Ether Dynamics and Unification of Gravitational and Electromagnetic forces

Recently we have presented a theory of unification of gravitational and electromagnetic fields based on the generalization of Newton’s law to include a dynamic term similar to the Lorentz force of electrodynamics[1]. The unification is convincing. The generalization based on similarity of Newton’s law and Coulomb’s law, however, is speculative although reasonable and compelling. In this article, we have presented a derivation of the dynamic term of gravitation based on our newly proposed ether dynamics, which removes the speculative nature of dynamic term and perfects the unification theory. It turns out that the gravitational interaction is transmitted through the space medium ether. An object in ether is in direct contact with the ether, causing it to move like a highly viscous and incompressible fluid. The movement of ether propagates thorough space like a continuous medium, exerting a force on any object in ether.

Physics of the Universe (1)

The Physics of the Universe series emerges from the discovery of the Grand Unification Theory (Theory of Everything). It starts from (1) and counting. The last revolution of physics begins from this paper (1). See Introduction for more details. [La serie Physics of the Universe emerge dalla scoperta della Teoria della Grande Unificazione (Teoria del Tutto). Inizia da (1) e conta. L'ultima rivoluzione della fisicainizia da questo articolo (1). Vedere Introduzione per maggiori dettagli.]

Big Bang Process, Magnetic Monopoles and Super Unification Theory of All Forces Using the GEM Wave

Space-time evolution is briefly explained by using the 3-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-dimensional (4-D) Euclidean space. The energy (mass), charges and absolute time are newly defined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The photons and gravitons are understood as the 2-D space fluctuations along the space axes and 1-D time fluctuations along the time axis, respectively. This indicates that the electromagnetic (EM) and gravitational (G) waves can be unified into the so called gravityelectromagnetic (GEM) wave which has both space and time fluctuations. The photon with zero force fields is the 2EM wave because an EM wave corresponds to a charged fermion. The dark matter bosons, weak force bosons, strong force bosons are the 1-D time fluctuations which can be expressed by the G waves. This indicates that all five forces are unified by the GEM wave. It is called as the super unification theory in the present work. And the force carrying bosons and mesons are, for the first time, proposed as the possible candidates of the magnetic monopoles like the fermions and baryons are the electric monopoles. The signs of the magnetic charges are newly defined. The big bang is understood by the space-time evolution of the 4-D Euclidean space but not by the sudden 4-D Minkowski space-time creation. The big bang process created the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner anti-matter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry.

On the Ehrenfest Paradox in the Bohr Atomic Model toward the Quantization of Gravitation

Ehrenfest Paradox has been studied in the Bohr Atomic Model as the theoretical procedure such a way that we can express the coordinate curvature i.e. gravitational aspect in the electromagnetic coupling constant. The strength of the curvature depends on the principal quantum number which shows that the value of curvature is quantized. For , the value is . The curvature value in the Bohr atomic model can be a standard to measure how strong the curvature of all system are, by comparing them with this value. We also get the understanding that the change of the curvature will manifest the curvature propagation in the form of quantum energy, i.e. . This theory can be considered to enlarge the unification theory between quantum and gravitation. Another consequence of this theory is the quantization of Equivalence Principle.

No single unification theory of everything

[for FQXi Essay Contest: https://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/3421] In light of Gödel’s undecidability results (incomplete theorems) for math, quantum indeterminism indicates that physics and the Universe may be indeterministic, incomplete, and open in nature, and therefore demand no single unification theory of everything. The Universe is dynamic and so are the underlying physical models and spacetime. As the 4-d spacetime evolves dimension by dimension in the early universe, consistent yet different models emerge one by one with different sets of particles and interactions. A new set of first principles are proposed for building such models with new understanding of supersymmetry, mirror symmetry, and the dynamic phase transition mechanism – spontaneous symmetry breaking. Under this framework, we demonstrate that different models with no theory of everything operate in a hierarchical yet consistent way at different phases or scenarios of the Universe. In particular, the arrow of time is naturally explained and the Standard Model of physics is elegantly extended to time zero of the Universe.

Counterfactual Scheming

Mathematics appears to play a genuine explanatory role in science. But how do mathematical explanations work? Recently, a counterfactual approach to mathematical explanation has been suggested. I argue that such a view fails to differentiate the explanatory uses of mathematics within science from the non-explanatory uses. I go on to offer a solution to this problem by combining elements of the counterfactual theory of explanation with elements of a unification theory of explanation. The result is a theory according to which a counterfactual is explanatory when it is an instance of a generalized counterfactual scheme.

Law of Creation and Grand Unification Theory

The understanding about the creation of our universe is explored in many philosophies, natural sciences, religions, ideologies, traditions and many other disciplines. Currently, natural science cannot answer this question at the most fundamental level. In this work, based on the ancient Chinese Tao wisdom about creation, we propose the Law of Tao Yin–Yang Creation. This law states that everything is created from emptiness through yin–yang interaction. Yin and yang are the two basic elements that make up everything. Yin and yang are opposite, relative, co-created, inseparable and co-dependent. The Law of Tao Yin–Yang Creation gives us a deeper insight about space and time. We propose that space and time are two basic measurements we conduct. Time relates to the measurement of movement and change. Space relates to the measurement of stillness and solidity. Space and time are a yin–yang pair. Interaction of two fundamental yin–yang pairs, the space and time yin–yang pair and the inclusion and exclusion duality pair, create our universe. We demonstrate that from this insight, one can derive string theory, superstring or M-theory and the universal wave function interpretation of string theory. We suggest that the Law of Tao Yin–Yang Creation presents the exact process how “it from bit” and it could be the fundamental principle leading to the grand unification theory and the theory of everything.

Action of endomorphism semigroups on definable sets

The aim of the paper is to construct, discuss and apply the Galois-type correspondence between subsemigroups of the endomorphism semigroup [Formula: see text] of an algebra [Formula: see text] and sets of logical formulas. Such Galois-type correspondence forms a natural frame for studying algebras by means of actions of different subsemigroups of [Formula: see text] on definable sets over [Formula: see text]. We treat some applications of this Galois correspondence. The first one concerns logic geometry. Namely, it gives a uniform approach to geometries defined by various fragments of the initial language. The next prospective application deals with effective recognition of sets and effective computations with properties that can be defined by formulas from a fragment of the original language. In this way, one can get an effective syntactical expression by semantic tools. Yet another advantage is a common approach to generalizations of the main model theoretic concepts to the sublanguages of the first-order language and revealing new connections between well-known concepts. The fourth application concerns the generalization of the unification theory, or more generally Term Rewriting Theory, to the logic unification theory.

Hierarchical Combination of Unication Algorithms (Extended Abstract)

A critical question in unification theory is how to obtaina unification algorithm for the combination of non-disjointequational theories when there exists unification algorithmsfor the constituent theories. The problem is known to bedifficult and can easily be seen to be undecidable in thegeneral case. Therefore, previous work has focused onidentifying specific conditions and methods in which theproblem is decidable.We continue the investigation in this paper, building onprevious combination results and our own work.We are able to develop a novel approach to the non-disjointcombination problem. The approach is based on a new set ofrestrictions and combination method such that if the restrictionsare satisfied the method produces an algorithm for the unificationproblem in the union of non-disjoint equational theories.