Effects of cognitive and physical loads on dynamic and static balance of older adults under single, dual and multi-task conditions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Allahverdipour ◽  
Iman Dianat ◽  
Galavizh Mameh ◽  
mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
And Control ◽  
Single Versus

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cognitive and physical loads on dynamic and static balance of older adults under single, dual and multi-task conditions. Methods: The effects of single versus combined (dual-task and multi-task) cognitive (to speak out the name of the weekdays in a reverse order) and physical (with three levels including handling weights of 1kg, 2kg and 3kg in each hand) loads on dynamic and static balance of 42 older adults (21 males and 21 females), aged ≥ 60 years were studied. Dynamic and static balance measures were evaluated using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) and stabilometer (sway index) tests, respectively. Results: The TUG speed of female participants was generally slower than that of male participants. Cognitive task influenced the participants’ dynamic balance during the dual-task conditions, while the static balance was not affected in this phase. The dynamic and static balance measures were more influenced when performing the multi-tasks than when doing the dual-tasks. The effects of various levels of physical demand on the dynamic balance varied greatly under dual- and multi-task conditions. Conclusions: The findings add to the understanding of the factors influencing the elderly balance and control under cognitive and physical functioning.

Effects of Cognitive and Physical Loads on Dynamic and Static Balance Performance of Healthy Older Adults Under Single-, Dual-, and Multi-task Conditions

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872082092462
Author(s):  
Hamid Allahverdipour ◽  
Iman Dianat ◽  
Galavizh Mameh ◽  
Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Physical Task ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
And Control

Objective The aim of this study is to examine the effects of cognitive and physical loads on dynamic and static balance performance of healthy older adults under single-, dual-, and multi-task conditions. Background Previous studies on postural control in older adults have generally used dual-task methodology, whereas less attention has been paid to multi-task performance, despite its importance in many daily and occupational activities. Method The effects of single versus combined (dual-task and multi-task) cognitive (to speak out the name of the weekdays in a reverse order) and physical (with three levels including handling weights of 1, 2, and 3 kg in each hand) loads on dynamic and static balance performance of 42 older adults (21 males and 21 females) aged ≥60 years were examined. Dynamic and static balance measures were evaluated using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) and stabilometer (sway index) tests, respectively. Results The TUG speed of female participants was generally slower than that of male participants. Age had no effect on balance performance measures. Under dual-task conditions, cognitive load decreased the dynamic balance performance, while the physical task levels had no effect. The dual-task conditions had no impact on the static balance performance. The effects of cognitive and physical loads on dynamic balance performance varied under dual- and multi-task conditions. Conclusion The findings highlight differences between dual- and multi-task protocols and add to the understanding of balance performance in older adults under cognitive and physical loads. Application The present study highlights differences between dual- and multi-task methodologies that need to be considered in future studies of balance and control in older adults.

scholarly journals The Effect of Pilates Training on the Balance of Elderly

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Zaičenkovienė ◽  
Renata Rakovaitė
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Four Square ◽  
And Control

Research background. Falling is one of the most important problems in the elderly’s mobility disorder, which is most often affected by the loss of balance. It is known that Pilates exercises could help to increase the deep muscle strength, improve posture and proprioception, which affects the improvement of the balance. Objective – to evaluate the effects of Pilates exercises on the elderly’s static and dynamic balance. Methodology. The study population consisted of 20 volunteers, men and women, who were divided into Pilates exercises (n = 10, age 65.1 ± 2.6) and control (n = 10, age 68.6 ± 4.9) groups. The study group participated in Pilates classes 2 times per week for six weeks (session duration 60 minutes). The control group did not participate in any physical activity, but they were physically active as usually in their daily life. The main outcome measures were assessed before and after the intervention. The static balance was assessed by measuring posturographic parameters using the force platform, dynamic balance was measured with the Timed up and Go Test (TUG) and the Four Square Step Test (FSST). Results. The results showed signifcant improvement in static balance of the experimental group after the Pilates exercises during standing tests when the feet were apart, eyes opened and closed and when the feet together with eyes opened, and when the foot was in front of the other foot. The results of the control group did not differ during both tests. The results of both groups did not differ in the static balance tests before and after the study, but after the Pilates exercises, the results of the Pilates group signifcantly differed from the control group test results when the feet were in shoulder line with open eyes. The results of the dynamic balance after Pilates exercises signifcantly improved in both tests in the study group. Before the study, there were not statistically signifcant differences in the dynamic balance results between the groups. Conclusions. Six-week Pilates exercises had a positive effect on the elderly’s static and dynamic balance.Keywords: Pilates training, static balance, dynamic balance.

scholarly journals Influence of Gymnastic Background on Triangle Completion Performance in Single and Dual-Task Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Garcia Popov ◽  
Nicole Paquet ◽  
Yves Lajoie
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Linear Displacement ◽  
Angular Deviation ◽  
Linear Distance ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
And Control ◽  
Triangle Completion ◽  
The Impact

Spatial orientation skills of gymnasts have been investigated in the past, but their navigation skills have not been well described. For instance, little is known on their performance on triangle completion in the absence of vision. The question is whether gymnasts require less attention than non-gymnasts in executing this task. The aims were to study the impact of dual-task on triangle completion performance and reaction time, and to compare this effect in young adults with or without a gymnastic background. Participants were blindfolded and guided along the first two legs of a 5x5 m right angle triangle and then, independently turned and walked towards the origin of this triangle. After they had stopped, their foot position was marked on the floor and angular deviation and linear distance traveled were measured. In the dualtask, reaction time was gathered during the independent walk with participants responding verbally ‘top’ as fast as possible after a sound signal. Gymnasts were found to have smaller angular deviation and longer linear distance traveled than non-gymnasts. Both groups showed longer reaction time in dual-task compared to baseline in sitting and this increase was similar for both groups. The results suggest that gymnastics training improves the perception and control of direction. However, it does not modify perception of linear displacement, nor the attention required to execute the triangle completion task. In dual-task, other cognitive tasks requiring working memory might have had a larger impact on both navigation errors and cognitive task performance.

scholarly journals Effect of Dual-Task Conditions on Gait Performance during Timed Up and Go Test in Children with Traumatic Brain Injury

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Rabiatul Adawiah Abdul Rahman ◽  
Fazira Rafi ◽  
Fazah Akhtar Hanapiah ◽  
Azlina Wati Nikmat ◽  
Nor Azira Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Gait Performance ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Task Conditions

Background. Tasks requiring simultaneous mobility and cognition (dual tasks) have been associated with incidence of falls. Although these deficits have been documented in individuals with neurologic disorder, the effect of dual task in children with traumatic brain injury has not been fully explored. Objective. To investigate the effect of dual-task (dual-motor and dual-cognitive task) conditions on spatiotemporal gait parameters during timed up and go test in children with traumatic brain injury. Methods and Material. A total of 14 children with traumatic brain injury and 21 typically developing children participated in this case-control study. Functional balance was assessed before the actual testing to predict the risk of falls. Timed up and go test was performed under single-task and dual-task (dual-motor and dual-cognitive task) conditions. Spatiotemporal gait parameters were determined using the APDM Mobility Lab system. The descriptive statistics and t-test were used to analyze demographic characteristics and repeated measure ANOVA test was used to analyze the gait parameters. Results. Under dual-task (dual-motor and dual-cognitive task) conditions during the timed up and go test, gait performance significantly deteriorated. Furthermore, the total time to complete the timed up and go test, stride velocity, cadence, and step time during turning were significantly different between children with traumatic brain injury and typically developing children. Conclusions. These findings suggest that gait parameters were compromised under dual-task conditions in children with traumatic brain injury. Dual-task conditions may become a component of gait training to ensure a complete and comprehensive rehabilitation program.

scholarly journals Balance Performance Is Task Specific in Older Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayelet Dunsky ◽  
Aviva Zeev ◽  
Yael Netz
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Balance Tests ◽  
Balance Ability

Balance ability among the elderly is a key component in the activities of daily living and is divided into two types: static and dynamic. For clinicians who wish to assess the risk of falling among their elderly patients, it is unclear if more than one type of balance test can be used to measure their balance impairment. In this study, we examined the association between static balance measures and two dynamic balance field tests. One hundred and twelve community-dwelling older adults (mean age 74.6) participated in the study. They underwent the Tetrax static postural assessment and then performed the Timed Up and Go (TUG) and the Functional Reach (FR) Test as dynamic balance tests. In general, low-moderate correlations were found between the two types of balance tests. For women, age and static balance parameters explained 28.1–40.4% of the variance of TUG scores and 14.6–24% of the variance of FR scores. For men, age and static balance parameters explained 9.5–31.2% of the variance of TUG scores and 23.9–41.7% of the variance of FR scores. Based on our findings, it is suggested that a combination of both static and dynamic tests be used for assessing postural balance ability.

scholarly journals Reduction of Dual-task Costs by Noninvasive Modulation of Prefrontal Activity in Healthy Elders

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad Manor ◽  
Junhong Zhou ◽  
Azizah Jor'dan ◽  
Jue Zhang ◽  
Jing Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Dual Tasking ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Task Conditions

Dual tasking (e.g., walking or standing while performing a cognitive task) disrupts performance in one or both tasks, and such dual-task costs increase with aging into senescence. Dual tasking activates a network of brain regions including pFC. We therefore hypothesized that facilitation of prefrontal cortical activity via transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) would reduce dual-task costs in older adults. Thirty-seven healthy older adults completed two visits during which dual tasking was assessed before and after 20 min of real or sham tDCS targeting the left pFC. Trials of single-task standing, walking, and verbalized serial subtractions were completed, along with dual-task trials of standing or walking while performing serial subtractions. Dual-task costs were calculated as the percent change in markers of gait and postural control and serial subtraction performance, from single to dual tasking. Significant dual-task costs to standing, walking, and serial subtraction performance were observed before tDCS (p < .01). These dual-task costs were less after real tDCS as compared with sham tDCS as well as compared with either pre-tDCS condition (p < .03). Further analyses indicated that tDCS did not alter single task performance but instead improved performance solely within dual-task conditions (p < .02). These results demonstrate that dual tasking can be improved by modulating prefrontal activity, thus indicating that dual-task decrements are modifiable and may not necessarily reflect an obligatory consequence of aging. Moreover, tDCS may ultimately serve as a novel approach to preserving dual-task capacity into senescence.

scholarly journals The Influence of Cognitive Load on Balance Control During Steady-State Walking

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella H Small ◽  
Lydia G Brough ◽  
Richard Neptune
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
And Control

Abstract BackgroundFor an individual to walk, they must maintain control of their dynamic balance. However, situations that present an increased cognitive load may impair an individual’s ability to control their balance. While dual-task studies have analyzed walking-while-talking conditions, few studies have focused specifically on the influence of cognitive load on balance control. The purpose of this study was to assess how individuals prioritize their cognitive resources and control dynamic balance during dual-task conditions of varying difficulty. MethodsYoung healthy adults (n = 15) performed two single-task conditions (spelling while standing and walking with no cognitive load) and three dual-task conditions (walking with increasing cognitive load: attentive listening, spelling short words backwards and spelling long words backwards). Repeated measures analysis of variances were used to assess differences in balance outcome measures and cognitive performance. ResultsCognitive performance did not change between the single- and dual-task conditions as measured by percent error and response rate ( p = 0.3). Balance control, assessed as the range of whole-body angular momentum, did not change between the no load and listening conditions, but decreased during the short and long spelling conditions ( p < 0.001). ConclusionsThese results showed that balance control decreases during dual-task treadmill walking with increased cognitive loads, but that cognitive performance does not change. The decrease in balance control suggests that participants prioritized cognitive performance over balance control during these dual-task walking conditions. This work offers additional insight into the automaticity of walking and task-prioritization in healthy individuals and provides the basis for future studies to determine differences in neurologically impaired populations.

scholarly journals Balance Comparison between Iranian Elderly with and without Knee Range of Motion Limitations

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Lohrasbipeydeh ◽  
Soh Kim Geok ◽  
Roxana Dev Omar Dev ◽  
Seyedali Ahrari ◽  
Ong Swee Leong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Health Care Practitioners ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Eyes Open

This study compares the static eye movement (eyes open and eyes closed) and dynamic balance amongst Iranian elderly with and without knee range of motion (ROM) limitations. The method used was a quasi-experimental before/after study. The participants consisted of 30 older Iranian adults, aged 60 or more (10 females and 20 males across two groups of 15 in each group) who were evaluated using the Sharpened Romberg (SR), Timed Up and Go (TUG) tests. An independent t-test was used to compare the descriptive characteristics of the two groups of the elderly. The findings showed substantial alterations in all the measured components between the subjects. The static balance with an open eye (p = 0.028) and closed eye (p = 0.021), as well as the dynamic balance (p = 0.009) between the elderly with and without the limitation of knee ROM, was substantially different. Moving forward, the findings of this study suggested that the balance of the elderly was directly linked to knee ROM, as the elderly without limitations of knee ROM displayed greater stability than the elderly with limitations of knee ROM. Health care practitioners should also understand the ROM of the knee, as individuals with ROM limitations of the knee are more likely to fall due to underlying disorders associated with their balance.

scholarly journals Multi-components exercise associated with dual task: Effects on physical functional performance and mobility of the older adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Janine Carvalho Valentino Camargos ◽  
Milena Razuk ◽  
Kathisuellen Reis Assis ◽  
Alex Tomé ◽  
Natalia Madalena Rinaldi
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Functional Mobility ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Physical Functional Performance ◽  
Training Protocol

Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the effect of dual task in a training protocol in the components of physical Functional Performance and mobility of older adults Methods: Thirty older adults (twenty-three female and seven males; 66.48 ±3.85 years) were distributed into three randomized groups: Multi-component physical activity group (MC), Dual Task Group (DT) and Control Group (CG). Participants were assessed before training and after 12 weeks of training with the following tests: Mini Mental State Examination, for evaluation of cognitive functions, AAHPERD test battery - American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, for evaluation of five physical Functional Performance components, Timed Up and Go, for evaluation of functional mobility and The Baecke Questionnaire to assess the level of physical activity. Both MC and DT groups performed the same multi-components training protocol, however DT group performed simultaneously with a second cognitive task. Results: The groups that performed the training protocol improved some aspects of physical Functional Performance and mobility compared to the CG (p < 0.01). No difference was found between the DT and MC groups. Conclusion: Performing two simultaneous tasks in a training protocol does not seem to influence the functional capacity and mobility.Keywords: dual task training, multi-components training, physical functional performance

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