Achieving Uniform Fluid Distribution with a Custom-Designed Organic Solvent Maximizing Coiled Tubing Reach During Matrix Acid Stimulations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussain Saiood ◽  
Laurie Duthie ◽  
Umut Aybar ◽  
Nestor Molero
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Fluid Distribution ◽  
Distributed Temperature Sensing ◽  
Friction Forces ◽  
Coiled Tubing ◽  
External Phase ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Mechanical Agitator ◽  
Organic Deposits

Abstract The success of stimulation fluid placement in openhole extended reach wells (ERWs) through coiled tubing (CT) is highly dependent on the depth achieved. Friction forces and helical buckling typically cause early CT lockup, which limits the reach. Organic deposits in the wellbore increases frictional forces causing premature lockup or in some cases even complete blockage. Efficient removal of organic deposits enables CT to reach maximum depth to perform the matrix stimulation. Analysis of these organic deposits was conducted and following a thorough comparative test, a new solvent-external phase emulsion inhibitor was selected to treat the wellbore prior to matrix stimulation. Optimum cleanout methodology was identified for the CT run with a high-pressure jetting nozzle (HPJN) combined with a chemical dissolution effect of the chosen solvent. Focused, high-energy fluid streams loosen any compacted deposits, while the high rate of fluid passing through the tool allows for an efficient cleanout. A matrix stimulation treatment with CT was then executed in the openhole section of the ERW with a TD of 18,773-ft (9800-ft horizontal lateral section) with HCl and emulsified acid systems. By using a solvent-external phase emulsion, only the external phase of the emulsion containing the dissolver is in contact with organic deposits; the remaining internal phase fluid is not. This therefore allows a reduction in total solvent volume. The proposed wellbore cleanout treatment with HPJN reduced the friction coefficient between CT and the completion by 10%. In turn, it was verified that during the operation, an additional 3,320 ft of reach was achieved in the openhole section. Combined with other extended-reach techniques (i.e., mechanical agitator tools, friction reducers), it allowed the 2.0-in CT pipe to reach the TD of the well (18,773 ft). These efforts together maximized the reservoir contact during the matrix stimulation in the openhole section with HCl and emulsified acid systems. Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) methodology was used with the aid of fiber optic installed CT, and the intake profile of the openhole section was mapped. Analysis of the data was applied to optimize the pumping schedule to obtain uniform production contribution across the openhole section. The systematic engineering workflow presented includes the organic deposit diagnostic procedure, laboratory testing, chemical selection, and treatment application. This yields a wellbore treatment that minimizes friction for the remainder of the operation and enables maximum CT reach. This provides more insights of integrated matrix stimulation treatment with CT to overcome the serious challenges present in extended reach openhole wells.

scholarly journals In-Situ Annealed Ti3C2Tx MXene Based All-Solid-State Flexible Zn-Ion Hybrid Micro Supercapacitor Array with Enhanced Stability

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
La Li ◽  
Weijia Liu ◽  
Kai Jiang ◽  
Di Chen ◽  
Fengyu Qu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Electrochemical Performances ◽  
Integrated Electronics ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Hybrid Supercapacitors ◽  
Portable Electronics

AbstractZn-ion hybrid supercapacitors (SCs) are considered as promising energy storage owing to their high energy density compared to traditional SCs. How to realize the miniaturization, patterning, and flexibility of the Zn-ion SCs without affecting the electrochemical performances has special meanings for expanding their applications in wearable integrated electronics. Ti3C2Tx cathode with outstanding conductivity, unique lamellar structure and good mechanical flexibility has been demonstrated tremendous potential in the design of Zn-ion SCs, but achieving long cycling stability and high rate stability is still big challenges. Here, we proposed a facile laser writing approach to fabricate patterned Ti3C2Tx-based Zn-ion micro-supercapacitors (MSCs), followed by the in-situ anneal treatment of the assembled MSCs to improve the long-term stability, which exhibits 80% of the capacitance retention even after 50,000 charge/discharge cycles and superior rate stability. The influence of the cathode thickness on the electrochemical performance of the MSCs is also studied. When the thickness reaches 0.851 µm the maximum areal capacitance of 72.02 mF cm−2 at scan rate of 10 mV s−1, which is 1.77 times higher than that with a thickness of 0.329 µm (35.6 mF cm−2). Moreover, the fabricated Ti3C2Tx based Zn-ion MSCs have excellent flexibility, a digital timer can be driven by the single device even under bending state, a flexible LED displayer of “TiC” logo also can be easily lighted by the MSC arrays under twisting, crimping, and winding conditions, demonstrating the scalable fabrication and application of the fabricated MSCs in portable electronics.

scholarly journals Oxygen-Deficient β-MnO2@Graphene Oxide Cathode for High-Rate and Long-Life Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shouxiang Ding ◽  
Mingzheng Zhang ◽  
Runzhi Qin ◽  
Jianjun Fang ◽  
Hengyu Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Manganese Oxides ◽  
Rate Capability ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Zinc Ion ◽  
Cycling Stability ◽  
High Rate ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Long Life

AbstractRecent years have witnessed a booming interest in grid-scale electrochemical energy storage, where much attention has been paid to the aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs). Among various cathode materials for AZIBs, manganese oxides have risen to prominence due to their high energy density and low cost. However, sluggish reaction kinetics and poor cycling stability dictate against their practical application. Herein, we demonstrate the combined use of defect engineering and interfacial optimization that can simultaneously promote rate capability and cycling stability of MnO2 cathodes. β-MnO2 with abundant oxygen vacancies (VO) and graphene oxide (GO) wrapping is synthesized, in which VO in the bulk accelerate the charge/discharge kinetics while GO on the surfaces inhibits the Mn dissolution. This electrode shows a sustained reversible capacity of ~ 129.6 mAh g−1 even after 2000 cycles at a current rate of 4C, outperforming the state-of-the-art MnO2-based cathodes. The superior performance can be rationalized by the direct interaction between surface VO and the GO coating layer, as well as the regulation of structural evolution of β-MnO2 during cycling. The combinatorial design scheme in this work offers a practical pathway for obtaining high-rate and long-life cathodes for AZIBs.

Oxygen Supply Method Using Gas-Permeable Film for Wastewater Treatment

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Suzuki ◽  
S. Miyahara ◽  
K. Takeishi
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Transfer ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Oxygen Transfer Rate ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
N Removal ◽  
High Energy Consumption

Gas-permeable film can separate air and water, and at the same time, let oxygen diffuse from the air to the water through the film. An oxygen supply method using this film was investigated for the purpose of reducing energy consumption for wastewater treatment. The oxygen transfer rate was measured for the cases with or without biofilm, which proved the high rate of oxygen transfer in the case with nitrifying biofilm which performed nitrification. When the Gas-permeable film with nitrifying biofilm was applied to the treatment of wastewater, denitrifying biofilm formed on the nitrifying biofilm, and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification occurred, resulting in the high rate of organic matter and T-N removal (7 gTOC/m2/d and 4 gT-N/m2/d, respectively). However, periodic sloughing of the denitrifying biofilm was needed to keep the oxygen transfer rate high. Energy consumption of the process using the film in the form of tubes was estimated to be less than 40% of that of the activated sludge process.

Development of Ni/h-BN Self-Lubricating Composite Powder by High-Energy Ball Milling

2016 ◽  
Vol 869 ◽  
pp. 277-282
Author(s):  
Moisés Luiz Parucker ◽  
César Edil da Costa ◽  
Viviane Lilian Soethe
Keyword(s):  
Ball Milling ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Solid Lubricants ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Ball Milling ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Composite Powders ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Energy Ball

Solid lubricants have had good acceptance when used in problem areas where the conventional lubricants cannot be applied: under extreme temperatures, high charges and in chemically reactive environments. In case of materials manufactured by powder metallurgy, particles of solid lubricants powders can be easily incorporated to the matrix volume at the mixing stage. In operation, this kind of material provides a thin layer of lubricant that prevents direct contact between the surfaces. The present study aimed at incorporating particles of second phase lubricant (h-BN) into a matrix of nickel by high-energy ball milling in order to obtain a self-lubricating composite with homogeneous phase distribution of lubricant in the matrix. Mixtures with 10 vol.% of h-BN varying the milling time of 5, 10, 15 and 20 hours and their relationship ball/powder of 20:1 were performed. The effect of milling time on the morphology and microstructure of the powders was studied by X-ray diffraction, SEM and EDS. The composite powders showed reduction in average particle size with increasing milling time and the milling higher than 5 hours resulted in equiaxial particles and the formation of nickel boride.

FOAMING AND MOISTURE CROSSLINKING OF VINYL TRIETHOXY SILANE GRAFTED ETHYLENE–PROPYLENE–DIENE TERPOLYMER

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengwei Lin ◽  
Qinghong Zhang ◽  
Gongliang Wang ◽  
Jie Mao ◽  
Martin Hoch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Side Reaction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Expansion Ratio ◽  
Ethylene Propylene ◽  
Foaming Process ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
High Energy Absorption ◽  
Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer

ABSTRACT Moisture crosslinking of polyolefins has attracted increasing attention because of its high efficiency, low cost, and easy processing. However, the crucial shortcoming of moisture crosslinking is that the side reaction of peroxide scorch (precrosslinking) simultaneously occurs in silane grafting. It has been recognized that making peroxide precrosslinking useful is an effective way to broaden the application of moisture crosslinking. A novel foaming process combined with moisture crosslinking is proposed. The matrix of ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer grafted with silane vinyl triethoxysilane (EPDM-g-VTES) was prepared by melt grafting, with dicumyl peroxide as initiator. Foaming was then carried out with azodicarbonamide (AC) as the blowing agent by making use of precrosslinking. Subsequently, the EPDM-g-VTES foams were immersed in a water bath to achieve moisture crosslinking with dibutyl tin dilaurate as the catalyst. The results showed that VTES was grafted onto EPDM and the EPDM-g-VTES foams were successfully crosslinked by moisture. The EPDM-g-VTES compounds with AC obtained great cells by compression molding with the help of precrosslinking. The mechanical property of the EPDM-g-VTES foam was improved by moisture crosslinking. The moisture-cured foam with 4 wt% AC had an expansion ratio of about three times, which could bear large deformation and showed a high energy-absorption effect.

scholarly journals Microstructure of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steel With Cr Content Variation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Marzuki Silalahi ◽  
Bernadus Bandriyana ◽  
Arbi Dimyati ◽  
Bambang Sugeng ◽  
Syahfandi Ahda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Phase Distribution ◽  
Oxide Dispersion Strengthened ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Oxide Dispersion ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hardness Tester ◽  
Cr Content ◽  
Ods Steel ◽  
The Matrix

Microstructure and phase distribution of innovative Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steel based on Fe-Cr-ZrO2 particularly for application at high temperature reactor with variation of Cr content was analysed. The alloy was synthesized with Cr composition variation of  15, 20 and 25 wt.% Cr, while zirconia dispersoid kept constant at 0.50 wt.%. The samples was synthesized by mechanical alloying comprising of high energy milling for 3 hours followed by vibrated compression with iso-static load at 20 ton. The final consolidation was performed via sintering process for 4 minutes using the Arc Plasma Sintering (APS) technique, a new method developed in BATAN especially for synthesizing high temperature materials. The samples were then characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersed X-ray (EDX) analysis capability and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical property of hardness was measured using standard Vickers micro hardness tester to confirmed the microstructure analysis.  The results show that the microstructure of the ODS alloy samples in all variation of Cr content consists generally of cubic Fe-Cr matrix phase with small of porosity and  Zirconia particles distributed homogenously in and around the matrix grains. The achievable hardness was between 142 and 184 HVN dependent consistently on Cr content in which Cr element may cause grain refining that in turn increase the hardness.

scholarly journals Processing and Testing of Reinforced PA66 Based Composites

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 7299
Author(s):  
Alejandro Pereira ◽  
Alberto Tielas ◽  
Teresa Prado ◽  
Maria Fenollera ◽  
José Antonio Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Glass Fibre ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Injection Process ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Short Glass Fibre ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Plastic Injection ◽  
Short Glass ◽  
Resistance Tests

The new requirements in different sectors, such as aerospace, automotive and construction, for lightweight materials have led to an increase in demand for composite materials suitable for use in high rate production processes, such as plastic injection. This makes it necessary to look for matrices and reinforcements that, in addition to being compatible with each other, are also compatible with the injection process. It is in this area of research where the work presented here arises. To meet the two requirements mentioned above, this study contemplates a battery of composite materials obtained by combining PA66 and fiberglass, in different proportions and configuration, both for the preparation of the matrix and for reinforcement. For the elaboration of the matrix, two options have been evaluated, PA66 and PA66 reinforced at 35% with short glass fibre. To obtain reinforcement, six different options have been evaluated; two conventional fiberglass fabrics (each with different density) and four hybrid fabrics obtained from the previous ones by adding PA66 in different configurations (two over-stitched fabrics and two other fabrics). The different composite materials obtained were validated by means of the corresponding adhesion, peeling and resistance tests.

scholarly journals Understanding the Role of π-Conjugated Polymers as Binders in Enabling Designs for High-Energy/High-Rate Lithium Metal Batteries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Elizalde-Segovia ◽  
Pratyusha Das ◽  
Billal Zayat ◽  
AHAMED IRSHAD ◽  
Barry Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugated Polymers ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Lithium Metal ◽  
Lithium Metal Batteries
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