scholarly journals Determination of residual low-order detonation particle characteristics from IMX-104 mortar rounds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Bigl ◽  
Samuel Beal ◽  
Charles Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Environmental Fate ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Particle Characteristics ◽  
Low Order

The environmental fate and transport of energetic compounds on military training ranges are largely controlled by the particle characteristics of low-order detonations. This study demonstrated a method of command detonation, field sampling, laboratory processing, and analysis techniques for characterizing low-order detonation particles from 60 mm and 81 mm mortar rounds containing the insensitive munition formulation IMX-104. Particles deposited from three rounds of each caliber were comprehensively sampled and characterized for particle size, energetic purity, and morphology. The 60 mm rounds were command-detonated low order consistently (seven low-order detonations of seven tested rounds), with con-sumption efficiencies of 62%–80% (n = 3). The 81 mm rounds detonated low order inconsistently (three low-order detonations of ten tested rounds), possibly because the rounds were sourced from manufacturing test runs. These rounds had lower consumption efficiencies of 39%–64% (n = 3). Particle-size distributions showed significant variability between munition calibers, between rounds of the same caliber, and with distance from the detonation point. The study reviewed command-detonation configurations, particle transfer losses during sampling and particle-size analysis, and variations in the energetic purity of recovered particles. Overall, this study demonstrated the successful characterization of IMX-104 low-order detonation particles from command detonation to analysis.

scholarly journals Mining Wastes of an Albite Deposit as Raw Materials for Vitrified Mullite Ceramics

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Pedro J. Sánchez-Soto ◽  
Eduardo Garzón ◽  
Luis Pérez-Villarejo ◽  
George N. Angelopoulos ◽  
Dolores Eliche-Quesada
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phase Evolution ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Mining Wastes ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Maximum Value

In this work, an examination of mining wastes of an albite deposit in south Spain was carried out using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis, thermo-dilatometry and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, followed by the determination of the main ceramic properties. The albite content in two selected samples was high (65–40 wt. %), accompanied by quartz (25–40 wt. %) and other minor minerals identified by XRD, mainly kaolinite, in agreement with the high content of silica and alumina determined by XRF. The content of Na2O was in the range 5.44–3.09 wt. %, being associated with albite. The iron content was very low (<0.75 wt. %). The kaolinite content in the waste was estimated from ~8 to 32 wt. %. The particle size analysis indicated values of 11–31 wt. % of particles <63 µm. The ceramic properties of fired samples (1000–1350 °C) showed progressive shrinkage by the thermal effect, with water absorption and open porosity almost at zero at 1200–1250 °C. At 1200 °C, the bulk density reached a maximum value of 2.38 g/cm3. An abrupt change in the phase evolution by XRD was found from 1150 to 1200 °C, with the disappearance of albite by melting in accordance with the predictions of the phase diagram SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O and the system albite-quartz. These fired materials contained as main crystalline phases quartz and mullite. Quartz was present in the raw samples and mullite was formed by decomposition of kaolinite. The observation of mullite forming needle-shape crystals was revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The formation of fully densified and vitrified mullite materials by firing treatments was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Application of Particle-Size Analysis Data for the Determination of Air/Cleaner Performance

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence J. Czerwonka ◽  
Jack M. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Air Filter ◽  
Performance Curves ◽  
Air Cleaner

A general purpose centrifuge method for measuring particle-size distribution of air-filter inlet, outlet and catch dust samples is demonstrated. Treatment and analysis of data to determine air-cleaner performance based on size distribution is shown for two types of air filters, a louver and a glass-fiber media filter. The advantages and limitations of the method and interpretations of results associated with the application of these procedures for arriving at efficiency versus particle-size performance curves, and for predicting filter efficiency for any given dust are discussed.

scholarly journals PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTI-ACNE ETHOSOMES USING COLD AND THIN-LAYER HYDRATION METHODS

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 338
Author(s):  
Rachmawati Ramadhana Mustofa ◽  
Iskandarsyah .
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Multilamellar Vesicles ◽  
Zeta Potentials ◽  
Small Unilamellar Vesicles

Objective: This study aimed to prepare and characterize anti-acne ethosomes using the cold- and thin-layer hydration methods.Methods: A sonication step was included during ethosome preparation to improve the quality of the cold method. Azelaic acid, Phospholipon 90G,ethanol, propylene glycol, and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) were used in the procedures. Prepared ethosomal suspensions were characterized usingtransmission electron microscopy, particle-size analysis, and spectrophotometry.Results: Ethosomes prepared using the thin-layer hydration method (F1) had small unilamellar vesicles, while those prepared using the cold methodwith 15-min sonication (F4) showed spherical, elliptical, unilamellar, and multilamellar vesicles. F1 ethosomes had a Dmean volume of 648.57±231.26,whereas those prepared using the cold method with 5- (F2), 10- (F3), and 15-min (F4) sonication had Dmean volumes of 2734.04±231.49 nm,948.90±394.52 nm, and 931.69±471.84 nm, respectively. Polydispersity indices of F2, F3, and F4 ethosomes were 0.74±0.21, 0.86±0.05, and 0.91±0.03,respectively, with a poor particle-size distribution, compared to that of F1 (0.39±0.01). Zeta potentials of F1–F4 ethosomes were −38.27±1.72 mV,−23.53±1.04 mV, −31.4±1.04 mV, and −34.3±1.61 mV, respectively. Entrapment efficiencies of F1–F4 ethosomes were 90.71±0.11%, 53.84±3.16%,72.56±0.28%, and 75.11±1.42%, respectively.Conclusion: Anti-acne ethosomes produced using the thin-layer hydration method had superior properties than those produced using the coldmethod with 15-min sonication.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite Powder

2015 ◽  
Vol 1087 ◽  
pp. 142-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosli Asmawi ◽  
Mohd Halim Irwan Ibrahim ◽  
Azriszul Mohd Amin ◽  
Najwa Mustapha ◽  
Iis Sopyan
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite

Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) powder was synthesized by a simple heating process involving simple chemical reaction. The characterization of the produced powder showed that the powder is nanosize with particle in the range of 30-70 mm in diameter and almost evenly spherical in shape. The powder also has a high surface area of 43.16 m2/g. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) observation showed the crystallite and particle size become bigger with an increment of calcination temperature, indicating increasing of crystallinity.. FESEM observation showed the particle size become bigger with an increment of calcinations temperature. It is in agreement with the crystallite size analysis, obtained by Scherer’s formula and particle size analysis, measured by nanoSizer. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses exhibited the same result, where HA phase was clearly observed at at various temperatures up to 600 ̊C. However, at temperature more than 600 ̊C, Tri calcium phosphate (TCP) phase appeared suppressing the HA phase, producing biphasic calcium phosphate.

Characterization and Granulometric Correction Soil for the Production of Soil-Cement Blocks for Two Method, Particle Size and X-Ray Florescence to be Inserted in Phase Change Materials (PCMS)

2014 ◽  
Vol 798-799 ◽  
pp. 355-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valter Bezerra Dantas ◽  
U.U. Gomes ◽  
A.B. Vital ◽  
G.S. Marinho ◽  
Ariadne de Souza Silva
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Phase Change Materials ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Soil Cement

This paper presents the results of tests for characterization of soil samples collected in Mossoró-RN, UFERSA-RN Campus (5 ° 12'34 .68 "South latitude, 37 ° 19 '5.74 "west longitude), for the purpose of producing soil-cement for the manufacture of pressed blocks. Objective of improving the quality of soil-cement, and provide conditions for the use of the soil making it ideal for the production of soil-cement block. Tests of compaction, particle size analysis, plastic limit, liquid limit and correct particle size, X-ray fluorescence and morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was concluded that the soil needs correction particle size, due to the high clay content. The method combined grading, sieving, sedimentation and blooming X-ray as the fastest and most accurate in correcting soil particle size.

Phase and Particle Size Analysis of SnO2 Nanomaterials

2015 ◽  
Vol 1109 ◽  
pp. 314-318
Author(s):  
Nor Diyana Abdul Aziz ◽  
Kelimah Elong ◽  
Norlida Kamarulzaman
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Annealed Sample ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Particle Sizer

Tin Oxide (SnO2) is a metal oxide which has many applications in industry. In this study, SnO2 powders were synthesized by a self-propagating combustion (SPC) method. The product was annealed at 800 °C for 12 and 24 h before characterizing with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for phase studies. X-Ray Diffraction results showed that both samples are pure of tetragonal structure with space group P42/mnm. The sample annealed at a longer period, that is, 24 h, shows a higher degree of crystallinity compared to the 12 h annealed sample. It also shows a smaller full width at half maximum (FWHM), indicating larger crystallite size for the 24 h annealed sample. The particle size analysis reveals that there are two groups of particle size distributions for both samples. SEM results give values that are different from the particle sizer results due to the different nature of the measurement methods.

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