Scabies outbreak investigation in Addet town, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia, 2017

Life Years ◽

The Family ◽

West Gojjam ◽

Strength Of Association

Abstract Background Globally scabies was among the 50 most common infectious diseases, with a point prevalence 0.3%-46% and in terms of morbidity, at 1.5 million disability-adjusted life years. This study investigate and asses risk factors of scabies in Addet Medhanit Alem yekolo temarie in Yilmana Densa district Amhara, Ethiopia, 2017 Methods Unmatched Case-control study was employed. Fifety five cases from line lists reviewed as per the WHO case definition. Cases were epidemiological linked to previously epidemiological confirmed cases and 118 controls were interviewed with structured questionnaires. Data was entered EPI info version 7 and analyzed by SPSS version 23. Adjusted Odds Ratios and with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated to measure strength of association in multi-variable logistic regression Results The prevalence of scabies was 35%. The mean (SD) age of respondents was 16.4(2.785). Out of respondents 110 (63.6%) used river water for daily basis, 36(20.8%) changed their cloth frequently, 105(60.7%) washed their body frequently, 106(61.3%) had at least one scabies infected person in their house. The odds of scabies infection were 2.3 (AOR = 0.436, 95% CI: 0.205-0.929) times lower among frequent changing of cloth, And washing of body with soap and water were 2.17(AOR = 0.461% CI: 0.214-0.993) times lower having scabies infection. Share cloth was 3(AOR = 3.313, 95% CI: 1.536-7.149) times higher having scabies infection. Presence of scabies infected individuals in the family was 6 (AOR = 6.029, 95% CI: 2.071-14.275) times higher to develop scabies infection. Conclusions There prevalence of scabies infection was high, less than 15 years age group were most affected. Frequent changing of cloth, frequent use of soap for body wash, sharing of cloth and presence of scabies infected individuals in the family were factors affecting scabies infection. Personal, house hygiene should be strength and avail soap for students should be considered.

Scabies outbreak investigation in Addet town, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia, 2017

10.21203/rs.2.9214/v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Habtamu Alebachew ◽

Kebadnew Mulatu ◽

Mastewal Worku

Keyword(s):

Daily Basis ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Case Definition ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Frequent Use ◽

Life Years ◽

The Family ◽

West Gojjam ◽

Strength Of Association

Abstract Background Globally scabies was among the 50 most common infectious diseases, with a point prevalence 0.3%-46% and in terms of morbidity, at 1.5 million disability-adjusted life years. This study investigate and asses risk factors of scabies in Addet Medhanit Alem yekolo temarie in Yilmana Densa district Amhara, Ethiopia, 2017 Methods Unmatched Case-control study was employed. Fifety five cases from line lists reviewed as per the WHO case definition. Cases were epidemiological linked to previously epidemiological confirmed cases and 118 controls were interviewed with structured questionnaires. Data was entered EPI info version 7 and analyzed by SPSS version 23. Adjusted Odds Ratios and with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated to measure strength of association in multi-variable logistic regression Results The prevalence of scabies was 35%. The mean (SD) age of respondents was 16.4(2.785). Out of respondents 110 (63.6%) used river water for daily basis, 36(20.8%) changed their cloth frequently, 105(60.7%) washed their body frequently, 106(61.3%) had at least one scabies infected person in their house. The odds of scabies infection were 2.3 (AOR = 0.436, 95% CI: 0.205-0.929) times lower among frequent changing of cloth, And washing of body with soap and water were 2.17(AOR = 0.461% CI: 0.214-0.993) times lower having scabies infection. Share cloth was 3(AOR = 3.313, 95% CI: 1.536-7.149) times higher having scabies infection. Presence of scabies infected individuals in the family was 6 (AOR = 6.029, 95% CI: 2.071-14.275) times higher to develop scabies infection. Conclusions There prevalence of scabies infection was high, less than 15 years age group were most affected. Frequent changing of cloth, frequent use of soap for body wash, sharing of cloth and presence of scabies infected individuals in the family were factors affecting scabies infection. Personal, house hygiene should be strength and avail soap for students should be considered.

Predictors of tuberculosis infection among adults visiting anti-retroviral treatment center in East and West Gojjam Zone, northwest, Ethiopia, 2017

10.21203/rs.2.10615/v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Habtamu Belew Mera ◽

Moges Wubie ◽

Getaye Tizazu ◽

Abebaw Bitew ◽

Tesfa Birlew

Keyword(s):

Immune Deficiency ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Tuberculosis Infection ◽

Treatment Center ◽

Human Immune Deficiency Virus ◽

The Family ◽

West Gojjam ◽

Human Immune ◽

East And West ◽

West Gojjam Zone

Abstract Background: Tuberculosis is a serious health threat, especially for people living with human immune deficiency virus worldwide and the burden of TB/HIV infection is still high in Ethiopia in particular. Objective: To determine the predictors of tuberculosis infection among adults visiting anti-retroviral treatment center in East and west Gojjam, Northwest Ethiopia, 2017Methods: An institution based unmatched case-control study was conducted in East and West Gojjam Zone, Northwest, Ethiopia from March 7-April 15, 2017. Cases were 139 tuberculosis infected human immune deficiency virus positives and controls were 413 non-TB infected HIV positives i.e. 1:3 proportion. All cases in each health facility who confirmed by acid-fast bacilli (direct microscopy), culture and gene expert were considered as TB positive fine needle aspiration. However controls were selected by using simple random sampling technique through the above diagnostic criteria and the data were collected with Face to face interview as well as patient medical record were used and the quality of the data were assured, checked, coded, cleaned and entered in EPI-Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for the analysis. Result: Of the total sample (556), just about 552(99.2%) were participated in the study among this 47.5% were females and 58.9% were rural. Behavioral and modifiable biological risk factors: alcohol users (AOR=2.33; 95% CI:1.34,4.07), BMI<18.5kg/m2 (AOR=3.03;95%CI:1.79,5.14), CD4 count ≤200 cells/µl (AOR=2.34;95%CI:1.89,2.79) and between 201-499 cells/µl (AOR=2.63; 95%CI: 1.01,6.84), bedridden and ambulatory (AOR=3.3;95%CI:1.70,6.29 and AOR=8.2;95%CI:4.34,15.64),respectively. TB history in the family (AOR=3.00; 95%CI: 1.57, 5.74) were predictors for TB infection. Taking CPT (AOR=0.36; 95%CI: 0.21, 0.62) and having early WHO clinical stage I or II (AOR=0.34; 95%CI: 0.20, 0.56) had protective effect against TB infection. Conclusion &Recommendation: Behavioral, biological, clinical and TB history in the family were highly prevalent in the study area. Strengthen screening more frequently, CPT Prophlaxysis and treated promptly important to reduce TB co-morbidity.

Predictors of tuberculosis infection among adults visiting anti-retroviral treatment center in east and west Gojjam, northwest, Ethiopia, 2017

10.21203/rs.2.10615/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Habtamu Belew Mera ◽

Moges Wubie ◽

Getaye Tizazu ◽

Abebaw Bitew ◽

Tesfa Birlew

Keyword(s):

Immune Deficiency ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Tuberculosis Infection ◽

Treatment Center ◽

Human Immune Deficiency Virus ◽

Co Morbidity ◽

The Family ◽

West Gojjam ◽

Human Immune ◽

East And West

Abstract Background Tuberculosis is a serious health threat, especially for people living with human immune deficiency virus and is more likely than others to become sick with tuberculosis are. Objective Predictors of tuberculosis infection among adults visiting anti-retroviral treatment center in Gojjam, Northwest Ethiopia, 2017 Methods An institution based unmatched case-control study was conducted in East and West Gojjam Zone, Northwest, Ethiopia from March 7-April 15, 2017. Cases were 139 tuberculosis infected human immune deficiency virus positives and controls were 413 non-TB infected HIV positives i.e. 1:3 proportion. All cases in each health facility were included. but controls were selected by using simple random sampling technique and the data were collected with Face to face interview as well as patient medical record were used and the quality of the data were assured, the data were checked, coded, cleaned and entered in EPI-Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for the analysis. Result of the total sample (556), just about 552(99.2%) were participated in the study (female=47.5% and rural=58.9%). Behavioral and modifiable biological risk factors: alcohol users (AOR=2.33; 95% CI:1.34,4.07), BMI<18.5kg/m2 (AOR=3.03;95%CI:1.79,5.14), CD4 count ≤200 cells/µl (AOR=2.34;95%CI:1.89,2.79) and between 201-499 cells/µl (AOR=2.63; 95%CI: 1.01,6.84), bedridden and ambulatory (AOR=3.3;95%CI:1.70,6.29 and AOR=8.2;95%CI:4.34,15.64),respectively and TB history in the family (AOR=3.00; 95%CI:1.57,5.74) were predictors for TB infection. Taking CPT (AOR=0.36; 95%CI: 0.21, 0.62) and having early WHO clinical stage I or II (AOR=0.34; 95%CI: 0.20, 0.56) had protective effect against TB infection. Conclusion &Recommendation Behavioral, biological, clinical and TB history in the family were highly prevalent in the study area. Strengthen screening more frequently, CPT Prophlaxysis and treated promptly important to reduce TB co-morbidity.

Trends and Risk Factors of Mortality and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for Cardiovascular Diseases from 1990 to 2017: Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3724861 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zhenkun Wang ◽

Zhishui Chen ◽

Congyi Wang ◽

Aihua Du ◽

Hong Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Burden Of Disease ◽

Global Burden Of Disease ◽

Global Burden ◽

Systematic Analysis ◽

Life Years ◽

Disease Study

Identifying Public Health Problems

10.1093/oso/9780190681050.003.0005 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Scott Burris ◽

Micah L. Berman ◽

Matthew Penn, and ◽

Tara Ramanathan Holiday

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Problems ◽

Health Priorities ◽

Quality Adjusted Life Years ◽

Life Years ◽

Study Designs ◽

Quality Adjusted Life

Chapter 5 discusses the use of epidemiology to identify the source of public health problems and inform policymaking. It uses a case study to illustrate how researchers, policymakers, and practitioners detect diseases, identify their sources, determine the extent of an outbreak, and prevent new infections. The chapter also defines key measures in epidemiology that can indicate public health priorities, including morbidity and mortality, years of potential life lost, and measures of lifetime impacts, including disability-adjusted life years and quality-adjusted life years. Finally, the chapter reviews epidemiological study designs, differentiating between experimental and observational studies, to show how to interpret data and identify limitations.

Health and Well-Being in Adolescence

10.1093/oso/9780190847128.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Susan M. Sawyer ◽

George C. Patton

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Health ◽

Social Determinants ◽

Well Being ◽

Brain Maturation ◽

Health Determinants ◽

Physical And Mental Health ◽

Life Years ◽

High Benefit ◽

Health And Well Being

This chapter describes how the profile of physical and mental health and well-being changes across adolescence. The biological context of healthy adolescent growth and development is reviewed, including secular patterns of puberty and brain maturation. The structural and social determinants of adolescent health are then described. Adolescent health outcomes, including patterns of risk behaviors, emerge from the interaction between biological influences and social health determinants. Estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life years are used to describe three patterns of adolescent health and well-being that vary by age, sex, and national wealth. Globally, the burden of disease increases across adolescence, varying markedly between and within countries. Comprehensive, multisectoral, evidence-informed actions are required that match these conspicuous adolescent health problems, emerging health risks, and major social determinants. Such actions, including quality education and health services, differ greatly from those that benefit younger children yet have similarly high benefit–cost ratios.

Burden of foodborne disease in the Netherlands: from science to policy

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.949 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

L Mughini Gras

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Cost Of Illness ◽

Disease Burden ◽

Food Groups ◽

Source Attribution ◽

Productivity Losses ◽

Life Years ◽

Animal Contact

Abstract In the Netherlands, the Ministry of Health mandates the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) to provide annual updates of the number of illnesses, disease burden and cost-of-illness caused by an agreed-upon standard panel of 14 enteric pathogens. These pathogens are mainly transmitted by food, but also via direct contact with animals, environment-mediated and human-to-human transmission routes. The disease burden is expressed in DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years), a metric integrating morbidity and mortality into one unit. Furthermore, the cost-of-illness (COI) related to these 14 pathogens is estimated and expressed in euros. The COI estimates include healthcare costs, the costs for the patient and/or his family, such as travel expenses, as well as costs in other sectors, for example due to productivity losses. Moreover, using different approaches to source attribution, the estimated DALYs and associated COI estimates are attributed to five major transmission pathways (i.e. food, environment, direct animal contact, human-human transmission, and travel) and 11 food groups within the foodborne pathway itself. The most recent DALY and COI estimates referring to the year 2018 show that the 14 pathogens in question are cumulatively responsible for about 11,000 DALYs and €426 million costs for the Dutch population in 2018, with a share for foodborne transmission being estimated at 4,300 DALYs and €171 million costs, which is comparable to previous years. These estimates have been providing vital insights for policy making as to guide public health interventions and resource allocation for over two decades in the Netherlands. Herewith, the approach and outcomes of the burden of disease and COI estimates in the Netherlands will be presented, with a focus on how these estimates enable policy-makers and the scientific community to monitor trends, generate scientific hypotheses, and undertake public health actions.

Sex-Dependent End-of-Life Mental and Vascular Scenarios for Compensatory Mechanisms in Mice with Normal and AD-Neurodegenerative Aging

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9020111 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 111

Author(s):

Aida Muntsant ◽

Francesc Jiménez-Altayó ◽

Lidia Puertas-Umbert ◽

Elena Jiménez-Xarrie ◽

Elisabet Vila ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

End Of Life ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Pharmacological Interventions ◽

Compensatory Mechanisms ◽

Healthy Life ◽

Life Years ◽

Bidirectional Interactions

Life expectancy decreases with aging, with cardiovascular, mental health, and neurodegenerative disorders strongly contributing to the total disability-adjusted life years. Interestingly, the morbidity/mortality paradox points to females having a worse healthy life expectancy. Since bidirectional interactions between cardiovascular and Alzheimer’s diseases (AD) have been reported, the study of this emerging field is promising. In the present work, we further explored the cardiovascular–brain interactions in mice survivors of two cohorts of non-transgenic and 3xTg-AD mice, including both sexes, to investigate the frailty/survival through their life span. Survival, monitored from birth, showed exceptionally worse mortality rates in females than males, independently of the genotype. This mortality selection provided a “survivors” cohort that could unveil brain–cardiovascular interaction mechanisms relevant for normal and neurodegenerative aging processes restricted to long-lived animals. The results show sex-dependent distinct physical (worse in 3xTg-AD males), neuropsychiatric-like and cognitive phenotypes (worse in 3xTg-AD females), and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activation (higher in females), with higher cerebral blood flow and improved cardiovascular phenotype in 3xTg-AD female mice survivors. The present study provides an experimental scenario to study the suggested potential compensatory hemodynamic mechanisms in end-of-life dementia, which is sex-dependent and can be a target for pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions.

Examination of incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years and risk factors of breast cancer in 49 Asian countries, 1990–2019: estimates from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1093/jjco/hyab004 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rajesh Sharma

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Burden Of Disease ◽

Global Burden ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Life Years ◽

Standardized Mortality Rate

Abstract Background This study presents an up-to-date, comprehensive and comparative examination of breast cancer’s temporal patterns in females in Asia in last three decades. Methods The estimates of incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted-life-years and risk factors of breast cancer in females in 49 Asian countries were retrieved from Global Burden of Disease 2019 study. Results In Asia, female breast cancer incidence grew from 245 045[226 259–265 260] in 1990 to 914 878[815 789–1025 502] in 2019 with age-standardized incidence rate rising from 21.2/100 000[19.6–22.9] to 35.9/100 000[32.0–40.2] between 1990 and 2019. The death counts more than doubled from 136 665[126 094–148 380] to 337 822[301 454–375 251]. The age-standardized mortality rate rose marginally between 1990 and 2019 (1990: 12.1[11.0–13.1]; 2019: 13.4[12.0–14.9]). In 2019, age-standardized incidence rate varied from 17.2/100 000[13.95–21.4] in Mongolia to 122.5[92.1–160.7] in Lebanon and the age-standardized mortality rate varied 4-fold from 8.0/100 000 [7.2–8.8] in South Korea to 51.9[39.0–69.8] in Pakistan. High body mass index (5.6%), high fasting plasma glucose (5.6%) and secondhand smoke (3.5%) were the main contributory risk factors to all-age disability-adjusted-life-years due to breast cancer in Asia. Conclusion With growing incidence, escalating dietary and behavioural risk factors and lower survival rates due to late-disease presentation in low- and medium-income countries of Asia, breast cancer has become a significant public health threat. Its rising burden calls for increasing breast cancer awareness, preventive measures, early-stage detection and cost-effective therapeutics in Asia.