scholarly journals Origins of Stellar Mass Neutron Black Holes, Supermassive Dark Matter Black Holes and Universe Evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Dark Matter ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Stellar Mass ◽  
Intermediate Mass ◽  
Milky Way Galaxy ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Universe Evolution

The origins of the stellar mass neutron black holes and supermassive dark matter black holes without the singularities are reported based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The neutron black holes with the mass of mBH = 5 – 15 msun are made by the 6-quark merged states (N6q) of two neutrons with the mass (m(N6q) = 10 m(n)) of 9.4 GeV/c2 that gives the black hole mass gap of mBH = 3 – 5 msun. Also, the supermassive black holes with the mass of mSMBH = 106 – 1011 msun are made by the merged 3-D states (J(B1B2B3)3 particles) of the dark matters. The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky way galaxy has the mass of mSMBH = 4.1 106 msun that is consistent with mSMBH = 2.08 - 6.23 106 msun calculated from the 3-D states (J(B1B2B3)3 particles) of the dark matters with the mass of m(J) = 1.95 1015 eV/c2. In other words, this supports the existence of the B1, B2 and B3 dark matters with the proposed masses. The first dark matter black hole (primary black hole) was created at the big bang. This first dark matter black hole decayed to the supermassive dark matter black holes through the secondary dark matter black holes that are explained by the merged states of the J(B1B2B3)3 particles. The universe evolution is closely connected to the decaying process of the dark matter black holes since the big bang. The dark matter cloud states are proposed at the intermediate mass black hole range of mIMBH = 102 – 105 msun. This can explain why the dark matter black holes are not observed at the intermediate mass black hole range of mIMBH = 102 – 105 msun.

scholarly journals Origins of Stellar Mass Neutron Black Holes, Supermassive Dark Matter Black Holes and Universe Evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Dark Matter ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Stellar Mass ◽  
Intermediate Mass ◽  
Milky Way Galaxy ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Universe Evolution

The origins of the stellar mass neutron black holes and supermassive dark matter black holes without the singularities are reported based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The neutron black holes with the mass of mBH = 5 – 15 msun are made by the 6-quark merged states (N6q) of two neutrons with the mass (m(N6q) = 10 m(n)) of 9.4 GeV/c2 that gives the black hole mass gap of mBH = 3 – 5 msun. Also, the supermassive black holes with the mass of mSMBH = 106 – 1011 msun are made by the merged 3-D states (J(B1B2B3)3 particles) of the dark matters. The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky way galaxy has the mass of mSMBH = 4.1 106 msun that is consistent with mSMBH = 2.08 - 6.23 106 msun calculated from the 3-D states (J(B1B2B3)3 particles) of the dark matters with the mass of m(J) = 1.95 1015 eV/c2. In other words, this supports the existence of the B1, B2 and B3 dark matters with the proposed masses. The first dark matter black hole (primary black hole) was created at the big bang. This first dark matter black hole decayed to the supermassive dark matter black holes through the secondary dark matter black holes that are explained by the merged states of the J(B1B2B3)3 particles. The universe evolution is closely connected to the decaying process of the dark matter black holes since the big bang. The dark matter cloud states are proposed at the intermediate mass black hole range of mIMBH = 102 – 105 msun. This can explain why the dark matter black holes are not observed at the intermediate mass black hole range of mIMBH = 102 – 105 msun.

scholarly journals Charged Dark Matters and Extended Standard Model

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Particle Creation ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Strong Force ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Universe Evolution

The properties of the charged dark matters are discussed in terms of the new three-dimensional quantized space model. Because of the graviton evaporations, the very small Coulomb’s constant (k(dd)) of 10 −48 k and large gravitation constant (GN(dd)) of 106 GN for the charged dark matters at the present time are expected. The tentative values of G and k are used for the explanation purpose. Therefore, Fc(mm) > Fg(dd) > Fg(mm) > Fg(dm) > Fc(dd) > Fc(dm) = Fc(lq) = 0 for the proton-like particle. Also, the gravitation constant has been changed with increasing of the time because of the graviton evaporation. In the present work, the B1, B2 and B3 bastons with the condition of k(mm) = k >> k(dd) > k(dm) = 0 are explained as the good candidates of the dark matters. Also, the particle creation, dark matters and dark energy could be deeply associated with the changing gravitation constants (G). It is expected that the changing process of the gravitation constant between the matters from GN(mm) ≈ 1036 GN to GN(mm) = GN happened mostly near the inflation period. Therefore, during most of the universe evolution the gravitation constant could be taken as GN(mm) = GN. And the effective charges and effective rest masses of the particles are defined in terms of the fixed Coulomb’s constant (k) and fixed gravitation constant (GN). Then, the effective charge of the B1 dark matter with EC = −2/3 e is (EC)eff = −2/3·10−24 e. It is concluded that the photons, gravitons and dark matters are the first particles created since the big bang. The particles can be created from the decay of the matter universe and the pair production of the particle and anti-particle with decreasing of the gravitation constant (GN(mm)). Also, the weak force, strong force and dark matter force bosons are created from the interactions of the elementary particles with the T fluctuations of the vacuum energy.

scholarly journals Charged Dark Matters and Extended Standard Model

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Particle Creation ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Space Model ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
Effective Charges ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Universe Evolution

The properties of the charged dark matters are discussed in terms of the new three-dimensional quantized space model. Because of the graviton evaporations, the very small Coulomb’s constant (k(dd)) of 10 −48 k and large gravitation constant (GN(dd)) of 106 GN for the charged dark matters at the present time are expected. The tentative values of G and k are used for the explanation purpose. Therefore, Fc(mm) > Fg(dd) > Fg(mm) > Fg(dm) > Fc(dd) > Fc(dm) = Fc(lq) = 0 for the proton-like particle. Also, the gravitation constant has been changed with increasing of the time because of the graviton evaporation. In the present work, the B1, B2 and B3 bastons with the condition of k(mm) = k >> k(dd) > k(dm) = 0 are explained as the good candidates of the dark matters. Also, the particle creation, dark matters and dark energy could be deeply associated with the changing gravitation constants (G). It is expected that the changing process of the gravitation constant between the matters from GN(mm) ≈ 1036 GN to GN(mm) = GN happened mostly near the inflation period. Therefore, during most of the universe evolution the gravitation constant could be taken as GN(mm) = GN. And the effective charges and effective rest masses of the particles are defined in terms of the fixed Coulomb’s constant (k) and fixed gravitation constant (GN). Then, the effective charge of the B1 dark matter with EC = −2/3 e is (EC)eff = −2/3·10−24 e. It is concluded that the photons, gravitons and dark matters are the first three particles created since the big bang. The particles can be created from the decay of the matter universe and the pair production of the particle and anti-particle with decreasing of the gravitation constant (GN(mm)).

scholarly journals Unified Explanation of Big Bang, Inflation, Charged Black Hole Decay, Galaxy Formation, Proton Spin Crisis and Elementary Particle Masses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Euclidean Space ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Proton Spin ◽  
Gravitational Forces ◽  
Normal Matter ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
Spin Crisis ◽  
The Big Bang

Space-time evolution is briefly explained by using the 3-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-dimensional (4-D) Euclidean space. The energy (E=cDtDV), charges (|q|= cDt) and absolute time (ct) are newly defined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The big bang is understood by the space-time evolution of the 4-D Euclidean space but not by the sudden 4-D Minkowski space-time creation. The big bang process created the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner anti-matter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry. Our universe is the matter universe with the negative charges of electric charge (EC), lepton charge (LC) and color charge (CC). This first universe is made of three dark matter -, lepton -, and quark - primary black holes with the huge negative charges which cause the Coulomb repulsive forces much bigger than the gravitational forces. The huge Coulomb forces induce the inflation of the primary black holes, that decay to the super-massive black holes. The dark matter super-massive black holes surrounded by the normal matters and dark matters make the galaxies and galaxy clusters. The spiral arms of galaxies are closely related to the decay of the 3-D charged normal matter black holes to the 1-D charged normal matter black holes. The elementary leptons and quarks are created by the decay of the normal matter charged black holes, that is caused by the Coulomb forces much stronger than the gravitational forces. The Coulomb forces are very weak with the very small Coulomb constants (k1(EC) = kdd(EC) ) for the dark matters and very strong with the very big Coulomb constants (k2(EC) = knn(EC)) for the normal matters because of the non-communication of the photons between the dark matters and normal matters. The photons are charge dependent and mass independent. But the dark matters and normal matters have the similar and very weak gravitational forces because of the communication of the gravitons between the dark matters and normal matters. The gravitons are charge independent and mass dependent. Note that the three kinds of charges (EC, LC and CC) and one kind of mass (m) exist in our matter universe. The dark matters, leptons and quarks have the charge configurations of (EC), (EC,LC) and (EC,LC,CC), respectively. Partial masses of elementary fermions are calculated, and the proton spin crisis is explained. The charged black holes are not the singularities.

scholarly journals No evidence for intermediate-mass black holes in the globular clusters ω Cen and NGC 6624

2019 ◽  
Vol 488 (4) ◽  
pp. 5340-5351 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Baumgardt ◽  
C He ◽  
S M Sweet ◽  
M Drinkwater ◽  
A Sollima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Globular Clusters ◽  
Surface Brightness ◽  
Velocity Dispersion ◽  
Stellar Mass ◽  
Main Sequence Stars ◽  
Intermediate Mass ◽  
Measured Velocity ◽  
Large Grid

ABSTRACT We compare the results of a large grid of N-body simulations with the surface brightness and velocity dispersion profiles of the globular clusters ω Cen and NGC 6624. Our models include clusters with varying stellar-mass black hole retention fractions and varying masses of a central intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH). We find that an $\sim 45\, 000$ M⊙ IMBH, whose presence has been suggested based on the measured velocity dispersion profile of ω Cen, predicts the existence of about 20 fast-moving, m > 0.5 M⊙, main-sequence stars with a (1D) velocity v > 60 km s−1 in the central 20 arcsec of ω Cen. However, no such star is present in the HST/ACS proper motion catalogue of Bellini et al. (2017), strongly ruling out the presence of a massive IMBH in the core of ω Cen. Instead, we find that all available data can be fitted by a model that contains 4.6 per cent of the mass of ω Cen in a centrally concentrated cluster of stellar-mass black holes. We show that this mass fraction in stellar-mass BHs is compatible with the predictions of stellar evolution models of massive stars. We also compare our grid of N-body simulations with NGC 6624, a cluster recently claimed to harbour a 20 000 M⊙ black hole based on timing observations of millisecond pulsars. However, we find that models with MIMBH > 1000 M⊙ IMBHs are incompatible with the observed velocity dispersion and surface brightness profile of NGC 6624, ruling out the presence of a massive IMBH in this cluster. Models without an IMBH provide again an excellent fit to NGC 6624.

scholarly journals Supermassive black holes in the early Universe

2015 ◽  
Vol 471 (2184) ◽  
pp. 20150449 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Melia ◽  
T. M. McClintock
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Accretion Rate ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Supermassive Black Holes ◽  
Active Mass ◽  
Time Compression ◽  
First And Second Generation ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Friedmann Robertson Walker

The recent discovery of the ultraluminous quasar SDSS J010013.02+280225.8 at redshift 6.3 has exacerbated the time compression problem implied by the appearance of supermassive black holes only approximately 900 Myr after the big bang, and only approximately 500 Myr beyond the formation of Pop II and III stars. Aside from heralding the onset of cosmic re-ionization, these first and second generation stars could have reasonably produced the approximately 5–20  M ⊙ seeds that eventually grew into z approximately 6–7 quasars. But this process would have taken approximately 900 Myr, a timeline that appears to be at odds with the predictions of Λ CDM without an anomalously high accretion rate, or some exotic creation of approximately 10 5   M ⊙ seeds. There is no evidence of either of these happening in the local Universe. In this paper, we show that a much simpler, more elegant solution to the supermassive black hole anomaly is instead to view this process using the age–redshift relation predicted by the R h = ct Universe, an Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) cosmology with zero active mass. In this context, cosmic re-ionization lasted from t approximately 883 Myr to approximately 2 Gyr ( 6 ≲ z ≲ 15 ), so approximately 5–20  M ⊙ black hole seeds formed shortly after re-ionization had begun, would have evolved into approximately 10 10   M ⊙ quasars by z approximately 6–7 simply via the standard Eddington-limited accretion rate. The consistency of these observations with the age–redshift relationship predicted by R h = ct supports the existence of dark energy; but not in the form of a cosmological constant.

scholarly journals Left-Handed Neutrinos, Charged Dark Matters, Universe Evolution and Extended Standard Model

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Rest Mass ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Neutrino Mixing ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Lepton Charge ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
The Right ◽  
Universe Evolution

In the present work, the charged dark matters of B1, B2 and B3 bastons are explained as the right-handed partners of the left-handed neutrinos. And the rest masses of the elementary particles depend on their charge configurations. The left-handed neutrinos have only the lepton charges (LC) and the right-handed dark matters have only the electric charges (EC). This explains the fact that the rest masses of the left-handed neutrinos are so small, and the rest masses of the right-handed dark matters are relatively very large. The proposed rest mass (26.12 eV/c2) of the B1 dark matter is indirectly confirmed from the supernova 1987A data. The missing neutrinos are newly explained by using the dark matters and lepton charge force. The neutrino excess anomaly of the MinibooNE data is explained by the B1 dark matter scattering within the Cherenkov detectors. The quark mixing and neutrino mixing are not required in the present model. It is shown that our matter universe and its partner antimatter universe can be created from the big bang in the point of view of time -, charge -, space -, and quantum state – symmetric universe evolution.

scholarly journals POPULATION OF BLACK HOLES IN THE MILKY WAY AND IN THE MAGELLANIC CLOUDS

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (A) ◽  
pp. 665-670
Author(s):  
Janusz Ziółkowski
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Milky Way ◽  
Stellar Mass ◽  
Magellanic Clouds ◽  
Intermediate Mass ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Galaxy

In this review, I will briefly discuss the different types of black hole (BH) populations (supermassive, intermediate mass and stellar mass BHs) both in the Galaxy and in the Magellanic Clouds and compare them with each other.

scholarly journals mocca-survey Database I: Binary black hole mergers from globular clusters with intermediate mass black holes

2020 ◽  
Vol 498 (3) ◽  
pp. 4287-4294
Author(s):  
Jongsuk Hong ◽  
Abbas Askar ◽  
Mirek Giersz ◽  
Arkadiusz Hypki ◽  
Suk-Jin Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Gravitational Waves ◽  
Globular Clusters ◽  
Stellar Mass ◽  
Intermediate Mass ◽  
Binary Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole Binaries ◽  
Binary Black Hole ◽  
Intermediate Mass Black Holes

ABSTRACT The dynamical formation of black hole binaries in globular clusters that merge due to gravitational waves occurs more frequently in higher stellar density. Meanwhile, the probability to form intermediate mass black holes (IMBHs) also increases with the density. To explore the impact of the formation and growth of IMBHs on the population of stellar mass black hole binaries from globular clusters, we analyse the existing large survey of Monte Carlo globular cluster simulation data (mocca-survey Database I). We show that the number of binary black hole mergers agrees with the prediction based on clusters’ initial properties when the IMBH mass is not massive enough or the IMBH seed forms at a later time. However, binary black hole formation and subsequent merger events are significantly reduced compared to the prediction when the present-day IMBH mass is more massive than ${\sim}10^4\, \rm M_{\odot }$ or the present-day IMBH mass exceeds about 1 per cent of cluster’s initial total mass. By examining the maximum black hole mass in the system at the moment of black hole binary escaping, we find that ∼90 per cent of the merging binary black holes escape before the formation and growth of the IMBH. Furthermore, large fraction of stellar mass black holes are merged into the IMBH or escape as single black holes from globular clusters in cases of massive IMBHs, which can lead to the significant underpopulation of binary black holes merging with gravitational waves by a factor of 2 depending on the clusters’ initial distributions.

scholarly journals Pre-Big-Bang Black-Hole Remnants and Past Low Entropy

Universe ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Rovelli ◽  
Francesca Vidotto
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Dark Matter ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
The State ◽  
Arrow Of Time ◽  
Bouncing Cosmology ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Low Entropy

Dark matter could be composed by black-hole remnants formed before the big-bang era in a bouncing cosmology. This hypothetical scenario has implications on the issue of the arrow of time: it upsets a common attribution of past low entropy to the state of the geometry and suggests a possible realisation of the perspectival interpretation of past low entropy.

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