Different Responses to COVID-19 in Four US States: Washington, New York, Missouri, and Alabama

2021 ◽  
pp. e1-e5
Author(s):  
Paul C. Erwin ◽  
Kenneth W. Mucheck ◽  
Ross C. Brownson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
New York ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
United States Public Health ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
The United States ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Constitution ◽  
State And Local

In the United States, public health is largely the responsibility of state governments’ implementing authority specified in their constitutions or reserved to states under the 10th Amendment to the US Constitution. The public health–related powers granted to the federal government are substantially less and derive primarily from the Commerce Clause (Article 1, Section 8) of the US Constitution. In public health emergencies over the past several decades, however, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has played a major role in providing guidance, resources, and other support to state and local public health departments, for example, in large foodborne disease outbreaks, in response to major natural disasters, and especially in response to large-scale infectious disease threats (e.g., West Nile virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and H1N1 influenza).1 (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print January 28, 2021: e1–e5. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.306111 )

Public Health Preparedness Laws and Policies: Where Do We Go after Pandemic 2009 H1N1 Influenza?

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (S1) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean O’Connor ◽  
Paul Jarris ◽  
Richard Vogt ◽  
Heather Horton
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal State ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Public Health Preparedness ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
2009 H1n1 ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Laws And Policies

The detection and spread of pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States led to a complex and multi-faceted response by the public health system that lasted more than a year. When the first domestic case of the virus was detected in California on April 15, 2009, and a second, unrelated case was identified more than 130 miles away in the same state on April 17, 2009, the unique combination of influenza virus genes in addition to its emergence and rapid spread at the end of the typical Northern Hemisphere influenza season suggested the potential for a high morbidity, high mortality event. In response, federal, state, and local public health officials conducted epidemiologic investigations with federal and state laboratory support to help to determine the scope of the H1N1 pandemic. On April 26, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) declared a public health emergency that was renewed through June 23, 2010. The pandemic that ensued tested virtually every aspect of U.S. public health preparedness and response systems, from laboratory capabilities and capacities to social distancing plans.

National Report for the United States

2012 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Section 8 ◽  
North American Continent ◽  
Us Congress ◽  
The North ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Constitution ◽  
State And Local ◽  
New Nation

The ‘New World’ on the North American continent was founded in the 1600s on colonists’ willingness to take substantial risks. The notion of relieving at least some of the burdens of inevitable failure, in order to encourage productive risk-taking, has been part of the fabric of US law almost from the very beginning. After discovering that jailing debtors did very little to encourage fulfilment of debts, and it in fact depressed the economic productivity on which the colonies’ survival depended, several of the colonies experimented with limited insolvency and bankruptcy laws in the mid-1700s. After the Revolution, the issue of providing uniform and nationwide bankruptcy relief was enshrined in the US Constitution as part of the very foundation of the new nation. While the new US Congress was granted only limited rights to regulate general economic matters (the most significant such rights being reserved to the state and local legislative bodies), Article I, section 8, clause 4 of the US Constitution explicitly vested the federal Congress with the power to regulate bankruptcy.

AIDS in the Pacific

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
JT Villagomez
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States Public Health ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Samoa ◽  
Marshall Islands ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

This article summarises current AIDS and HIV infection epidemiology, population risk behaviour factors, local public health and governmental responses to AIDS and cooperative strategic plans for a Pacific “War on AIDS” among the United States Public Health Service and the Pacific jurisdiction public health agencies. The Pacific Island Health Officers Association is comprised of the Republic of Palau, the Government of Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, American Samoa and the State of Hawaii.

scholarly journals In Search of Covariates of HIV-1 Subtype B Spread in the United States—A Cautionary Tale of Large-Scale Bayesian Phylogeography

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel L. Hong ◽  
Simon Dellicour ◽  
Bram Vrancken ◽  
Marc A. Suchard ◽  
Michael T. Pyne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Western World ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
The Us ◽  
Hiv 1

Infections with HIV-1 group M subtype B viruses account for the majority of the HIV epidemic in the Western world. Phylogeographic studies have placed the introduction of subtype B in the United States in New York around 1970, where it grew into a major source of spread. Currently, it is estimated that over one million people are living with HIV in the US and that most are infected with subtype B variants. Here, we aim to identify the drivers of HIV-1 subtype B dispersal in the United States by analyzing a collection of 23,588 pol sequences, collected for drug resistance testing from 45 states during 2004–2011. To this end, we introduce a workflow to reduce this large collection of data to more computationally-manageable sample sizes and apply the BEAST framework to test which covariates associate with the spread of HIV-1 across state borders. Our results show that we are able to consistently identify certain predictors of spread under reasonable run times across datasets of up to 10,000 sequences. However, the general lack of phylogenetic structure and the high uncertainty associated with HIV trees make it difficult to interpret the epidemiological relevance of the drivers of spread we are able to identify. While the workflow we present here could be applied to other virus datasets of a similar scale, the characteristic star-like shape of HIV-1 phylogenies poses a serious obstacle to reconstructing a detailed evolutionary and spatial history for HIV-1 subtype B in the US.

scholarly journals A Bayesian framework for estimating the risk ratio of hospitalization for people with comorbidity infected by SARS-CoV-2 virus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Gao ◽  
Qunfeng Dong
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
New York ◽  
General Population ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Public Health Agencies

Abstract Objective Estimating the hospitalization risk for people with comorbidities infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is important for developing public health policies and guidance. Traditional biostatistical methods for risk estimations require: (i) the number of infected people who were not hospitalized, which may be severely undercounted since many infected people were not tested; (ii) comorbidity information for people not hospitalized, which may not always be readily available. We aim to overcome these limitations by developing a Bayesian approach to estimate the risk ratio of hospitalization for COVID-19 patients with comorbidities. Materials and Methods We derived a Bayesian approach to estimate the posterior distribution of the risk ratio using the observed frequency of comorbidities in COVID-19 patients in hospitals and the prevalence of comorbidities in the general population. We applied our approach to 2 large-scale datasets in the United States: 2491 patients in the COVID-NET, and 5700 patients in New York hospitals. Results Our results consistently indicated that cardiovascular diseases carried the highest hospitalization risk for COVID-19 patients, followed by diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, hypertension, and obesity, respectively. Discussion Our approach only needs (i) the number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients and their comorbidity information, which can be reliably obtained using hospital records, and (ii) the prevalence of the comorbidity of interest in the general population, which is regularly documented by public health agencies for common medical conditions. Conclusion We developed a novel Bayesian approach to estimate the hospitalization risk for people with comorbidities infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

scholarly journals The United States: A system built on fragmentation

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Jarman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Universal Health Care ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
The Us ◽  
Universal Health ◽  
Care System

Abstract Background The United States is effectively a laboratory for ways to produce public goods, such as public health, on the cheap. Its c. 90,000 governments compete for residents, businesses, taxes, development, and jobs while also trying to compensate for the lack of universal health care coverage. They all have structural incentives to provide services as cheaply as possible. The effects are diverse and poorly mapped. They can mean innovation in organizational forms, a different and typically less expensive skill mix among the workers, poor quality, or simple under provision. The exact mix can often be hard to identify. It can also mean extreme responsiveness to funding from higher levels of government such as the states or federal government. Methods A comparative historical analysis (CHA) based on government documents, law, and secondary sources. Results The distinctively expansive scope of US public health actions is largely due to the country’s failure to establish a universal health care system, and the diversity of US public health tasks reflects local adaptation of tens of thousands of governments. This means that public health in the United States retains much of the activity it had in, for example, the UK before the establishment of the US. In particular, and even in states that accepted the Medicaid expansion in the Affordable Care Act (ACA), local public health departments provide a substantial amount of direct care and fill in for gaps in health care provision. Conclusions The US public health system is highly fragmented like the governments that run it, and therefore diverse. Reflecting the failures of the US health care system, it carries out many more tasks that in other countries are seen as health, especially primary, care.

Domestic Legal Preparedness and Response to Ebola

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (S1) ◽  
pp. 15-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
James G. Hodge ◽  
Matthew S. Penn ◽  
Montrece Ransom ◽  
Jane E. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Extensive Discussion ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Emory University ◽  
State And Local

While the global threat of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in 2014 was concentrated in several West African countries, its effects have been felt in many developed countries including the United States. Initial, select patients with EVD, largely among American health care workers (HCWs) volunteering in affected regions, were subsequently transported back to the states for isolation and treatment in high-level medical facilities. This included Emory University Hospital, which sits adjacent to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia.The first domestic case of EVD occurred in late September in Dallas, Texas. Additional exposures of two HCWs generated an array of legal issues for state and local public health authorities, hospitals, and providers. Consideration of these issues led to extensive discussion among lawyers, public health practitioners, and other attendees at a late-breaking session on EVD and Legal Preparedness at the 2014 National Public Health Law conference. In this commentary, session presenters from CDC and Emory University share their expert perspectives on legal and policy issues underlying state and local powers to quarantine and isolate persons exposed to or infected with Ebola, as well as facets of hospital preparedness underlying the successful treatment of patients with EVD.

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