Psychometric Evaluation of Two Short Versions of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale

Abstract Background Anxiety and depression are common in children and adolescents. These disorders can be detected via self-report screening questionnaires in a non-clinical setting like the school environment. Two short versions of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (i.e., RCADS-25 and RCADS-20) seem to be feasible for administering in schools. However, it should be examined whether its promising psychometric properties can be replicated and whether knowledge on remaining psychometric properties can be added. This study evaluates the psychometric properties of the RCADS-25 and RCADS-20 used as screening instruments for anxiety and depression in schoolchildren and adolescents. Methods The RCADS-25 was completed by 69,487 schoolchildren and adolescents age 8 to 18 years. The RCADS-25/RCADS-20 broad anxiety scale (15 items), the RCADS-25 major depressive disorder (MDD) scale (10 items), and the RCADS-20 MDD scale (5 items) were assessed on construct validity (structural validity and hypotheses testing), reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability), and criterion validity in conformance with internationally consensus-based COSMIN definitions, taxonomy and quality criteria. Results The RCADS-25/RCADS-20 broad anxiety scale demonstrated a sufficient structural validity (CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.03, SRMR = 0.03), internal consistency (alpha = 0.82), test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.73), criterion validity (AUC = 0.79), and all four hypotheses concerning construct validity were confirmed. The RCADS-25 MDD scale demonstrated a sufficient test-retest reliability (ICC=0.70), and three out of four hypotheses testing construct validity were confirmed, but its structural validity was suspect (CFI = 0.89, TLI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.09, SRMR = 0.06). The RCADS-20 MDD scale demonstrated a sufficient structural validity (CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.08, SRMR = 0.04) and internal consistency (alpha = 0.72), but two out of four hypotheses concerning construct validity were confirmed, while the test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.60) seemed insufficient. Conclusions The RCADS-25/RCADS-20 broad anxiety scale seems valid and reliable for screening schoolchildren and adolescents, but the RCADS-25 and RCADS-20 MDD scales show shortcomings. An MDD scale of seven items that showed acceptable psychometric properties is recommended.

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Psychometric Evaluation of Two Short Versions of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale

10.21203/rs.2.13956/v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Leonie Klaufus ◽

Eva Verlinden ◽

Marcel van der Wal ◽

Mia Kösters ◽

Pim Cuijpers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Child Anxiety ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Structural Validity ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Internal Consistency Alpha ◽

Short Versions

Abstract Background Anxiety and depression are common in children and adolescents, which can be detected via self-report questionnaires in non-clinical settings like the school environment. Two short versions of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (i.e., RCADS-25 and RCADS-20) seem to be feasible for administering at schools. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the RCADS-25 and RCADS-20 used as screening instruments for anxiety and depression in a general population of schoolchildren and adolescents. Methods The RCADS-25 was completed by 69,487 schoolchildren and adolescents age 8 to 18 years. The RCADS-25 and RCADS-20 broad anxiety scales are equal (15 items), but there are two versions of the major depressive disorder (MDD) scale: the RCADS-25 MDD scale (10 items) and the RCADS-20 MDD scale (5 items). The three scales were assessed on structural validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, criterion validity, and hypotheses about construct validity. Results The RCADS-25/RCADS-20 broad anxiety scale demonstrated a sufficient structural validity (CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.03, SRMR = 0.03), internal consistency (alpha = 0.82), test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.73), criterion validity (AUC = 0.79), and all four hypotheses concerning construct validity were confirmed. The RCADS-25 MDD scale demonstrated a sufficient test-retest reliability (ICC=0.70), and three out of four hypotheses testing construct validity were confirmed. Its structural validity was suspect (CFI = 0.89, TLI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.09, SRMR = 0.06). The RCADS-20 MDD scale demonstrated a sufficient structural validity (CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.08, SRMR = 0.04) and internal consistency (alpha = 0.72). Two out of four hypotheses concerning construct validity were confirmed. The test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.60) was insufficient. Since both MDD scales showed shortcomings, the shortening of the RCADS-25 MDD scale was re-examined post hoc by principal component and reliability analyses. The result was an MDD scale with seven items. Conclusions The RCADS-25/RCADS-20 broad anxiety scale is valid and reliable for screening schoolchildren and adolescents, but the RCADS-25 and RCADS-20 MDD scales showed shortcomings. An MDD scale of seven items showed acceptable psychometric properties.

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Psychometric Evaluation of Two Short Versions of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale

10.21203/rs.2.13956/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Leonie Klaufus ◽

Eva Verlinden ◽

Marcel van der Wal ◽

Mia Kösters ◽

Pim Cuijpers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Child Anxiety ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Structural Validity ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Internal Consistency Alpha ◽

Short Versions

Abstract Background Anxiety and depression are common in children and adolescents, which can be detected via self-report questionnaires in non-clinical settings like the school environment. Two short versions of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (i.e., RCADS-25 and RCADS-20) seem to be feasible for administering at schools. The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of the RCADS-25 and RCADS-20 used as screening instruments for anxiety and depression in a general population of schoolchildren and adolescents. Methods The RCADS-25 was completed by 69,487 schoolchildren and adolescents aged 8 to 18. The RCADS-25 and RCADS-20 broad anxiety scales are equal (15 items), but there are two versions of the major depressive disorder (MDD) scale: the RCADS-25 MDD scale (10 items) and the RCADS-20 MDD scale (5 items). The three scales were assessed on structural validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, criterion validity, and hypotheses for construct validity. Results The RCADS-25/RCADS-20 broad anxiety scale demonstrated a sufficient structural validity (CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.03, SRMR = 0.03), internal consistency (alpha = 0.82), test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.73), criterion validity (AUC = 0.79), and all four hypotheses concerning construct validity were confirmed. The RCADS-25 MDD scale demonstrated a sufficient test-retest reliability (ICC=0.70) and three out of four hypotheses concerning construct validity were confirmed, but its structural validity was suspect (CFI = 0.89, TLI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.09, SRMR = 0.06). The RCADS-20 MDD scale demonstrated a sufficient structural validity (CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.08, SRMR = 0.04) and internal consistency (alpha = 0.72). Two out of four hypotheses concerning construct validity were confirmed. The test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.60) was insufficient. Since both MDD scales showed shortcomings, the shortening of the RCADS-25 MDD scale was re-examined post hoc by principal component and reliability analyses. The result was an MDD scale with seven items. Conclusions The RCADS-25/RCADS-20 broad anxiety scale is valid and reliable for screening schoolchildren and adolescents, but the RCADS-25 and RCADS-20 MDD scales showed shortcomings. An MDD scale of seven items showed acceptable psychometric properties.

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Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the Fremantle Knee Awareness Questionnaire in Italian subjects with painful knee osteoarthritis

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes ◽

10.1186/s12955-021-01754-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Marco Monticone ◽

Cristiano Sconza ◽

Igor Portoghese ◽

Tomohiko Nishigami ◽

Benedict M. Wand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Knee Osteoarthritis ◽

Pain Intensity ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Structural Validity ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Knee Oa ◽

Pain Catastrophising ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Painful Knee

Abstract Background and aim Growing attention is being given to utilising physical function measures to better understand and manage knee osteoarthritis (OA). The Fremantle Knee Awareness Questionnaire (FreKAQ), a self-reported measure of body-perception specific to the knee, has never been validated in Italian patients. The aims of this study were to culturally adapt and validate the Italian version of the FreKAQ (FreKAQ-I), to allow for its use with Italian-speaking patients with painful knee OA. Methods The FreKAQ-I was developed by means of forward–backward translation, a final review by an expert committee and a test of the pre-final version to evaluate its comprehensibility. The psychometric testing included: internal structural validity by Rasch analysis; construct validity by assessing hypotheses of FreKAQ correlations with the knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS), a pain intensity numerical rating scale (PI-NRS), the pain catastrophising scale (PCS), and the Hospital anxiety and depression score (HADS) (Pearson’s correlations); known-group validity by evaluating the ability of FreKAQ scores to discriminate between two groups of participants with different clinical profiles (Mann–Whitney U test); reliability by internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC2.1); and measurement error by calculating the minimum detectable change (MDC). Results It took one month to develop a consensus-based version of the FreKAQ-I. The questionnaire was administered to 102 subjects with painful knee OA and was well accepted. Internal structural validity confirmed the substantial unidimensionality of the FreKAQ-I: variance explained was 53.3%, the unexplained variance in the first contrast showed an eigenvalue of 1.8, and no local dependence was detected. Construct validity was good as all of the hypotheses were met; correlations: KOOS (rho = 0.38–0.51), PI-NRS (rho = 0.35–0.37), PCS (rho = 0.47) and HADS (Anxiety rho = 0.36; Depression rho = 0.43). Regarding known-groups validity, FreKAQ scores were significantly different between groups of participants demonstrating high and low levels of pain intensity, pain catastrophising, anxiety, depression and the four KOOS subscales (p ≤ 0.004). Internal consistency was acceptable (α = 0.74) and test–retest reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.92, CI 0.87–0.94). The MDC95 was 5.22 scale points. Conclusion The FreKAQ-I is unidimensional, reliable and valid in Italian patients with painful knee OA. Its use is recommended for clinical and research purposes.

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Validation of the Beliefs of Physical Activity among Clergy (B-PAC) Instrument

American Journal of Health Studies ◽

10.47779/ajhs.2017.91 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Shannon Gwin ◽

Paul Branscum ◽

E. Laurette Taylor

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Construct Validity ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Internal Consistency Reliability ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Reliable Instrument ◽

The Stability ◽

Test Retest Reliability

The purpose of this study was to create a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate theory-basedbeliefs towards physical activity among clergy members. Data were collected from 174 clergy that par-ticipated in a 15-item online and paper-based survey. Psychometric properties of the instrument includedconfirmatory factor analysis (construct validity), and cronbach’s alpha (internal consistency reliability).In addition, the stability (test-retest reliability) of each subscale was evaluated with a sub-sample of 30participants. Results show the instrument was both valid and reliable, and will be useful in future studiestargeting this population. Future implications are discussed.

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Psychometric properties of patient reported outcome (PRO) instruments in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in RESILIENT part 1.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e24027 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. e24027-e24027

Author(s):

Jaba Kokhreidze ◽

Veleka Allen ◽

Cristina Ivanescu ◽

Xiaopan Valerie Yao ◽

Bin Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Construct Validity ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Life Questionnaire ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Patient Reported ◽

Eortc Qlq ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Pro Instruments

e24027 Background: The ongoing two-part phase 2/3 RESILIENT study (NCT03088813) is investigating the efficacy and safety of liposomal irinotecan monotherapy in patients with SCLC who have progressed on or after first line platinum-based chemotherapy. This exploratory analysis from RESILIENT part 1 was conducted to confirm the psychometric properties of established PRO instruments that had not previously been validated in patients with SCLC. Methods: Patients completed the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ) Core 30 (C30) and the EORTC QLQ Lung Cancer 13 (LC13) before treatment assignment (baseline), every 6 weeks thereafter, at treatment discontinuation and at the 30-day follow-up visit. Psychometric methods included descriptive statistics (items and scales), correlations (item-to-item and item-to-total), internal consistency (Cronbach’s α), test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC], two-way random effects model), construct validity and sensitivity to change. The analysis included patients who received at least one dose of study drug and completed at least one PRO assessment. Results: Thirty patients were enrolled in RESILIENT part 1 and included in the analysis. At baseline, 68% of patients reported ‘not severe’ or ‘mild’ symptoms. Floor effects (i.e. more than 25% of responses of ‘not at all’) were observed for several of the functioning/impact and symptom scales of the EORTC QLQ C30 and LC13. Moderate to strong correlations were found among most questionnaire items within their respective scales. Acceptable evidence for internal consistency and good test-retest reliability were observed. Selected results for the EORTC QLQ LC13, including dyspnea scales, are shown in the Table. The magnitude of correlations among PRO instruments supported evidence for convergent validity in this sample. Conclusions: In RESILIENT part 1, patients experienced low and tolerable symptoms at enrollment, limiting the potential for further improvement. Overall, these PRO instruments had acceptable psychometric properties (e.g. construct validity, reliability and ability to detect change) in this sample. However, these analyses should be repeated in a larger sample using data from RESILIENT part 2. Clinical trial information: NCT03088813. [Table: see text]

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Cross-cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Neck OutcOme Score (NOOS-Ar) among the Saudi Arabian populace

Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation ◽

10.3233/bmr-191658 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Mazen Alqahtani

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Minimal Detectable Change ◽

Detectable Change ◽

Everyday Activity ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Outcome Score ◽

Convergent Construct Validity ◽

Test Retest Reliability

BACKGROUND: To date the Neck OutcOme Score (NOOS) was not cross-culturally adapted, validated or available in the Arabic language, although it was available in other languages. OBJECTIVE: To translate and cross-culturally adapt the Arabic version of the Neck OutcOme Score (NOOS-Ar) and study its psychometric properties. METHODS: A sample of 146 subjects with chronic neck pain filled in the NOOS-Ar questionnaire to determine the Cronbach’s alpha (α) for internal consistency, test-retest reliability by intraclass correlation coefficients(2,1) [ICC(2,1)], inter-item correlation, measurement error by coefficient of variance and minimal detectable change, ceiling and floor effects, convergent construct validity with visual analog scale (VAS) by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (ρ) and factor analysis to calculate and determine its psychometric properties. RESULTS: Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α> 0.9) and test-retest reliability [ICC(2,1)> 0.9] were observed in NOOS-Ar. None of the five subscales of the NOOS-Ar showed a floor or ceiling effect. The coefficient of variance was generally high, but the minimal detectable change was within the acceptable range (< 30%). The ‘everyday activity and pain’ and ‘symptoms’ subscales of the NOOS-Ar, showed a moderate correlation with VAS. CONCLUSION: The NOOS-Ar is highly reliable and has a moderate to good degree of convergent construct validity with VAS with no floor or ceiling effects.

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Validation of the Japanese Version of the Patterns of Activity Measure-Pain in Individuals with Chronic Pain

10.21203/rs.3.rs-689513/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kiyoka Enomoto ◽

Tomonori Adachi ◽

Akira Mibu ◽

Katsuyoshi Tanaka ◽

Sei Fukui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Pain ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Concurrent Validity ◽

Japanese Version ◽

Structural Validity ◽

Consistency Test ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Activity Measure

Abstract Background The Patterns of Activity Measure-Pain (POAM-P) is a self-report questionnaire that measures avoidance, overdoing, and pacing in individuals with chronic pain. We aimed to develop and confirm the psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the POAM-P(POAM-P-J) in Japanese individuals with chronic pain. Methods We recruited 147 Japanese individuals with chronic pain (106 women; mean age 64.89 ± 12.13 years). The individuals completed the POAM-P-J, the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The following psychometric properties of the POAM-P-J were confirmed: structural validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and concurrent validity. Results We tested factor structure via confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). We chose the 3-factor model with six covariances. The POAM-P-J’s internal consistency and test-retest reliability were acceptable to good (α = 0.79–0.86; ICC = 0.72–0.87). The avoidance and overdoing scales were positively associated with pain severity, pain interference, and anxiety measures (all p < 0.05), but the pacing scale was not significantly associated with these pain-related measures. Conclusions Although the structural validity of the POAM-P-J remains questionable, its internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and concurrent validity were confirmed. The POAM-P-J is useful in both research and clinical practice for evaluating the activity patterns of Japanese patients with chronic pain.

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Translation and validation of the Croatian version of the Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP) scale

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp140829136l ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 73 (9) ◽

pp. 811-816 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Vlatka Lajnert ◽

Renata Grzic ◽

Natasa Radica ◽

Damir Snjaric ◽

Stjepan Spalj

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Construct Validity ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Health Impact ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Validity Testing ◽

Before And After ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Oral Impacts

Background/Aim. Among numerous sociodental indicators the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIPD) is one of the most broadly applied. The aim of this study was to develop and test psychometric properties of a Croatian version of OIDP scale. Methods. The OIDP instrument was translated from English to Croatian in a forward-backward method. The Croatian version was tested for reliability, construct validity and responsiveness on a sample of 702 participants (255 men), aged 18-86 years. Results. Internal consistency of Croatian version of the OIDP was acceptable (alpha = 0.80) and 69.4% of the examinees had oral impacts relating to one or several performances. The most frequently affected performance was eating (53.7%). The test-retest reliability was high (r = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.97-0.99), the mean difference between the OIDP summary scores in two-week interval was not statistically significant. In construct validity testing there was statistically significant correlation between OIDP and self-assessed general and oral health, somatisation, depression and Oral Health Impact Profile ranging from 0.157 to 0.516. Responsiveness was confirmed by a significant reduction of oral impacts on daily performances in subjects before and after treatment of acute dental pain (p < 0.001). Conclusion. The Croatian OIDP index showed good psychometric properties in terms of construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability and responsiveness confirming its appropriateness for use among Croatian population.

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Psychometric Evaluation of the Vietnamese Hemodialysis Stressor Scale

Clinical Nursing Research ◽

10.1177/1054773816631724 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 364-385

Author(s):

Thi Loan Dang ◽

Fu-Chih Lai ◽

Yen-Kuang Lin ◽

Kuei-Ru Chou ◽

Nae-Fang Miao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Short Form ◽

Psychometric Evaluation ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Instrument Translation ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Stressor Scale

The lack of a suitable assessment tool may limit optimal stress management and impair the health-related quality of life of patients undergoing hemodialysis. The purpose of the study was to examine latent constructs and psychometric properties of the Vietnamese Hemodialysis Stressor Scale (HSS-V). In total, 180 patients receiving hemodialysis were recruited. Psychometric properties of the HSS-V, including the construct validity, internal consistency, and test–retest reliability, were tested after the instrument translation. The exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 24-item HSS-V with four extracted factors, which explained 58.32% of the total variance. The construct validity was confirmed by significant negative correlations between scores on the HSS-V and Vietnamese-version Short Form-36. The internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .82-.91) and test–retest reliability (intra-class correlations coefficient = .91-.94) of the 24-item HSS-V were satisfactory. A simple structure and preliminary acceptable psychometric properties of the HSS-V were established and can serve as a basis for further studies.

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A Short Version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Development and Psychometric Properties

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182111035 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (21) ◽

pp. 11035

Author(s):

Cheng Chen ◽

Susanne Weyland ◽

Julian Fritsch ◽

Alexander Woll ◽

Claudia Niessner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Construct Validity ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Concurrent Validity ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Activity Enjoyment

Objective: The purposes of this paper were to (a) develop a new short, theory-driven, version of the physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES-S) using content analysis; and (b) subsequently to measure the psychometric properties (construct validity, internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and concurrent validity) of the PACES-S for adolescents. Methods: Six experts used a four-point Likert scale to assess the content validity of each of the 16 items of the physical activity enjoyment scale according to a provided definition of physical activity enjoyment. Based on the results, exploratory factor analysis was used to analyze survey data from a longitudinal study of 182 individuals (Measure 1 of Study 1: 15.75 ± 3.39 yrs; 56.6% boys, 43.4% girls), and confirmatory factor analysis (Measure 2 of Study 1: 15.69 ± 3.44 yrs; 56.3% boys, 43.7% girls) was used to analyze the survey data from a cross-sectional study of 3219 individuals (Study 2; 15.99 ± 3.10 yrs; 47.8% boys, 52.2% girls) to assess the construct validity of the new measure. To assess the reliability, test–retest reliability was assessed in Study 1 and internal consistency in Study 1 and 2. For the concurrent validity, correlations with self-reported and device-based physical activity behavior were assessed in both studies. Results: Four out of sixteen items were selected for PACES-S. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analyses identified and supported its factorial validity (χ2 = 53.62, df = 2, p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.073; CFI = 0.99; RFI = 0.96; NFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.96; IFI = 0.99). Results showed good test–retest reliability (r = 0.76) and internal consistency (a = 0.82 to 0.88). Regarding concurrent validity, the results showed positive correlations with a physical activity questionnaire (Study 1: r = 0.36), with a physical activity diary (Study 1: r = 0.44), and with accelerometer-recorded data (Study 1: r = 0.32; Study 2: r = 0.21). Conclusions: The results indicate that PACES-S is a reliable and valid instrument that may be particularly useful to measure physical activity enjoyment in large-scale studies. It shows comparable measurement properties as the long version of PACES.

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