scholarly journals Estimating Water Content in Water-oil Mixtures and Porous Media they Saturate: Joint Interpretation of NMR Relaxometry and Dielectric Spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariya Shumskayte ◽  
Andrey Mezin ◽  
Elena Chernova ◽  
Aleksandra Burukhina ◽  
Nikita Golikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Dielectric Permittivity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Dielectric Spectroscopy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Complex Dielectric Permittivity ◽  
Drill Cuttings ◽  
Nmr Relaxometry ◽  
Oil Mixtures ◽  
Joint Interpretation

The article is devoted to the topical problem of estimating water content in water-oil mixtures and porous media they saturate, according to low-field NMR relaxometry and dielectric spectroscopy. The aim of the research is to theoretically substantiate and experimentally validate the capability of joint interpretation of data from these methods to acquire information on the filtration-volumetric properties of drill cuttings, relaxation characteristics of oil-containing fluids, water/oil ratio in water-oil mixtures and saturated with them drill cuttings in order to control the composition of liquids produced from boreholes. The studies were carried out on samples of cuttings and oils taken from fields in the northern and Arctic regions of the West Siberian oil-and-gas province. Based on the experimental data obtained, we evaluated the water content in the water-oil mixtures, determined the main NMR parameters of the mixtures in terms of properties of the constituent oils, and specified the parameters and shapes of NMR and complex dielectric permittivity spectra. The NMR method was found to be effective in examining high-viscosity and medium-viscosity oils, while the dielectric spectroscopy method – in the study of light oils; their integration allows obtaining reliable data for all the samples under study. We also showed how the shapes of NMR and complex dielectric permittivity spectra depend on the rheological properties of oil belonging to the mixture.

scholarly journals Development of a Resonant Microwave Sensor for Sediment Density Characterization

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mansour ◽  
S. Rioual ◽  
B. Lescop ◽  
P. Talbot ◽  
M. Abboud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Permittivity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Complex Dielectric Permittivity ◽  
Polarization Sensitivity ◽  
Electrode Polarization ◽  
The Real

In this study, a sensor based on the development of a planar antenna immersed in sediments dedicated to water content monitoring in this type of material is proposed and experimentally validated. It is produced by a conventional Printed Circuit Board (PCB) manufacturing process on a double-sided metalized FR4 substrate. The sensitivity of the sensor is ensured by the variation of the real part of the complex dielectric permittivity of sediments with water content at around 1 GHz. As shown, in this frequency range, electrode polarization and Maxwell–Wagner polarization effects become negligible, leading to only a bulk water polarization sensitivity. The sensor operates in the reflection mode by monitoring the variation of the resonant frequency as a function of the sediment density through the S11 reflection measurements. An experimental sensitivity of 820   MHz . g − 1 . cm 3 was achieved. Despite the simplification of data interpretation at the considered frequency, the influence of ionic species such as NaCl in sediments on the real part of the relative complex dielectric permittivity is highlighted. This demonstrates the importance of considering a second parameter such as the S11 level at low frequency or the electrical conductivity to extract the density from the frequency measurements.

scholarly journals A Seven-Rod Dielectric Sensor for Determination of Soil Moisture in Well-Defined Sample Volumes

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Szerement ◽  
Aleksandra Woszczyk ◽  
Agnieszka Szypłowska ◽  
Marcin Kafarski ◽  
Arkadiusz Lewandowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Permittivity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Complex Dielectric Permittivity ◽  
The Real ◽  
Electromagnetic Simulations ◽  
Different Diameters ◽  
Permittivity Spectrum

This paper presents a novel seven-rod sensor used for time-domain reflectometry (TDR) and frequency-domain reflectometry (FDR) measurements of soil water content in a well-defined sample volume. The probe directly measures the complex dielectric permittivity spectrum and for this purpose requires three calibration media: air, water, and ethanol. Firstly, electromagnetic simulations were used to study the influence of the diameter of a container on the sensitivity zone of the probe with respect to the measured calibration media and isopropanol as a verification liquid. Next, the probe was tested in three soils—sandy loam and two silt loams—with six water contents from air-dry to saturation. The conversion from S 11 parameters to complex dielectric permittivity from vector network analyzer (VNA) measurements was obtained using an open-ended liquid procedure. The simulation and measurement results for the real part of the isopropanol dielectric permittivity obtained from four containers with different diameters were in good agreement with literature data up to 200 MHz. The real part of the dielectric permittivity was extracted and related to the moisture of the tested soil samples. Relations between the volumetric water content and the real part of the dielectric permittivity (by FDR) and apparent dielectric permittivity (by TDR) were compared with Topp’s equation. It was concluded that the best fit to Topp’s equation was observed in the case of a sandy loam. Data calculated according to the equation proposed by Malicki, Plagge, and Roth gave results closer to Topp’s calibration. The obtained results indicated that the seven-rod probe can be used to accurately measure of the dielectric permittivity spectrum in a well-defined sample volume of about 8 cm3 in the frequency range from 20 MHz to 200 MHz.

The effect of very low water content on the complex dielectric permittivity of clays, sand-clay and sand rocks

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 014005 ◽  
Author(s):  
T A Belyaeva ◽  
P P Bobrov ◽  
E S Kroshka ◽  
A S Lapina ◽  
O V Rodionova
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Permittivity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Complex Dielectric Permittivity

Complex dielectric permittivity of organically modified bentonite suspensions (0.2–1.3 GHz)

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 782-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bate ◽  
S.E. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Permittivity ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Resonant Frequency ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Organic Cation ◽  
Effective Conductivity ◽  
Complex Dielectric Permittivity ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Organically Modified ◽  
The Impact

To quantify the impact of organic carbon on the complex dielectric permittivity of organoclays, nine organically modified clays were synthesized with controlled organic carbon structure and density of loading. Resonance polarization responses were observed for six of the organoclays at resonant frequencies from 0.74 to 1.37 GHz; however, organoclays synthesized with the smallest organic cations did not exhibit resonant frequency. A structural model of water molecules near the surface of organoclay and in the diffuse layer was proposed, which consists of a surface-bound water layer, an organic cation-interactive zone, and bulk water. The Cole–Cole equation was used to fit the resonance response. Increasing the density of loading (30% to 100% of the cation exchange capacity of the base clay) on the clay surface led to a reduction in the resonance time of the clay, while increasing the size of the organic cation led to a longer dielectric resonance time for the clay, which indicates that altering the structure and density of the organic carbon phase changed the degree of constraint of water molecules within the clay’s interlayer. However, the impact of organic carbon content on real permittivity was not significant. Water content had no obvious effect on the resonant frequency of the organoclays at high water content (porosity ranging from 0.7 to 1.0) in this study. In addition, it was shown that a linear approximation was sufficient in relating real permittivity of organoclay suspensions to porosity, and the effective conductivity decreased linearly proportional to porosity. That is, the real permittivity and effective conductivity were dominated by that of the aqueous phase until the inception of resonance polarization.

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