Integrity Challenges Associated with Stray Current Corrosion Across Monolithic IJ's and Resolutions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Salem Al Salemi ◽  
Saleh Salem Al Ameri ◽  
Ajiv Mohan Nair ◽  
Humaid Musabah Al Ali ◽  
Mario Jr Javier Zantua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cathodic Protection ◽  
Ionic Current ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Stray Current ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Steel Material ◽  
Internal Lining

Abstract Corrosion and subsequent failures is one of the main factors affecting uninterrupted operations of Oil & Gas Industries. Pipelines are considered as most convenient means of crude and gas transportation in Oil & Gas Industry. Buried pipelines generally made of low carbon steel material are protected externally by coating and applying impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP). Monitoring and maintaining adequate level of Cathodic Protection (CP) for such pipelines remains challenging for corrosion engineers due to increased level of field congestion, complexity in accurate current mapping and mitigation of corrosion phenomena. Failure of pipelines due to corrosion can be catastrophic with following consequences: Loss of containment fluid and thereby probable fatalityDamage to asset/company reputationSafety and Environment (Fire, Toxic gases and Oil Spill)Resource and downtime cost impact Isolation joints IJ's are designed with very high insulating material at mating areas and installed on pipelines by welding to avoid loss of Cathodic Protection (CP) current. Due to high electrical insulation, a potential difference is formed across of IJ's due to applied CP current and stray currents. In upstream Oil & Gas Industry, multiphase crude transported via pipeline will have certain percentage of water and will induce an internal conductive path across the IJs resulting in ionic current discharge at anodic areas within internal surface. This study focuses on factors contributing to such internal stray current corrosion, limitation in monitoring methodology and mitigation programs. The study concludes with recommendations such as design modifications, improvement in internal lining properties and improved installation guidelines. The study practically illustrates effectiveness of combined resistive bonding and zinc earthing cells installation for controlling stray current propagation in order to reduce the corrosion rate so as to maintain Integrity of pipelines.

scholarly journals PROSES PEMBUATAN ARANG BATOK KELAPA DAN TULANG SAPI MENGGUNAKAN METODE PIROLISIS SEBAGAI MEDIA CARBURIZING

POROS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Tumpal Ojahan Ojahan ◽  
Miswanto Miswanto Miswanto ◽  
Slamtt Sumardi Sumardi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Main Ingredient ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Steel Material ◽  
The Media ◽  
Food Needs ◽  
Coconut Shells

Fueled by a rise in food needs as beef and oil into basic commodities has been consumed by thepublic, has lead the increasing of waste the cows and coconut shell. The main ingredient used in thisresearch is a waste product from cow bones and from the remains of the coconut shells from which no orhousehold wastes, that can be processed into charcoal. The purpose of this research which is to enhanceeconomic value of waste from cow bones and coconut shells using combustion pyrolysis system beingcharred (fixed carbon) to produce good quality charcoal, to find out the extent of the temperature used andthe composition of charcoal. The process used in this research is pack carburizing with cow bones andcoconut shell as the media at the temperature 950oC, time detention three hours with variations compositioncharcoal. It can be concluded that charcoal bone across his cattle and charcoal coconut can be used as asource of carbon that might improve the force and hardness in the material carbon steel low (low carbonsteel). The process of pack carburizing can increase the value of % C, against low carbon steel material.

The Initial Life and Short Crack Propagation Life for Low Carbon Steel Based on Dislocation Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 1145 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Yuan Long Yang ◽  
Qing Chun Meng ◽  
Wei Ping Hu
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Short Crack ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Steel Material ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Good Agreement

In the paper, the relationship between the grain size and fatigue life are studied. To specify the initial and short crack propagation life of low carbon steel material, three methods are used in the simulation. At first, the K. Tanaka’s model is introduced to calculate the fatigue life of a grain. Then, the Voronoi Diagram is used to generate the microstructure of grains. At last, a criteria to specify the short crack is proposed. Based on these methods, the numerical simulation is conducted. With the help of the process, the grain sizes are generated randomly in order to specify how grain sizes effect fatigue life. The computational results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The results show that the randomness of fatigue life is closely related to the randomness of grain sizes.

Design, Development and Performance of Palm Waste Briquette Stove for Domestic and Industrial Usage

2009 ◽  
Vol 62-64 ◽  
pp. 717-722
Author(s):  
C.O. Ilechie ◽  
G.F. Aibangbee ◽  
S.R. Ogblechi ◽  
P.E. Amiolemhen
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Heating Surface ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Air Inlet ◽  
Steel Material ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Palm Waste

A low cost heat-conserving stove that uses palm waste briquette (substitute for fuel wood) has been developed. It has a furnace size of 400mm diameter and a height of 400mm with a 90mm inner cylindrical burner. The heating surface of the stove generated about 966 kilojoules of heat. A natural draught of 6m/s (efflux velocity) was used to determine the chimney size. The stove which was designed and fabricated mostly from 3mm low carbon steel (mild steel) material can accommodate different sizes of briquette for both domestic and industrial cooking. The air inlet has a regulating duct that controls the burning of the briquette. The burning rate of the palm waste briquette using the briquette stove was estimated to be approximately 3.0kg/hr. This value was found to be lower than values obtained when the same quantity of briquette was burnt in the open air. The technology is recommended for adoption by women preparing snacks (such as roasted yam. plantain and corn) in market places and along commercial roads.

scholarly journals Comparison and assessment of a different steel materials based on core losses reduction for three-phase induction motor

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Yaser Atta Yassin ◽  
Ali Nasser Hussain ◽  
Nagham Yassin Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Induction Motor ◽  
Core Loss ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
The Core ◽  
Steel Material ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Core Losses ◽  
And Performance

This paper presents a core losses and performance calculation with different type of steel materials in the core design for three-phase induction motor by using "ANSYS Maxwell" program in order to identify the core material that provides the most effective performance by iron losses reduction. The coefficients of core losses are calculated from the magnetization curve and core Loss curve based on the on steel material databases. Although the difficult to obtain because of the little of existing information. Results show the capability of the proposed Cobalt steel (Hiperco 50) to achieve the significant losses reduction in comparison to the Electrical Steel NGO–AK Steel’s M-19 and Low Carbon Steel-SAE1020.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI INHIBITOR UBI UNGU TERHADAP LAJU KOROSI BAJA KARBON A53 DENGAN MEDIA AIR LAUT

ROTOR ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Ridho Unggul Nur Rahmadi ◽  
Imam Sholahuddin ◽  
Dwi Djumhariyanto
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Steel Material ◽  
Natural Inhibitor ◽  
Purple Sweet Potato ◽  
Purple Yam ◽  
Varied Concentration ◽  
Made In ◽  
Main Factor

Corrosion is a form of damage that occurs in metals. The main factor is the cause of the corrosion environment. A53 steel is a type of low carbon steel and a steel material types that are widely used for pipe applications. The use of a corrosion inhibitor is one way of preventing corrosion. Anthocyanin substances contained in purple yam can be made in a natural inhibitor, because the substance is an antioxidant anthocyanin which is an oxidation inhibitor. Variables used were varied concentration of 0 ppm, 2000 ppm, 4000 ppm and 6000 ppm. This study aims to determine the rate of corrosion, purpel sweet potato extract efficiencies and changes in microstructure. The method used in this study is experimental, inhibitor efficiency analysis, ANOVA test and analysis micro photo. The results showed that the material is corroded by pitting corrosion and uniform shape. Values on concentration lowest corrosion rate of 0.0044 mmpy 6000 ppm and 6000 ppm at the highest efficiency of 72.70%. Keywords: anthocyanin, steel A53, natural inhibitor, purple sweet potato.

Effect of Hydrogen Charging on Microstructure Morphology of Warm Rolled Low Carbon Steel

2011 ◽  
Vol 418-420 ◽  
pp. 1076-1080
Author(s):  
Rini Riastuti ◽  
Purnama Riyanti ◽  
Dedi Priadi ◽  
Eddy S. Siradj
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Cathodic Protection ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Warm Rolling ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Hydrogen Charging ◽  
Microstructure Morphology

Warm rolled deformation is one of deformation technique to improve the strength of steels through the refining grain size of ferritic microstructure. In application, low carbon steel which used in structural industry need some protection against corrosion attack, cathodic protection is usually applied combining with coating. Cathodic protection creates reduction reaction which produces hydrogen, and the hydrogen atom may diffuse into the crystal lattice lead to the Hydrogen Induced Cracking. The present study is to observe the morphology of microstructure influenced by hydrogen charging as the source of hydrogen which attacks the steel surface, and observed by Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. After warm rolling of 650oC and 35% deformation, ferrite grain size is smaller than bulk material and the hardness value increasing. After tensile test of hydrogen charged steel found the ductile fracture, it means the smaller the ferrite grains size, the resistance of hydrogen attack is increase.

Current and Potential Relations For the Cathodic Protection of Steel In a High Resistivity Environment

CORROSION ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 209t-214t ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. SCHWERDTFEGER
Keyword(s):  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Cathodic Protection ◽  
Cathodic Polarization ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Polarization Curves ◽  
High Resistivity ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Cathodic Polarization Curve ◽  
Protective Potential ◽  
Ir Drop

Abstract In order to evaluate potential and current criteria for the cathodic protection of bare low-carbon steel in a high-resistivity environment, specimens were exposed in the laboratory for a period of two months to a soil having a resistivity of about 20,000 ohm-centimeter. Previous work in low-resistivity environments has shown that corrosion can be reduced to a negligible degree by polarizing a steel structure to —0.85 volt (protective potential) with reference to a copper-copper sulfate electrode. In such studies, cathodic polarization curves have also been shown to be useful in indicating the current density required for cathodic protection. In the present study the above criteria were again evaluated. In addition to protecting the steel at the protective potential (free of IR drop), the effect on protection of including IR drop caused by the protective current was also noted. Also, cathodic polarization curves were obtained on a recorder in conjunction with a bridge circuit to eliminate the IR drop. The results show that the best degree of protection was achieved on the specimen controlled at —0.77 volt (without IR) with reference to a saturated calomel half-cell. This is approximately equivalent to the protective potential —0.85 volt with reference to the copper-copper sulfate electrode. Applied current indicated by the break (change-in-slope) in the cathodic polarization curve agreed reasonably well with the actual current necessary to maintain polarization at —0.77 volt (free of IR). The current required for protection was about three times the magnitude of the corrosion current; therefore, the corrosion reaction was either under anodic control (unlike previous studies) or an equivalent type of control which was caused by high resistance at anodic areas. 5.2.4

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