scholarly journals The association of water supply, sanitation and hygiene interventions and childhood malnutrition in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia: A case-control study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Negasa Eshete Soboksa ◽  
Sirak Robele Gari ◽  
Abebe Beyene Hailu ◽  
Bezatu Mengistie Alemu
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Childhood Malnutrition ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Jimma Zone ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Critical Times

Abstract Background: Malnutrition is the widely known nutritional disorder and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children in developing countries like Ethiopia. About 50% of under-nutrition around the world is associated with infections caused by unsafe water, inadequate sanitation or insufficient hygiene. However, there are limited available data which associate water supply, sanitation and hygiene practices and childhood malnutrition in Ethiopia particularly in the study area. Therefore, the objective of this study was designed to examine the association of water supply, sanitation and hygiene interventions and childhood malnutrition.Methods: Case-control study design was conducted from December 2018 to January 2019 Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Randomly 126 cases and 252 controls were selected from the malnourished children and normal children, respectively. A pretested, structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify the study variables associated with childhood malnutrition and to adjust for confounders. The crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence interval was calculated to assess the level of significance and reported for each confounding variable.Results: The results of this study showed that children living with mothers/caregivers lack of formal education were found to have 57% times less likely developed malnourished, compared to those living with mother/caregiver who attended secondary and above (AOR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.26-1.24). The odds of having malnutrition were increased among children who were breastfed after one hour of birth (AOR=2.60; 95% CI: 1.02-6.65) and children who had diarrhea (AOR=9.50; 95% CI: 5.19-17.36).Collecting water from a distance of less than/equal to one kilometer (AOR=2.52; 95% CI: 0.56-11.39), defecating in open pit(AOR=1.33; 95% CI: 0.62-2.83),under-five children open field defecation practices (AOR=1.17; 95% CI: 0.42-3.23) and lack of hand washing at critical times (AOR=2.38; 95% CI: 1.07-5.29) were positively associated with childhood malnutrition. Conclusion: We conclude that improvement in the initiation of breastfeeding within one hour, diarrhea prevention, use of improved latrine and hand washing at critical times is needed to improve the nutritional status of children.

Association of childhood undernutrition with water supply, sanitation and hygiene interventions in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia: A case-control study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Negasa Eshete Soboksa ◽  
Sirak Robele Gari ◽  
Abebe Beyene Hailu ◽  
Bezatu Mengistie Alemu
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Jimma Zone ◽  
Childhood Undernutrition ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Critical Times

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to describe the association of childhood undernutrition with water supply, sanitation, and hygiene interventions in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of the Jimma Zone, Ethiopia.Design: A case-control study design was undertaken from December 2018 to January 2019.Setting: Kersa and Omo Nada districts of the Jimma Zone, Ethiopia.Subjects: 128 cases and 256 controls were randomly selected from malnourished and well-nourished children, respectively.Outcome measures: Bodyweight, length/height, mid-upper arm circumference and presence of edema of the children were measured according to the WHO references. Then, the nutritional status of children was identified as case or control using cutoff points recommended by the WHO based on the Z-score, edema, and MUAC values recorded.Results: A total of 378 children were included in this study, with a response rate of 98.44%. Undernutrition was significantly increased among children who delayed breastfeeding initiation (AOR=2.60; 95% CI: 1.02-6.65), diarrhea (AOR=9.50; 95% CI: 5.19-17.36), living with households indexed as the poorest (AOR=2.57; 95% CI: 1.09-6.07) and defecated in a pit latrine without slab/open pit (AOR=2.49; 95% CI: 1.17-5.30), and sometimes practiced hand washing at the critical times (AOR=2.52; 95% CI: 1.10-5.75) compared with their counterparts. However, lactating during the survey (AOR=0.35; 95% CI: 0.18-0.71) and collection and disposal of under-five children feces elsewhere (AOR = 0.08; 95% CI: 0.01-0.75) significantly reduced the likelihood of undernutrition.Conclusions: Early initiation of exclusive breastfeeding, diarrhea prevention, the use of improved latrine, and always handwashing practices at critical times could be important variables to improve the nutritional status of children.

scholarly journals Childhood Malnutrition and the Association with Diarrhea, Water supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Practices in Kersa and Omo Nada Districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 117863022199963
Author(s):  
Negasa Eshete Soboksa ◽  
Sirak Robele Gari ◽  
Abebe Beyene Hailu ◽  
Bezatu Mengistie Alemu
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Breastfeeding Initiation ◽  
Childhood Malnutrition ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Jimma Zone ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children ◽  
Critical Times

Background: Inadequate water supply, sanitation, hygiene practices, and diarrhea are related to malnutrition, but there is limited evidence in Ethiopia about their association. Thus, the objective of this study was to describe childhood malnutrition and the association with diarrhea, water supply, sanitation and hygiene practices. Methods: A case-control study design was performed from December 2018 to January 2019 in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of the Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Both children aged 6 to 59 months were chosen randomly from malnourished and well-nourished children in 128 cases and 256 controls, respectively. Bodyweight, length/height, mid-upper arm circumference, and presence of edema of the children were measured according to the WHO references. Then, the nutritional status of the children was identified as a case or control using the cutoff points recommended by the WHO. To see the association-dependent and independent variables, logistic regression analysis was used. Results: A total of 378 children were included in this study (98.44%). Malnutrition was significantly increased among children who delayed breastfeeding initiation(AOR = 3.12; 95% CI: 1.62-6.00), had diarrhea (AOR = 9.22; 95% CI: 5.25-16.20), were living in households indexed as the poorest (AOR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.12-5.62), defecated in a pit latrine without slab/open pit (AOR = 2.49; 95% CI: 1.17-5.30), collecting drinking water from less than/equal to 1 km distance (AOR = 4.77; 95% CI: 1.01-22.71) and sometimes practiced hand washing at the critical times (AOR = 2.58; 95% CI: 1.16-5.74) compared with their counterparts. However, lactating during the survey (AOR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.18-0.67), water collection from unprotected sources (AOR = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.05-0.95) and collection and disposal of under-5 children feces elsewhere (AOR = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.01-0.49) significantly reduced the likelihood of malnutrition. Conclusions: Early initiation of exclusive breastfeeding, diarrhea prevention, and the use of improved latrine and handwashing practices at critical times could be important variables to improve the nutritional status of children.

Water Supply, Sanitation and Diarrhoeal Disease in Nicaragua: Results from a Case-Control Study

1991 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNA C GORTER ◽  
PETER SANDIFORD ◽  
GEORGE DAVEY SMITH ◽  
JOHANNA P PAUW
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Behavioral and environmental determinants of acute diarrhea among under-five children from public health facilities of Siyadebirena Wayu district, north Shoa zone, Amhara regional state, Ethiopia: Unmatched case-control study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259828
Author(s):  
Behailu Tariku Derseh ◽  
Natnael Mulushewa Tafese ◽  
Hazaratali Panari ◽  
Awraris Hailu Bilchut ◽  
Abel Fekadu Dadi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Childhood Diarrhea ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Control Study

Background Acute diarrhea is a major public health problem in the world. Next to pneumonia, it is the leading cause of death in children under five years old. Globally, even though childhood diarrhea disease kills millions, the interaction of socio-demographic, behavioral, and environmental factors of acute diarrhea in children aged 6–59 months is not investigated yet in the current study area. Objective To determine behavioral and environmental predictors of acute diarrhea among under-five children from public health facilities of Siyadebirena Wayu district, North Shoa, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia, 2019. Methods A facility-based unmatched case-control study was conducted from March 12, 2019, to May 12, 2019. A total of 315 under-five children were included in the study (105 cases and 210 controls). A systematic random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data were collected by a structured questionnaire and analyzed by using SPSS. To analyze the data, bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used. Results The study showed that average family monthly income of 12–23 USD (AOR = 6. 22; 95% CI: 1.30, 29.64), hand washing practice of mothers/ care givers with water only (AOR = 3.75; 95% CI: 1.16, 12.13), improper disposal of infant feces (AOR = 11.01; 95% CI: 3.37, 35.96), not treating drinking water at home (AOR = 9.36; 95% CI: 2.73, 32.08), children consuming left-over food stored at room temperature (AOR = 5.52; 95% CI: 1.60, 19.03) and poor knowledge of the respondents about the risk factors for diarrhea were the determinants that significantly associated with acute childhood diarrhea. Conclusion The potential predictors of childhood diarrhea morbidity were improper hand-washing practice, not treating drinking water at home, unsafe disposal of children’s feces, children consuming left-over food stored at room temperature, and having poor knowledge about the major risk factors for diarrhea. Thus, awareness of the community on hygiene and sanitation focusing on proper handling of human excreta, safe water handling, proper hand washing practice, and proper management of leftover food should be enhanced to prevent children from acute diarrhea diseases.

scholarly journals Determinants of Diarrheal Diseases among Under Five Children in Jimma Geneti District, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, 2020: a case-control study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejene Mosisa ◽  
Mecha Aboma ◽  
Teka Girma ◽  
Abera Shibru
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Solid Waste Disposal ◽  
Diarrheal Diseases ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Globally, in 2017, there are nearly 1.7 billion cases of childhood diarrheal diseases and it is the second most important cause of morbidity and mortality among under-five children in low-income countries including Ethiopia. Sanitary conditions, Poor housing, unhygienic environment, inadequate safe water supply, cohabitation with domestic animals that may carry human pathogens, and lack of storage facilities for food combining with socio-economic and behavioral factors are the common determinates of diarrhea diseases and had a large impact on diarrhea incidence in most of the developing countries Methods: A Community-based unmatched case-control study design was conducted on 407 systematically sampled under-five children of Jimma Geneti District (135 with diarrhea and 272 without diarrhea) from May 01 to 30, 2020. Data was collected using an interview administered questionnaire and observational checklist adapted from the WHO/UNICEF core questionnaire and other related literature. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis were done by using SPSS version 20.0 Result: Socio-demographic determinants such as being a child of 12-23 months age (AOR 3.3, 95% CI 1.68-6.46) and parents/legal guardian’s history of diarrheal diseases (AOR 7.38, 95% CI 3.12-17.44) were significantly associated with diarrheal diseases among under-five children. Environmental and Behavioral factors such as unavailability of handwashing facility nearby latrine (AOR 5.22, 95% CI 3.94-26.49), lack of hand-washing practice at critical times (AOR 10.6, 95% CI 3.74-29.81), improper domestic solid waste disposal practice (AOR 2.68, 95% CI 1.39-5.18) and not vaccinated against rotavirus (AOR 2.45, 95% CI 1.25-4.81) were found important determinants of diarrheal diseases among under-five children. Conclusion: Unavailability of hand-washing facility nearby latrine, parent’s/legal guardian’s history of last two weeks diarrheal diseases, improper latrine utilization, lack of hand-washing practice at critical times, improper solid waste disposal practices, and rotavirus vaccination status were the determinants of diarrheal diseases among under-five children identified in this study. Thus, promoting households through the provision of continuous and modified health information on the importance of sanitation, personal hygiene as well as vaccination against rotavirus, which is fundamental to decrease the burden of diarrheal disease among under-five children.

scholarly journals Determinants of Severe Acute Malnutrition among Children age 6-59 Months Old in Two Public Hospitals, North West Ethiopia: a Case Control Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adonia Damtew Nebro ◽  
Degnet Teferi Asres ◽  
Reddy PCJ Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Severe Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
P Value ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

AbstractIntroductionGlobally sever acute malnutrition affects 16.4 million under five children and more than one quarter of those children live in Africa. In Ethiopia, about 3% of children are severely wasted and continues to be persistent over the past 15 years. To implement an effective intervention, it is essential to identify predictors predispose to it. This study therefore, aimed to identify determinants of severe acute malnutrition among under five children in selected public health facilities, Northwest Ethiopia.MethodsInstitution based; age matched case control study was conducted on 104 cases and 208 controls. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were done using conditional logistic regression to identify predictors. Variables having P-value ≤ 0.2 during binary analysis were entered into multivariate analysis. P value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.ResultsChildren from households of large family size(AOR=2.7, 95% CI: 1.06 – 6.9), having monthly income less than 1500 birr (AOR = 5.17, 95% CI: 1.7-15.3), which are food insecure (AOR = 2.9, 95% CI:1.17-7.28)), which didn’t receive any nutrition information (AOR= 3.47,95% CI: 1.14 - 7.10), didn’t practice exclusive breastfeeding (AOR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.18 - 6.10), and practice infrequent hand washing (AOR= 7.6 95% CI:2.44-23.6) as well as children who had history of diarrhea two weeks prior to the survey (AOR 3.2, 95%CI:1.4-7.2) were more likely to suffer from severe acute malnutrition.ConclusionFamily size, monthly income, food security status, exclusive breastfeeding practice, access to information on child feeding, hand washing practice and history of diarrhea were identified to be predictors of severe acute malnutrition. Due emphasis should be given to promoting family planning, improve household livelihoods and food security, strength awareness creation on exclusive breastfeeding and frequent hand washing practices as well as prevention of diarrhea.

scholarly journals Kejadian Demam Tifoid di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Pagiyanten

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-238
Author(s):  
Farissa Ulfa ◽  
Oktia Woro Kasmini Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
P Value ◽  
Eating Habit ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Control Study

ABSTRAK Kasus demam tifoid di Kabupaten Tegal pada tahun 2016 yaitu sebanyak 11.387 kasus dan Puskesmas Pagiyanten merupakan puskesmas dengan jumlah kasus demam tifoid tertinggi yaitu sebanyak 377 kasus. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian demam tifoid di Puskesmas Pagiyanten Kabupaten Tegal.  Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi case control dengan sampel sebesar 43 kasus dan 43 kontrol. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah lembar kuesioner. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat dan bivariat dengan menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasil yang didapatkan faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian demam tifoid meliputi kebiasaan makan di luar rumah (p-value=0,001), kebiasaan mencuci tangan sebelum makan (p-value=0,02), kebiasaan mencuci tangan setelah BAB (p-value=0,04), kebiasaan mencuci bahan makanan mentah (p-value=0,007), dan jamban sehat (p-value=0,04). Simpulan penelitian ini adalah terdapat hubungan antara kebiasaan makan di luar rumah, kebiasaan mencuci tangan sebelum makan, kebiasaan mencuci tangan setelah BAB. kebiasaan mencuci bahan makanan mentah, dan jamban sehat dengan kejadian demam tifoid di Puskesmas Pagiyanten Kabupaten Tegal.   Kata Kunci: Faktor Risiko, Demam Tifoid   ABSTRACT Typhoid fever in Tegal regency in 2016 were 11,387 cases, and Puskesmas Pagiyanten with the highest number of cases of typhoid fever of 377 cases. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with the incidence of typhoid fever in Puskesmas Pagiyanten Tegal regency. The research used case control study with 43 cases and 43 controls. The instrument used is a questionnaire. The data were analyzed by univariate and bivariate using chi-square test. The results of factors related to the occurrence of typhoid fever include eating habits outside the home (p-value=0.001), hand washing before eating habits (p-value=0.02), hand washing habit after defecate (p-value=0.04), the habit of washing raw food (p-value=0,007), and healthy latrines (p-value=0,04). The conclusion of this research is there is a relationship between eating habits outside the home, the habit of washing hands before eating, habit of washing hands after defecate, the habit of washing raw food, and healthy latrines with the incidence of typhoid fever in Puskesmas Pagiyanten Kabupaten Tegal. Keywords: Risk Factors, Typhoid Fever

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