scholarly journals Anatomy of the shrimp plant, Justicia brandegeana (Acanthaceae)

SURG Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Caitlin Selena O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Casparian Bands ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Staining Techniques ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Semi Arid

Justicia brandegeana is a popular ornamental plant in North America commonly known as the shrimp plant. In the wild, it grows as a shrub in semi-arid climates. Little is documented on the anatomy of this plant, therefore the purpose of this study was to determine the anatomy of the shrimp plant at the cellular level through various hand sectioning and staining techniques. It was determined that many anatomical features of this plant were synonymous to those of a typical dicotyledonous plant. However there were unique features of this plant that can be linked to its hot/dry environment such as a layer of suberized parenchyma in the stem surrounding the vascular tissue, a thick band of secondary xylem in the stem and root, phi thickenings in cortical cells just inside the exodermis in mature root, and expansion of the Casparian bands in the endodermis consistent with the secondary growth of the vascular tissue in the root. Further research is necessary on plants that have also adapted to semi-arid environments in order to compare and contrast the adaptations found in the anatomy of J. brandegeana.

scholarly journals Initial Infection and Colonization of Leaves and Stems of Cling Peach by Tranzschelia discolor

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (8) ◽  
pp. 942-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Soto-Estrada ◽  
H. Förster ◽  
D. A. DeMason ◽  
J. E. Adaskaveg
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Stem Tissue ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Stem Lesions ◽  
Tranzschelia Discolor ◽  
Germ Tubes

Initial infection processes and the subsequent colonization of leaves and young stems of peach by Tranzschelia discolor were studied. On leaves where multiple disease cycles of peach rust occur during the growing season, urediniospores germinated after 4 h of wetness. Germ tubes became septate and formed appressoria only over leaf stomata beginning 18 h after inoculation. No appressoria, however, formed over stomata of positive replicas of leaf surfaces indicating nonthigmotropic responses of germ tubes. On young, primary-growth stems (ca. 8 weeks old), stomata were mostly closed, less frequent than on leaves, and recessed from the surface of the cuticle of the epidermis. Although appressoria formation was not observed on inoculated stems, germ tube growth of urediniospores was directional toward stomata. Penetration of stem tissue is apparently a less common event that was reflected by a lower occurrence of stem lesions compared with that of leaf lesions in our potted plant inoculation studies and previous field observations. Still, stem lesions are important as sources of primary inoculum each spring and were reproduced in this study for the first time. Fungal colonization of leaves and stems was subepidermal-intercellular and haustoria were commonly found within mesophyll or cortical cells, respectively. No fungal colonization was observed in cambial stem tissue. Vascular tissue was also not colonized and delimited lesions in leaves and stems. Morphological host responses were not observed in infections on either leaves or young stems. In older stems (>32 weeks old), however, the infection was delimited by a wound periderm after uredinial formation. Furthermore, with continued secondary growth, stems recovered and fungal lesions became part of the bark tissue of woody branches. Thus, the fungus must infect primary-growth branches each year to establish stem lesions.

scholarly journals Exogenously Used 24-Epibrassinolide Promotes Drought Tolerance in Maize Hybrids by Improving Plant and Water Productivity in an Arid Environment

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
El-Sayed M. Desoky ◽  
Elsayed Mansour ◽  
Mohamed M. A. Ali ◽  
Mohamed A. T. Yasin ◽  
Mohamed I. E. Abdul-Hamid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Semi Arid

The influence of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR24), applied to leaves at a concentration of 5 μM, on plant physio-biochemistry and its reflection on crop water productivity (CWP) and other agronomic traits of six maize hybrids was field-evaluated under semi-arid conditions. Two levels of irrigation water deficiency (IWD) (moderate and severe droughts; 6000 and 3000 m3 water ha−1, respectively) were applied versus a control (well-watering; 9000 m3 water ha−1). IWD reduced the relative water content, membrane stability index, photosynthetic efficiency, stomatal conductance, and rates of transpiration and net photosynthesis. Conversely, antioxidant enzyme activities and osmolyte contents were significantly increased as a result of the increased malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage compared to the control. These negative influences of IWD led to a reduction in CWP and grain yield-related traits. However, EBR24 detoxified the IWD stress effects and enhanced all the above-mentioned parameters. The evaluated hybrids varied in drought tolerance; Giza-168 was the best under moderate drought, while Fine-276 was the best under severe drought. Under IWD, certain physiological traits exhibited a highly positive association with yield and yield-contributing traits or CWP. Thus, exogenously using EBR24 for these hybrids could be an effective approach to improve plant and water productivity under reduced available water in semi-arid environments.

Changing perceptions of the effect of plant phenolics on nutrient supply in the ruminant

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 829 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Lowry ◽  
CS McSweeney ◽  
B Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Plant Phenolics ◽  
Ruminant Nutrition ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Hydrolysable Tannins ◽  
Semi Arid

Mammalian metabolism of plant phenolics, initially studied in monogastric animals, gave an emphasis to their toxic and antinutrient effects. Subsequent studies in tropical ruminants and wild herbivores have highlighted the high levels than can occur in some diets and the extensive microbial modification and degradation that can occur in the tract. This paper reviews aspects of plant phenolics as they relate to ruminant nutrition in tropical or semi-arid environments in which some forage plants contain high levels of phenolic compounds. Effects range from occasional acute toxicity of hydrolysable tannins, to acetate-releasing microbial degradations that apparently enable certain phenolics to act as nutrients. The most important and complex effects are those due to tannin-protein interactions. Although these can clearly reduce feed intake, nutrient digestibilities, and protein availability, many of the interactions are still not understood. The diverse effects of plant phenolics on nutrient flow probably result from the balance between adverse effects on some organisms and the rate at which they are degraded or inactivated by other organisms, and improved animal performance can likely be obtained by manipulation of rumen microbial metabolism.

scholarly journals Modelling water utilization patterns in apple orchards with varying canopy sizes and different growth stages in semi-arid environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 283 ◽  
pp. 110051
Author(s):  
Nompumelelo Thelma Mobe ◽  
Sebinasi Dzikiti ◽  
Timothy Dube ◽  
Dominic Mazvimavi ◽  
Zanele Ntshidi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stages ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Water Utilization ◽  
Utilization Patterns ◽  
Different Growth Stages ◽  
Semi Arid

scholarly journals Trade-off between reservoir yield and evaporation losses as a function of lake morphology in semi-arid Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 1113-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
José N.B. Campos ◽  
Iran E. Lima Neto ◽  
Ticiana M.C. Studart ◽  
Luiz S.V. Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Water Yield ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Triangle Diagram ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
The Real ◽  
Lake Morphology ◽  
Evaporation Losses ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Reservoir Yield

This study investigates the relationships between yield and evaporation as a function of lake morphology in semi-arid Brazil. First, a new methodology was proposed to classify the morphology of 40 reservoirs in the Ceará State, with storage capacities ranging from approximately 5 to 4500 hm3. Then, Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to study the effect of reservoir morphology (including real and simplified conical forms) on the water storage process at different reliability levels. The reservoirs were categorized as convex (60.0%), slightly convex (27.5%) or linear (12.5%). When the conical approximation was used instead of the real lake form, a trade-off occurred between reservoir yield and evaporation losses, with different trends for the convex, slightly convex and linear reservoirs. Using the conical approximation, the water yield prediction errors reached approximately 5% of the mean annual inflow, which is negligible for large reservoirs. However, for smaller reservoirs, this error became important. Therefore, this paper presents a new procedure for correcting the yield-evaporation relationships that were obtained by assuming a conical approximation rather than the real reservoir morphology. The combination of this correction with the Regulation Triangle Diagram is useful for rapidly and objectively predicting reservoir yield and evaporation losses in semi-arid environments.

Adaptation of sulla cultivars to contrasting Mediterranean environments

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 702 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Annicchiarico ◽  
A. Abdelguerfi ◽  
M. Ben Younes ◽  
H. Bouzerzour ◽  
A. M. Carroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Ge Interaction ◽  
Interaction Modelling ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Semi Arid

Sulla coronaria (L.) Choi & Ohashi (syn. Hedysarum coronarium L.) may become a major forage species in various Mediterranean-climate areas. This study aimed to assess the extent of genotype × environment (GE) interaction in the western Mediterranean region and its implications for breeding programmes. The milestone Italian varieties Grimaldi and Sparacia, one recent Italian variety, and the Tunisian cv. D’Italie (evolved under moderately favourable conditions from Italian germplasm introduced about 40 years ago) were evaluated in three environments of Tunisia (of which two were irrigated), two of Algeria, and one of Sardinia (Italy). Water available over the crop cycle (rainfall + possible irrigation from October 2004 to June 2006), ranging from 881 to 1906 mm, accounted for 85% of the variation among environments and 72% of the GE interaction variation for dry matter yield. The latter was adequately described by one-covariate factorial regression, which was preferable to joint regression and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction modelling. D’Italie was specifically adapted to environments with available water exceeding 1200 mm, Grimaldi was top-ranking between 950 and 1200 mm, and Sparacia below 950 mm. The crossover GE interaction between top-yielding material (P < 0.05) has implications for adaptation targets, genetic resources, selection environments, and opportunities for international co-operation between breeding programmes. It suggests breeding either for rainfed cropping in semi-arid or near semi-arid environments, or for definitely subhumid or irrigated environments.

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