scholarly journals Ethnic disparity in pneumonia-specific mortality among children under 5 years of age in Sichuan Province of Western China from 2010 to 2017

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Luo ◽  
Ziling Zhao ◽  
Linkun He ◽  
Bingzhong Su ◽  
Weixin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Sichuan Province ◽  
Ethnic Disparity ◽  
Western China ◽  
Trend Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Child Pneumonia ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Armitage Trend Test

Abstract Bacground:To reveal the ethnic disparity in the pneumonia-specific mortality rates of children under the age of five years(PU5MRs) and provide suggestions regarding priority interventions to reduce preventable under-five-years-of-age deaths. Methods: Data were obtained from the Direct Report System of Maternal and Child Health in Sichuan. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to assess the time trend. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test and Chi-square test were used to examine the differences in the PU5MRs among different groups. Results: The PU5MRs in the minority and nonminority counties decreased by 53.73% and 42.34% from 2010 to 2017, respectively. The PU5MRs of the minority counties were 4.81 times higher than those of the nonminority counties in 2017. The proportion of pneumonia deaths to total deaths in Sichuan Province increased from 11.65% in 2010 to 15.47% in 2017. The pneumonia-specific mortality rates of children in the categories of 0-28 days, 29days-11 months, and 12-59 months were reduced by 55.13%, 38.76%, and 65.55%, respectively, in the minority counties and by 35.49%, 43.08%, and 43.74%, respectively, in the nonminority counties. Conclusions: PU5MRs declined in Sichuan, especially in the minority counties, while ethnic disparity still exists. Priority should be given to strategies for preventing and controlling child pneumonia, especially for postneonates, in the minority counties.

scholarly journals Ethnic disparity in pneumonia-specific mortality among children under 5 years of age in Sichuan Province of Western China from 2010 to 2017

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Luo ◽  
Ziling Zhao ◽  
Linkun He ◽  
Bingzhong Su ◽  
Weixin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Sichuan Province ◽  
Ethnic Disparity ◽  
Western China ◽  
Trend Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Child Pneumonia ◽  
Chi Square Test

Abstract Background: To reveal the ethnic disparity in the pneumonia-specific mortality rates of children under the age of five years(PU5MRs) and provide suggestions regarding priority interventions to reduce preventable under-five-years-of-age deaths. Methods: Data were obtained from the Direct Report System of Maternal and Child Health in Sichuan. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to assess the time trend. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test and Chi-square test were used to examine the differences in the PU5MRs among different groups. Results: The PU5MRs in the minority and nonminority counties decreased by 53.7% and 42.3% from 2010 to 2017, respectively. The PU5MRs of the minority counties were 4.81 times higher than those of the nonminority counties in 2017. The proportion of pneumonia deaths to total deaths in Sichuan Province increased from 11.7% in 2010 to 15.5% in 2017. The pneumonia-specific mortality rates of children in the categories of 0-28 days, 29days-11 months, and 12-59 months were reduced by 55.1%, 38.8%, and 65.5%, respectively, in the minority counties and by 35.5%, 43.1%, and 43.7%, respectively, in the nonminority counties. Conclusions: PU5MRs declined in Sichuan, especially in the minority counties, while ethnic disparity still exists. Although the PU5MRs decreased more for the minority counties as a fraction of all mortality the absolute number of such deaths were higher, and therefore more children in these counties continue to die from pneumonia than from the non-minority counties. Priority should be given to strategies for preventing and controlling child pneumonia, especially for postneonates, in the minority counties.

scholarly journals Ethnic disparity in pneumonia-specific mortality among children under 5 years of age in Sichuan Province of Western China from 2010 to 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Luo ◽  
Ziling Zhao ◽  
Linkun He ◽  
Bingzhong Su ◽  
Weixin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Sichuan Province ◽  
Ethnic Disparity ◽  
Western China ◽  
Trend Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Child Pneumonia ◽  
Chi Square Test

Abstract Background To reveal the ethnic disparity in the pneumonia-specific mortality rates of children under the age of 5 years (PU5MRs) and provide suggestions regarding priority interventions to reduce preventable under-five-years-of-age deaths. Methods Data were obtained from the Direct Report System of Maternal and Child Health in Sichuan. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to assess the time trend. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test and Chi-square test were used to examine the differences in the PU5MRs among different groups. Results The PU5MRs in the minority and nonminority counties decreased by 53.7 and 42.3% from 2010 to 2017, respectively. The PU5MRs of the minority counties were 4.81 times higher than those of the nonminority counties in 2017. The proportion of pneumonia deaths to total deaths in Sichuan Province increased from 11.7% in 2010 to 15.5% in 2017. The pneumonia-specific mortality rates of children in the categories of 0–28 days, 29 days-11 months, and 12–59 months were reduced by 55.1, 38.8, and 65.5%, respectively, in the minority counties and by 35.5, 43.1, and 43.7%, respectively, in the nonminority counties. Conclusions PU5MRs declined in Sichuan, especially in the minority counties, while ethnic disparity still exists. Although the PU5MRs decreased more for the minority counties as a fraction of all mortality, the absolute number of such deaths were higher, and therefore more children in these counties continue to die from pneumonia than from the non-minority counties. Priority should be given to strategies for preventing and controlling child pneumonia, especially for postneonates, in the minority counties.

scholarly journals All-cause child mortality in minority and non-minority areas in Sichuan Province in Western China, 2008–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-ling Zhao ◽  
Ming-hong Yao ◽  
Gang Zhang ◽  
Gong-hua Wu ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Sichuan Province ◽  
Western China ◽  
Trend Test ◽  
Poisson Regression Model ◽  
Health Statistics ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Survey System ◽  
Armitage Trend Test

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the disparity in the under-five mortality rate (U5MR) between minority and non-minority areas in Sichuan Province in Western China. Data for this study was obtained from the National Health Statistics Survey System. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to analyze the time trend of the U5MR. We conducted Poisson regression model to compare the differences of U5MRs between minority and non-minority areas. The U5MR in Sichuan province was reduced by 62.19% from 2008 to 2017, with the minority and non-minority areas reduced by 60.48% and 65.39%, respectively. The under-five mortality risk in minority areas was approximately 1.791 times (95% CI: 1.790–1.793; P < 0.01) that in non-minority areas. The primary cause of death of children under-five years old in minority areas was the respiratory disease, which was significantly higher than that in non-minority areas (P all < 0.01). The U5MR significantly declined both in minority and non-minority areas in Sichuan Province in Western China from 2008 to 2017. However, disparities still existed between minority and non-minority areas. Respiratory diseases were the main causes of death in minority areas and corresponding rates were higher than those in non-minority areas.

scholarly journals Health behaviour of adolescents in Slovenia: major results from 2010 and trends from 2002 to 2010

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Jeriček Klanšček ◽  
Helena Koprivnikar ◽  
Maja Zorko ◽  
Tina Zupanič
Keyword(s):  
Health Behaviour ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Trend Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
School Counsellors ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Armitage Trend Test

Introduction: Monitoring of health behaviours, especially of adolescents, is essential for the future of each nation. Over the last decades, many changes have occurred in all aspects of our lives, affecting the health and quality of life of all people, including children and adolescents.Methods: The study is based on a quantitative research method. The survey was conducted on a representative sample of Slovenian 11-, 13- and 15-year-old adolescents, using a standardised international questionnaire (HBSC study – Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children). The survey was carried out with the assistance of school counsellors in the spring of 2002, 2006 and 2010 (n = 15.080). For determining the correlation between two individual years, the chi-square test (c2) was used. The significance level was calculated using the statistical significance value of p ≤ 0.05. Through the Cochran-Armitage trend test, it was established whether a trend existed  for the selected indicators in the period between 2002 and 2010.Results: There are some favourable trends, e.g. eating breakfast (p = 0.000), tooth brushing (p = 0.000), lower proportion of individuals who rate their health as poor (p = 0.002) and experience several psychosomatic symptoms (p = 0.000), but also unfavourable trends, e.g. decrease in physical activity (p = 0.023), increase in early alcohol consumption (p = 0.000), dissatisfaction with school (p = 0.000) and bullying others (p = 0.000).Discussion and conclusion: The conclusions of the analyses can serve as a useful basis for further work and development of systemic measures to promote healthy behaviours and prevent risky and unhealthy behaviours among children and adolescents.

scholarly journals Age differences in clinical features and outcomes in patients with COVID-19, Jiangsu, China: a retrospective, multi-center cohort study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanyuan Luo ◽  
Songqiao Liu ◽  
Yuancheng Wang ◽  
Penelope A. Phillips-Howard ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Trend Test ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test

Objectives To determine the age-specific clinical presentations and incidence of adverse outcomes among patients with COVID-19 in Jiangsu, China. Design and setting This is a retrospective, multi-center cohort study performed at twenty-four hospitals in Jiangsu, China. Participants From January 10 to March 15, 2020, 625 patients with COVID-19 were involved. Results Of the 625 patients (median age, 46 years; 329 [52.6%] males), 37 (5.9%) were children (18 years or less), 261 (40%) young adults (19-44 years), 248 (39.7%) middle-aged adults (45-64 years), and 79 (12.6%) elderly (65 years or more). The incidence of hypertension, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes comorbidities increased with age (trend test, P < .0001, P = 0.0003, P < .0001, and P < .0001 respectively). Fever, cough, and shortness of breath occurred more commonly among older patients, especially the elderly, compared to children (Chi-square test, P = 0.0008, 0.0146, and 0.0282, respectively). The quadrant score and pulmonary opacity score increased with age (trend test, both P < .0001). Older patients had significantly more abnormal values in many laboratory parameters than younger patients. Elderly patients contributed the highest proportion of severe or critically-ill cases (33.0%, Chi-square test P < 0.001), intensive care unit (ICU) (35.4%, Chi-square test P < 0.001), and respiratory failure (31.6%, Chi-square test P = 0.0266), and longest hospital stay (21 days, ANOVA-test P < 0.001). Conclusions Elderly (≥65) patients with COVID-19 had the highest risk of severe or critical illness, intensive care use, respiratory failure, and the longest hospital stay, which may be due partly to that they had higher incidence of comorbidities and poor immune responses to COVID-19.

scholarly journals Analysis of the mountain sickness of tourists in China from 2015-2017

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Li ◽  
Chaowu Xie
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Acute Mountain Sickness ◽  
Western China ◽  
Travel Agency ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Spatial Regularity ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Mountain Sickness ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background: Mountain sickness significantly affects tourists who travel in plateau areas. Most studies have researched patients, climbers and local residents to analyse the identification, causes, symptoms and effects of mountain sickness, and only a few have assessed tourists.Methods: This study used the Jiangtai Insurance Broker, an exemplary underwriting platform for travel agency liability insurance in China, as the data acquisition platform to analyse tourist altitude sickness from an epidemiological perspective. The chi-square test was used to test the distribution of mountain sickness diseases and symptoms among different genders and ages. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to generate a spatial distribution map of tourist mountain sickness.Results: From 2015 to 2017, there were 361 cases of tourist mountain sickness, which were distributed in 4 altitudinal classes. The incidence of mountain sickness was higher in women than in men. Tourists aged 40-69 years were the main group of patients. Acute mountain sickness (AMS) and high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) were the main high-altitude diseases and mainly occurred in the 2nd and 3rd class altitude regions. Hypoxia, dizziness, headache and chest tightness were the main symptoms of mountain sickness. Spring, summer and autumn were the peak seasons for the onset of mountain sickness. Mountain sickness cases were concentrated in a few cities in Western China.Conclusion: This study analysed the genders and characteristics of the main tourist population that suffered from mountain sickness and investigated the diseases and the temporal and spatial regularity of disease from an epidemiological perspective. The research showed that the onset of mountain sickness was related to the individual physique and age of tourists, speed of entering the plateau, season and altitude. This study is significant as a reference for the risk assessment of tourists visiting plateau areas.

Outcomes before and after Adopting Guidelines for Expectant Management of Severe Preeclampsia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aalok R. Sanjanwala ◽  
Victoria C. Jauk ◽  
Gabriella D. Cozzi ◽  
David A. Becker ◽  
Lorie M. Harper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Expectant Management ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Severe Preeclampsia ◽  
Trend Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Armitage Trend Test ◽  
Student’S T

Objective This study aimed to compare maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with severe preeclampsia before and after implementation of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) taskforce hypertensive guidelines. Study Design Single-center retrospective cohort study of women with severe preeclampsia delivering live nonanomalous singletons 23 to 342/7 weeks from 2013 to 2017. In 2015, the ACOG guidelines for expectant management of severe preeclampsia were implemented at our institution. Based on this, patients were categorized as preguideline (January 2013–December 2015) or postguideline adoption (January 2016–December 2017). Primary outcomes included composite maternal morbidity and composite neonatal morbidity; secondary outcomes included composite components, length of stay, birth weight, and delivery gestational age. Groups were compared with Student's t-test, Chi-square, and Wilcoxon's rank-sum tests; adjusted odds ratios (aOR; 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) were calculated. Yearly composite outcomes were compared using the Cochran–Armitage trend test. We estimated a sample size of 250 per group would provide 80% power at α = 0.05 to detect a 50% reduction in neonatal morbidity from a baseline rate of 21.5%. Results From 2013 to 2017, a total of 543 women with severe preeclampsia were identified: 278 (51%) preguideline and 265 (49%) postguideline. Baseline characteristics were overall similar between groups. There were no significant differences in maternal (aOR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.6–1.41) or neonatal (aOR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.61–1.28) composite morbidity between groups. Furthermore, there were no differences in composite maternal or neonatal morbidity over time. Conclusion Perinatal outcomes were similar before and after implementation of severe preeclampsia management guidelines at our institution. Studies to evaluate if benefits are limited to subsets of this population, such as earlier gestational ages, are needed. Key Points

scholarly journals Ποιότητα και ασφάλεια στην υγεία

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Βασιλική Καπάκη
Keyword(s):  
Patient Safety ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Safety Culture ◽  
Patient Safety Culture ◽  
Trend Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Student’S T Test

Εισαγωγή: Η ασφάλεια του ασθενούς αποτελεί ζήτημα παγκοσμίου ενδιαφέροντος επηρεάζοντας όλες τις χώρες, ανεξάρτητα του επιπέδου ανάπτυξής τους. Αποτελεί μια σημαντική παράμετρος της ποιότητας στην φροντίδα υγείας καθώς εκατομμύρια ασθενείς παγκόσμια υποφέρουν, τραυματίζονται ή πεθαίνουν κάθε χρόνο λόγω παροχή μη ασφαλούς φροντίδας. Τα δυσμενή συμβάντα στην υγεία αποτελούν έναν ποσοτικό δείκτη και η μείωση και η πρόληψή τους είναι ο κύριος σκοπός των υπηρεσιών υγείας. Για την αποτελεσματική διαχείριση των λαθών απαιτείται η διαμόρφωση θετικής κουλτούρας ασφάλειας, η οποία επηρεάζεται από διάφορες παραμέτρους οι οποίες σχετίζονται με την ηγεσία, τις πρακτικές ασφαλείας, το εργασιακό περιβάλλον και το προσωπικό. Το πρώτο βήμα για τη δημιουργία ή τη βελτίωση της κουλτούρας ασφάλειας, αποτελεί η αξιολόγηση του κλίματος ασφάλειας του νοσοκομείου. Σκοπός: Η ανάλυση της στάσης των επαγγελματιών υγείας στην Ελλάδα, αναφορικά με τις παραμέτρους της κουλτούρας ασφάλειας και τη συχνότητα αναφοράς ανεπιθύμητων συμβάντων, έτσι ώστε να αξιολογηθεί το κλίμα ασφάλειας του ασθενούς στα νοσοκομεία της Ελλάδας και να διερευνηθούν οι δημογραφικοί και επαγγελματικοί παράγοντες που το επηρεάζουν. Υλικό και Μέθοδος: Στην μελέτη συμμετείχαν τελικά 810 επαγγελματίες υγείας (ιατροί, νοσηλευτές, βοηθοί νοσηλευτών, φαρμακοποιοί, κοινωνικοί λειτουργοί, ψυχολόγοι, φυσιοθεραπευτές, εργοθεραπευτές, λογοθεραπευτές) οι οποίοι εργάζονταν σε 12 νοσοκομεία (γενικά και ειδικά) στην Αττική αλλά και στην περιφέρεια. Το τελικό ποσοστό ανταπόκρισης στην έρευνα ήταν 58,9% και το ερευνητικό εργαλείο που χρησιμοποιήθηκε ήταν η ελληνική μετάφραση του ερωτηματολογίου «The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture» των Sorra και Nieva. Για την ανάλυση των ποσοτικών και ποιοτικών δεδομένων χρησιμοποιήθηκαν περιγραφική και συμπερασματική στατιστική ανάλυση. Οι κατηγορικές μεταβλητές παρουσιάζονται ως απόλυτες (n) και σχετικές (%) συχνότητες, ενώ οι ποσοτικές μεταβλητές παρουσιάζονται ως μέση τιμή, τυπική απόκλιση, διάμεση τιμή, ελάχιστη τιμή, μέγιστη τιμή, εύρος και ενδοτεταρτημοριακό εύρος. Ο έλεγχος των Kolmogorov - Smirnov και τα διαγράμματα κανονικότητας χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για τον έλεγχο της κανονικής κατανομής των ποσοτικών μεταβλητών. Για τη συσχέτιση δύο ποσοτικών μεταβλητών που ακολουθούσαν την κανονική κατανομή χρησιμοποιήθηκε ο συντελεστής συσχέτισης Pearson (Pearson’s correlation coefficient). Για τη διερεύνηση της ύπαρξης σχέσης μεταξύ δυο κατηγορικών μεταβλητών χρησιμοποιήθηκε ο έλεγχος x² (chi-square test), ενώ για τη διερεύνηση της ύπαρξης σχέσης μεταξύ μιας κατηγορικής μεταβλητής και μιας διατάξιμης χρησιμοποιήθηκε ο έλεγχος x² για τάση (chi-square trend test). Για τη διερεύνηση της ύπαρξης σχέσης μεταξύ μιας ποσοτικής μεταβλητής και μιας διχοτόμου μεταβλητής χρησιμοποιήθηκε ο έλεγχος t (student’s t-test), ενώ για τη διερεύνηση της ύπαρξης σχέσης μεταξύ μιας ποσοτική μεταβλητής και μιας κατηγορικής μεταβλητής με >2 κατηγορίες χρησιμοποιήθηκε η ανάλυση διασποράς (analysis of variance). Αποτελέσματα: Οι παράμετροι της κουλτούρας ασφάλειας του ασθενούς με το μεγαλύτερο μέσο ποσοστό θετικών απαντήσεων είναι: Προσδοκίες και δράσεις των Προϊσταμένων/Διευθυντών (64%), Οργανωσιακή μάθηση - Συνεχής βελτίωση (55,6%), Συνολική αντίληψη της ασφάλειας (53,2%). Οι παράμετροι της κουλτούρας ασφάλειας του ασθενούς με το μικρότερο μέσο ποσοστό θετικών απαντήσεων είναι: Μη τιμωρητική αντίδραση στα λάθη (18,5%), στελέχωση (24,2%), Υποστήριξη της διοίκησης του νοσοκομείου σε θέματα ασφάλειας (30,2%). Το (40,1%) του δείγματος δεν ανέφερε κανένα δυσμενές συμβάν τους τελευταίους 12 μήνες ενώ το (35%) έκανε από 1 έως 2 αναφορές τους τελευταίους 12 μήνες. Το 53,6% του δείγματος αξιολόγησαν την επίδραση της Μονάδας στην οποία εργάζονταν σε σχέση με την ασφάλεια του ασθενούς από «πολύ καλή» μέχρι «άριστη». Συμπεράσματα: Τα δυσμενή συμβάντα και τα λάθη αποτελούν μια πραγματικότητα στην υγεία. Η κουλτούρα ασφάλειας στα ελληνικά νοσοκομεία δεν κρίνεται θετική με δεδομένο (α) το χαμηλό μέσο συνολικό ποσοστό θετικών απαντήσεων που έλαβε το ερωτηματολόγιο (42,6%) και (β) το χαμηλό μέσο ποσοστό θετικών απαντήσεων της συχνότητας αναφοράς των δυσμενών συμβάντων (39,4%). Αναφορικά με τις παραμέτρους της κουλτούρας ασφάλειας του ασθενούς, για κάποιες από αυτές το κλίμα θεωρείται θετικό ενώ για κάποιες άλλες υπάρχουν σημαντικά περιθώρια βελτίωσης. Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας κατέδειξαν ότι τα νοσοκομεία και οι οργανισμοί υγειονομικής περίθαλψης στην Ελλάδα θα πρέπει να αναπτύξουν στρατηγικές για τη βελτίωση της ποιότητας της παρεχόμενης φροντίδας υγείας με σκοπό την διασφάλιση της ασφάλειας του ασθενούς. Οι στρατηγικές αυτές περιλαμβάνουν: την παροχή στους επαγγελματίες υγείας, κατάρτισης και εκπαίδευσης γύρω από ζητήματα ασφάλειας του ασθενούς με τη μορφή προπτυχιακής εκπαίδευσης, συνεχιζόμενης εκπαίδευσης, διαλέξεων και συνεδρίων, πρόσληψη και καλύτερη κατανομή των επαγγελματιών υγείας στο σύστημα, την ανάπτυξη και την προώθηση της κουλτούρας ασφάλειας του ασθενούς, ιδίως με τη μορφή μη-τιμωρητικής κουλτούρας, δημιουργώντας ανοιχτό δίαυλο επικοινωνίας για την αναφορά των ιατρικών λαθών και των δυσμενών συμβάντων.

WAVELET-BASED FEATURE EXTRACTION FOR MORTALITY PROJECTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-707
Author(s):  
Donatien Hainaut ◽  
Michel Denuit
Keyword(s):  
Orthonormal Basis ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Wavelet Theory ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Mortality Forecasting ◽  
Mortality Projection ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Belgian Population ◽  
Likelihood Approach ◽  
Penalized Likelihood Approach

AbstractWavelet theory is known to be a powerful tool for compressing and processing time series or images. It consists in projecting a signal on an orthonormal basis of functions that are chosen in order to provide a sparse representation of the data. The first part of this article focuses on smoothing mortality curves by wavelets shrinkage. A chi-square test and a penalized likelihood approach are applied to determine the optimal degree of smoothing. The second part of this article is devoted to mortality forecasting. Wavelet coefficients exhibit clear trends for the Belgian population from 1965 to 2015, they are easy to forecast resulting in predicted future mortality rates. The wavelet-based approach is then compared with some popular actuarial models of Lee–Carter type estimated fitted to Belgian, UK, and US populations. The wavelet model outperforms all of them.

scholarly journals Association of Upper Lip Morphology Characteristics with Sagittal and Vertical Skeletal Patterns: A Cross Sectional Study

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1713
Author(s):  
Xinyu Yan ◽  
Xiaoqi Zhang ◽  
Yiyin Chen ◽  
Hu Long ◽  
Wenli Lai
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Western China ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Superior Sulcus

Background: Upper lip morphology is essential in diagnosis and treatment of orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. This study is aimed to evaluate the association between upper lip characteristics (ULCs) and skeletal patterns (SPs). Methods: 2079 patients were involved and grouped by sagittal and vertical. Class I, II, and III were identified by ANB angle, while normodivergent, hyperdivergent, and hypodivergent were identified by Facial Height Index and Sum of Angles. ULCs were evaluated by superior sulcus depth, nasolabial angle, upper lip length, basic upper lip thickness, and upper lip thickness. Confounders including demography, malocclusion, upper incisors, and upper lips were adjusted by multivariate linear regression to identify the association between ULCs and SPs. Group differences were evaluated with analysis of variance and Chi-square test. Results: The mean value of ULCs and prevalence of SPs were explored in the Western China population. ULCs were significantly different in various sagittal, vertical, and combined SPs. Superior sulcus depth was negatively related to Class II, and positively related to Class III and the hypodivergent pattern after adjusted by confounders. Conclusion: ULCs significantly varied among different SPs, while only superior sulcus depth was independently associated with SPs, indicating superior sulcus depth is the only ULC that might be significantly corrected by intervention of skeletal growth.

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