. S. Câmara ◽

Bruno M. Bertassoli ◽

Natália M. Ocarino ◽

Rogéria Serakides

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Adipogenic Differentiation ◽

Medium Composition ◽

Cell Therapies ◽

Insulin Producing Cells ◽

Msc Differentiation

The use of stem cells in cell therapies has shown promising results in the treatment of several diseases, including diabetes mellitus, in both humans and animals. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be isolated from various locations, including bone marrow, adipose tissues, synovia, muscles, dental pulp, umbilical cords, and the placenta. In vitro, by manipulating the composition of the culture medium or transfection, MSCs can differentiate into several cell lineages, including insulin-producing cells (IPCs). Unlike osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation, for which the culture medium and time are similar between studies, studies involving the induction of MSC differentiation in IPCs differ greatly. This divergence is usually evident in relation to the differentiation technique used, the composition of the culture medium, the cultivation time, which can vary from a few hours to several months, and the number of steps to complete differentiation. However, although there is no “gold standard” differentiation medium composition, most prominent studies mention the use of nicotinamide, exedin-4, ß-mercaptoethanol, fibroblast growth factor b (FGFb), and glucose in the culture medium to promote the differentiation of MSCs into IPCs. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to investigate the stages of MSC differentiation into IPCs both in vivo and in vitro, as well as address differentiation techniques and molecular actions and mechanisms by which some substances, such as nicotinamide, exedin-4, ßmercaptoethanol, FGFb, and glucose, participate in the differentiation process.

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