scholarly journals SPATIAL COMPOSITION OF BENTHIC SUBSTRATE AROUND BONTOSUA ISLAND

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Banda Selamat ◽  
Mahatma Lanuru ◽  
Amir Hamzah Muhiddin
Keyword(s):  
Reef Flat ◽  
Live Coral ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
East Side ◽  
Coral Rubble ◽  
West Side ◽  
Spatial Composition ◽  
Index Ratio ◽  
Benthic Substrate

Coral reefs and seagrass are natural fortress for small islands from waves and ocean currents. The spatial distribution of these benthic substrate should be known and monitored regularly. This study aims were to map existing benthic substrates on the reef flat of Bontosua Island, determine the spatial composition and develop index ratio. Benthic substrates were surveyed using geotagging technique. Their distribution were estimate using Quickbird image that was rectified and classified using ISOcluster method and validate by 240 selected photos. The seagrass were surveyed at 8 stasions to record percent cover and species composition. Depth profiles were track along 10 reef flat line segment. Bontosua Island has an elongated shape from South to Northwest. This study had produced a benthic substrate distribution map with thematic accuracy 76%. Total area able to map were 54.2 hectares. About 43% benthic substrates at Bontosua were mixture of coral rubble, seagrass and algae, 20% was mixture of rubble and algae, 16% dominated by seagrass, 13% mixture of sand and seagrass and 8% substrate were dominated by live coral. There were eight seagrass species found with average percent cover 37.2 ± 12.5 percent. The spatial ratio of live coral, seagrass and mixed substrate for West side reef flat was 2:20:49 and 1:9:9 for East side. This indicate that the distribution of benthic substrates on the West side is much wider than on the East side. This approach potentially applied to study the relationship between benthic substrate composition and the deformation of small islands.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN PERSENTASE TUTUPAN KARANG DENGAN KELIMPAHAN IKAN KARANG DI PULAU MENJANGAN KECIL, KEPULAUAN KARIMUNJAWA, KABUPATEN JEPARA,JAWA TENGAH (Relationship of Coral Cover Percentage with Reef Fishes Abundance in Menjangan Kecil Island, Karimunjawa Island, Jepara)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-338
Author(s):  
Fahmi Fahmi ◽  
Supriharyono Supriharyono ◽  
Abdul Ghofar
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Live Coral ◽  
East Side ◽  
Visual Census ◽  
West Side

Ekosistem terumbu karang merupakan kekayaan sumberdaya laut yang memiliki peranan penting dalam mendukung kehidupan berbagai organisme perairan. Salah satu organisme yang memiliki ketergantungan hidup pada terumbu karang adalah ikan karang. Hal ini dikarenakan ikan karang melalui fase hidup sebagian atau seluruhnya di terumbu karang, sehingga terumbu karang menjadi tempat tinggal, tempat mencari makan, tempat berlindung dan tempat berkembang biak.  Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei 2017, dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui persentase tutupan karang hidup dan kelimpahan ikan. Serta hubungan persentase tutupan karang dengan kelimpahan ikan karang pada sisi Barat dan Timur Pulau Menjangan Kecil kedalaman 1 dan 3 meter. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode observasi lapangan, dengan metode sampling menggunakan transek garis (line transect) pada data karang dan visual census untuk data ikan sepanjang 25m. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Persentase rata-rata tutupan karang yang diperoleh pada kedalaman 1 meter sisi Barat adalah 73,39%, sedangkan pada kedalaman 3 meter adalah 85,97%. Persentase tutupan karang pada kedalaman 1 meter sisi Timur adalah 63,73%, sedangkan pada kedalaman 3 meter adalah 77,61%. Secara keseluruhan kondisi terumbu karang masih tergolong baik. Kelimpahan rata-rata ikan pada sisi Barat kedalaman 1 meter adalah 70 individu/125 m2, sedangkan pada kedalaman 3 meter adalah 232 individu/125 m2. Kelimpahan ikan sisi Timur kedalaman 1 dan 3 meter masing-masing adalah 49 dan 138 individu/125 m2. Hasil perhitungan indeks korelasi secara keseluruhan menghasilkan nilai 0,8415 dengan koefesien determinasi sebesar 0,7081. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pola hubungan persentase tutupan karang dengan kelimpahan ikan karang kuat (signifikan) dan positif (searah). Coral reef ecosystem is a wealth of marine resources that have an important role in supporting the life of various aquatic organisms. One of the organisms that has a living dependence on coral reefs is reef fish. This is because coral fish through a partial or complete life phase on the coral reef, so that coral reefs become a place to live, a place to find food, shelter and breeding ground. The study was conducted in May 2017, with the objective of knowing the percentage of live coral cover and fish abundance. And the correlation of percentage of coral cover with abundance of reef fish on West and East side of Menjangan Kecil Island depth of 1 and 3 meters. The method used is field observation method, with sampling method using line transect on coral data and visual census for fish data along 25m. The results of this study indicate that the average percentage of coral cover obtained at a depth of 1 meter west side is 73.39%, while at a depth of 3 meters is 85.97%. The percentage of coral cover at depth of 1 meter East side is 63,73%, while at depth 3 meter is 77,61%. Overall the condition of coral reefs is still quite good. The average abundance of fish on the west side of 1 meter depth is 70 individuals / 125 m2, while at 3 meters depth is 232 individuals / 125 m2. The abundance of fish on Eastern side, depth of 1 and 3 meters respectively were 49 and 138 individu / 125 m2. Result of calculation of correlation index as a whole yield value 0,8415 with coefficient of determination equal to 0,7081. This shows that the pattern of correlation of percentage of coral cover with abundance of reef fish is strong (significant) and positive (unidirectional).

scholarly journals Diversity and abundance of conspicuous macrocrustaceans on coral reefs differing in level of degradation

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto González-Gómez ◽  
Patricia Briones-Fourzán ◽  
Lorenzo Álvarez-Filip ◽  
Enrique Lozano-Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Live Coral ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Acropora Palmata ◽  
Coral Rubble ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
Census Techniques

Coral reefs sustain abundant and diverse macrocrustaceans that perform multiple ecological roles, but coral reefs are undergoing massive degradation that may be driving changes in the species composition and abundance of reef-associated macrocrustaceans. To provide insight into this issue, we used non-destructive visual census techniques to compare the diversity and abundance of conspicuous macrocrustaceans (i.e., those >1 cm and visible without disturbance) between two shallow Caribbean coral reefs similar in size (∼1.5 km in length) and close to each other, but one (“Limones”) characterized by extensive stands of the branching coral Acropora palmata, and the other (“Bonanza”) dominated by macroalgae and relic coral skeletons and rubble (i.e., degraded). We also assessed the structural complexity of each reef and the percent cover of various benthic community components. Given the type of growth of A. palmata, we expected to find a greater structural complexity, a higher cover of live coral, and a lower cover of macroalgae on Limones, and hence a more diverse and abundant macrocrustacean community on this reef compared with Bonanza. Overall, we identified 63 macrocrustacean species (61 Decapoda and two Stomatopoda). Contrary to our expectations, structural complexity did not differ significantly between the back-reef zones of these reefs but varied more broadly on Limones, and the diversity and abundance of macrocrustaceans were higher on Bonanza than on Limones despite live coral cover being higher on Limones and macroalgal cover higher on Bonanza. However, the use of various types of microhabitats by macrocrustaceans differed substantially between reefs. On both reefs, the dominant species were the clinging crab Mithraculus coryphe and the hermit crab Calcinus tibicen, but the former was more abundant on Bonanza and the latter on Limones. M. coryphe occupied a diverse array of microhabitats but mostly coral rubble and relic skeletons, whereas C. tibicen was often, but not always, found associated with colonies of Millepora spp. A small commensal crab of A. palmata, Domecia acanthophora, was far more abundant on Limones, emerging as the main discriminant species between reefs. Our results suggest that local diversity and abundance of reef-associated macrocrustaceans are partially modulated by habitat degradation, the diversity of microhabitat types, and the establishment of different commensal associations rather than by structural complexity alone.

scholarly journals Kualitas Habitat Rekruitmen Juvenil Karang Di Perairan Pulau Kemujan, Karimunjawa

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-149
Author(s):  
Kharisma Ayu Zeina Halisah ◽  
Anhar Solichin ◽  
Aninditia Sabdaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Reef Flat ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Reef Slope ◽  
Live Coral ◽  
The West ◽  
Dead Coral ◽  
West Side ◽  
Live Coral Cover ◽  
Line Intercept

Pulau Kemujan merupakan salah satu pulau terbesar di Kepulauan Karimunjawa yang memiliki kerapatan terumbu karang yang beragam. Ekosistem terumbu karang memiliki peranan penting namun juga merupakan ekosistem yang rentan akan terjadinya kerusakan. Akibat penurunan kondisi kualitas lingkungan dapat memungkinkan untuk memberikan pengaruh terhadap habitat rekruitmen juvenil. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kelimpahan juvenil karang berdasarkan perbedaan kedalaman, kesesuaian faktor fisika, kimia dan biologi yang mempengaruhi proses penempelan juvenil karang, kondisi terumbu karang berdasarkan perbedaan kedalaman serta hubungan antara kelimpahan juvenil karang dengan tutupan karang dan bahan organik di perairan Pulau Kemujan. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu metode analisis deskriptif, sedangkan metode yang digunakan untuk pengumpulan data yaitu Line Intercept Transect (LIT) sepanjang 50 meter. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini yaitu kelimpahan juvenil karang tertinggi berada di daerah reef flat sisi barat perairan Pulau Kemujan sebanyak 47 koloni, sedangkan kelimpahan terendah berada di daerah reef slope sisi timur sebanyak 7 koloni. Parameter perairan fisika, kimia dan biologi pada penelitian masih berada pada batas kisaran nilai optimum. Kondisi tutupan karang hidup pada sisi barat perairan Pulau Kemujan berkisar dari 46,60% hingga 53,62% sedangkan pada sisi timur yaitu berkisar dari 44,10% hingga 71,38%. Kelimpahan juvenil karang dengan tutupan karang hidup, pecahan karang serta bahan organik menunjukkan pola hubungan yang berbanding terbalik sedangkan dengan tutupan karang mati berbanding lurus. Berdasarkan peneltian ini dapat diketahui bahwa juvenil karang memiliki kecenderungan ditemukan lebih banyak pada tutupan karang mati dalam kondisi lingkungan yang optimum.   Kemujan Island is one of the largest islands in the Karimunjawa which has a varying density of coral reefs. The coral reef ecosystem has an important role however it is vulnerable to damage. The purpose of this study is to determine the decline of coral juvenile based on the depth difference, the compatibility of chemical, physical and biological factors that enhance the resilience of coral juvenile, and the correlation of coral juvenile with the coral covers and the organic material in the waters of Kemujan Island. The method used in this research is a descriptive analysis method. The method used in data collection is Line Intercept Transect (LIT) 50 meter .  The results from this study obtained that the highest abundance of juvenile corals was in the reef flat area of the west side from the waters of the Kemujan Island as many as 47 colonies while the lowest abundance was in the reef slope area of the eastern side as many as 7 colonies. The physical, chemical, and biological water parameters in the study were still in the optimum range. The condition of live coral cover on the west side of Kemujan Island waters ranged from 46.60% to 53.62% while on the east side it ranged from 44.10% to 71.38%. The abundance of juveniles coral with live coral cover, coral fragments, and organic matter showed inversed pattern relationship whereas with dead coral cover was directly proportional. Based on this study it can be known that corals juvenile have a tendency to be found more at dead coral in optimum environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Fabric and Origin of Lateral Moraines, Bethartoli Glacier, Garhwal Himalaya, India

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (84) ◽  
pp. 547-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald D. Osborn
Keyword(s):  
Garhwal Himalaya ◽  
Lateral Moraine ◽  
East Side ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Lateral Ridge ◽  
Moraine Ridge

AbstractUnusually strong till fabrics in lateral moraines of Bethartoli Glacier provide information on the genesis and growth of the moraines. On the west side of the valley, down-stream of the present glacier snout, several lateral moraine crests are juxtaposed. Because the crests generally become higher towards the valley axis, they must represent re-advances of the glacier rather than recessional stages. On the east side of the valley only a single lateral ridge is found; presumably the ridge is composed of debris from several glacial advances. On the eroded proximal flank of this ridge a strong fabric is visible; the plane defined by a- and b-axes of stones is parallel to the distal flank of the moraine ridge, indicating that the moraine grew mainly by accretion of debris on to its distal flank. On the eroded proximal flank of the innermost west-side ridge the equivalent fabric is weaker, suggesting that distal flank accretion was less significant and proximal flank accretion more significant than on the east side.

scholarly journals CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> concentration and pCO<sub>2</sub> thresholds for calcification and dissolution on the Molokai reef flat, Hawaii

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Yates ◽  
R. B. Halley
Keyword(s):  
Reef Flat ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Carbonate Sediments ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Coral Rubble ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Substrate Types ◽  
Atmospheric Pco2

Abstract. The severity of the impact of elevated atmospheric pCO2 to coral reef ecosystems depends, in part, on how seawater pCO2 affects the balance between calcification and dissolution of carbonate sediments. Presently, there are insufficient published data that relate concentrations of pCO2 and CO32− to in situ rates of reef calcification in natural settings to accurately predict the impact of elevated atmospheric pCO2 on calcification and dissolution processes. Rates of net calcification and dissolution, CO32− concentrations, and pCO2 were measured, in situ, on patch reefs, bare sand, and coral rubble on the Molokai reef flat in Hawaii. Rates of calcification ranged from 0.03 to 2.30 mmol CaCO3 m−2 h−1 and dissolution ranged from –0.05 to –3.3 mmol CaCO3 m−2 h−1. Calcification and dissolution varied diurnally with net calcification primarily occurring during the day and net dissolution occurring at night. These data were used to calculate threshold values for pCO2 and CO32− at which rates of calcification and dissolution are equivalent. Results indicate that calcification and dissolution are linearly correlated with both CO32− and pCO2. Threshold pCO2 and CO32− values for individual substrate types showed considerable variation. The average pCO2 threshold value for all substrate types was 654±195 μatm and ranged from 467 to 1003 μatm. The average CO32− threshold value was 152±24 μmol kg−1, ranging from 113 to 184 μmol kg−1. Ambient seawater measurements of pCO2 and CO32− indicate that CO32− and pCO2 threshold values for all substrate types were both exceeded, simultaneously, 13% of the time at present day atmospheric pCO2 concentrations. It is predicted that atmospheric pCO2 will exceed the average pCO2 threshold value for calcification and dissolution on the Molokai reef flat by the year 2100.

Bringing “Urgent Issues” to the Vast Wasteland

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aniko Bodroghkozy
Keyword(s):  
Race Relations ◽  
Federal Communications Commission ◽  
East Side ◽  
Network Television ◽  
West Side ◽  
Television Programming ◽  
Black And White ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
White Guilt ◽  
American Society

This chapter examines how entertainment television addressed the theme of race relations and “black and white together” by focusing on CBS's East Side/West Side, one of the first prime-time shows to feature an African American in a continuing role. Many cultural critics complained about the perceived decline in quality of television programming. Federal Communications Commission Chairman Newton Minow even described network television as “a vast wasteland.” This chapter considers the television networks' inauguration of a new form of programming dubbed “New Frontier character dramas” as they tried to soothe their presumed white audiences about race relations. It explores how East Side/West Side presented to its viewers issues of racism, black rage, white guilt, the place of African Americans in American society, and the appropriate response by white liberals. It explains how East Side/West Side became a terrain of struggle for mostly Northern, mostly white Americans trying to negotiate positions around race and Kennedy-era liberalism. It also argues that the series was out of step with the story that television really wanted to tell.

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