scholarly journals Unsupervised Embedding of Trajectories Captures the Latent Structure of Mobility

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dakota Murray ◽  
Jisung Yoon ◽  
Sadamori Kojaku ◽  
Rodrigo Costas ◽  
Woo-Sung Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Latent Structure ◽  
World Language ◽  
Scientific Mobility ◽  
Functional Distance ◽  
Globalizing World ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Many

Abstract Human mobility drives major societal phenomena including epidemics, economies, and innovation. Historically, mobility was constrained by geographic distance, however, in the globalizing world, language, culture, and history are increasingly important. Here, we show a mathematical equivalence between word2vec model and the gravity model of mobility and demonstrate that, by using three human trajectory datasets, word2vec encodes nuanced relationships between locations into a systematic and meaningful vector-space, providing a functional distance between locations, as well as a representation for studying the many dimensions of mobility. Focusing on the case of scientific mobility, we show that embeddings implicitly learn cultural, linguistic, and hierarchical relationships at multiple levels of granularity. Connecting neural embeddings to the gravity model opens up new avenues for the study of mobility.

scholarly journals Factors influencing e-collaboration for knowledge development and innovation

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tendani J. Lavhengwa ◽  
Jacobus S. Van der Walt ◽  
Eve M. Lavhengwa
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Of Innovations ◽  
Knowledge Development ◽  
Research Institutions ◽  
Media Richness Theory ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Dimensional Matrix ◽  
Grounded Theory Method ◽  
Coding Method ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Many

Background: Knowledge development and innovation are at the heart of the progress of academic and research institutions (ARIs) through individual and coordinated research projects. Collaboration initiatives remain a challenge for many researchers for a myriad of reasons which are further intensified by the many technology options that are available both freely and at varying prices. Although multiple theories were considered, the focus on electronic communication supported by the interest in how innovation is diffused and the richness of media motivated the focus on diffusion of innovations (DOI) and media richness theory (MRT).Objectives: The objective was to develop a multi-dimensional matrix of e-collaboration factors for research institutions. This study investigated collaboration by ARIs while focusing on the supporting and enabling technologies.Method: The grounded theory method (GTM) was adopted. E-collaboration literature was reviewed followed by data collection using observations, interviews and a blog. DOI and MRT were considered as theories that assist in the implementation of collaboration. A blog was developed as an e-collaboration platform to examine the emergent ideas and to collect data. Data was analysed through the coding method which led to the development of the multi-dimensional e-collaboration factors matrix.Results: The findings reveal that e-collaboration has multiple factors that must be considered. Collaboration by participants was improved through knowledge development and innovation.Conclusion: The multi-dimensional matrix of e-collaboration factors presented collaborators with a checklist that will enhance and improve their work. ARIs continue to collaborate at multiple levels depending on their needs and objectives.

scholarly journals Gated recurrence enables simple and accurate sequence prediction in stochastic, changing, and structured environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cedric Foucault ◽  
Florent Meyniel
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variables ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Latent Structure ◽  
Neural Network Architecture ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Sequence Prediction ◽  
Effective Learning ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Brain

From decision making to perception to language, predicting what is coming next is crucial. It is also challenging in stochastic, changing, and structured environments; yet the brain makes accurate predictions in many situations. What computational architecture could enable this feat? Bayesian inference makes optimal predictions but is prohibitively difficult to compute. Here, we show that a specific recurrent neural network architecture enables simple and accurate solutions in several environments. To this end, a set of three mechanisms suffices: gating, lateral connections, and recurrent weight tuning. Like the human brain, such networks develop internal representations of their changing environment (including estimates of the environment's latent variables and the precision of these estimates), leverage multiple levels of latent structure, and adapt their effective learning rate to changes without changing their connection weights. Being ubiquitous in the brain, gated recurrence could therefore serve as a generic building block to predict in real-life environments.

scholarly journals Deriving fine-scale models of human mobility from aggregated origin-destination flow data

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. e1008588
Author(s):  
Constanze Ciavarella ◽  
Neil M. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Mobility Models ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Flow Data ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Movement Data

The spatial dynamics of epidemics are fundamentally affected by patterns of human mobility. Mobile phone call detail records (CDRs) are a rich source of mobility data, and allow semi-mechanistic models of movement to be parameterised even for resource-poor settings. While the gravity model typically reproduces human movement reasonably well at the administrative level spatial scale, past studies suggest that parameter estimates vary with the level of spatial discretisation at which models are fitted. Given that privacy concerns usually preclude public release of very fine-scale movement data, such variation would be problematic for individual-based simulations of epidemic spread parametrised at a fine spatial scale. We therefore present new methods to fit fine-scale mathematical mobility models (here we implement variants of the gravity and radiation models) to spatially aggregated movement data and investigate how model parameter estimates vary with spatial resolution. We use gridded population data at 1km resolution to derive population counts at different spatial scales (down to ∼ 5km grids) and implement mobility models at each scale. Parameters are estimated from administrative-level flow data between overnight locations in Kenya and Namibia derived from CDRs: where the model spatial resolution exceeds that of the mobility data, we compare the flow data between a particular origin and destination with the sum of all model flows between cells that lie within those particular origin and destination administrative units. Clear evidence of over-dispersion supports the use of negative binomial instead of Poisson likelihood for count data with high values. Radiation models use fewer parameters than the gravity model and better predict trips between overnight locations for both considered countries. Results show that estimates for some parameters change between countries and with spatial resolution and highlight how imperfect flow data and spatial population distribution can influence model fit.

Increased Interest in Physical Activity Within the Federal Government: Opportunities for Kinesiologists

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Troiano
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Physical Activity Guidelines ◽  
National Prevention ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Many ◽  
Research Resources

The following article was the Rainer and Julie Martens Invited Lecture given at the National Academy of Kinesiology, September 2011. The federal government has a demonstrated interest in the health benefits of physical activity. A major milestone in federal interest was the publication of the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Other federal efforts, such as the National Prevention Strategy and the Lets Move! initiative, seek to translate the science in the Guidelines into action at multiple levels of society. Federal interest is also demonstrated through the range of physical activity research funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This paper describes research resources and examples of research funded by several NIH institutes with the intent to enhance the ability of members of the National Academy of Kinesiology to have a positive impact on society by advancing the science, as well as promoting and facilitating the many and diverse benefits of human movement.

scholarly journals The many names of English

English Today ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELIZABETH J. ERLING
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
Global English ◽  
Globalizing World ◽  
Global Nature ◽  
The Many

A discussion of the variety of labels given to the language in its worldwide role. In his article ‘Is it world or international or global English, and does it matter?’ (ET79, Jul 04), Tom McArthur welcomes further comment on the names of English in a ‘globalizing world’. He examines the histories and meanings of the three most popular labels for English: world, international and global. In addition to discussing his contribution, I would like to draw attention to other, perhaps less familiar names for English that have been proposed as alternatives. This paper seeks both to survey these labels and uncover why there is such a strong compulsion to rename the language. I suggest that these proposals have arisen in response to postcolonial ambiguity about the spread of English and a desire to shape a new ideology for English language teaching (ELT) which more accurately reflects the global nature of the language and its diverse uses and users.

scholarly journals Constrained and flexible features of rhythmical hindlimb movements in chicks: kinematic profiles of walking, swimming and airstepping

1992 ◽  
Vol 171 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Johnston ◽  
A. Bekoff
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Interjoint Coordination ◽  
Ankle Joints ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Many ◽  
Coordination Patterns ◽  
Distinctive Role

Although studies of walking have generated many of the principles for motor control, walking is but one of the many behaviors that an animal produces. This study investigates the relationships among the kinematic profiles of three behaviors in chicks: walking, swimming and airstepping. In addition to describing features of the hindlimb movements, such as retraction and protraction, we also examined the intra- and interjoint coordination patterns at the hip, knee and ankle. By using multiple levels of analysis, we identified some features that are common to all three behaviors, and therefore appear to be constrained, as well as some dissimilar or flexible features. Specifically, we show that resistance differentially affects the hip, knee and ankle joints. Our results also show that each joint plays a distinctive role in these behaviors. For example, we suggest that the hip stabilizes the hindlimb and regulates the rhythmicity of its movements. We also show that movement at the knee consistently precedes movement at the other joints in each behavior. Finally, differences in ankle movements are the key features that discriminate one behavior from another. Continuity among prenatal, perinatal and postnatal behaviors in chicks is discussed.

TELEVİZYON REKLAMLARININ TÜKETİM KÜLTÜRÜNE ETKİSİ THE EFFECT OF TELEVISION ADVERTISEMENTS ON CONSUMPTION CULTURE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (14) ◽  
pp. 56-66
Author(s):  
Cemil YAVUZ
Keyword(s):  
World Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Purchasing Behavior ◽  
Television Commercials ◽  
Globalizing World ◽  
Consumption Culture ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Television Advertisements ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship

The concept of "other", which is made attractive by different discourses in the consumption culture, is presented to users as an object to be consumed. The other phone, the other house, the other body, etc., which the consumers desire to reach. advertisements are always made more attractive than what they have. In a sense, instead of marketing products to people in line with their needs, new needs are tried to be marketed to this audience. As a result, in today's rapidly changing world, the necessity of going beyond traditional stereotypes has arisen in understanding consumer behavior. While examining the purchasing behavior of consumers, some new facts brought about by the changing and globalizing world order should also be taken into account, apart from the classical factors. Advertising is one of the most important concepts that trigger social consumption. Advertisements reach the target audience through different channels and television advertisements take a large share of this part. What is important for a company that advertises is that it prefers its own brand among the many different brands when the consumer goes to the market. However, with the emergence of many similar brands in the same categories, classical advertisements are not enough for a product to be the first choice in the minds of the consumer. In this study, how the desire factor that is tried to be evoked in television commercials is processed in the commercials. The relationship between the interest levels of consumers' gender identities and socioeconomic status levels regarding advertisements and the effect of these concepts on the shaping of consumption culture is discussed in scale.

INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF WITHIN- AND BETWEEN-PATCH MOVEMENT IN A DYNAMIC MODEL OF DISEASE SPREAD

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (04) ◽  
pp. 815-837
Author(s):  
KLOT PATANARAPEELERT
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Invasion Threshold ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Local Transmission

The impact of human mobility on the spreading of disease in a metapopulation is emphasized on interconnecting between patches, whereas the current volume of movement within the local population is usually neglected. Here, the role of internal commuters is taken into account by two means, a local transmission rate and the volume of internal commuters. Dynamic model of human mobility in the metapopulation with gravity coupling is presented. In conjunction with the disease spreading, the impact on invasion threshold and epidemic final size are analyzed. For two-patch model, we show that under fixing parameters in gravity model, the existence of invasion threshold depends on the difference of local transmission rates and the proportion of internal commuters between two patches. For a fully connected network with an identical transmission rate, the difference in patch final sizes is driven by patch distribution of internal commuters. By neglecting the effect of spatial variation in a simple core–satellite model, we show that the heterogeneity of internal commuters and gravity coupling induce a complex pattern of threshold, which depend mostly on the exponent in gravity model, and are responsible for the differences among local epidemic sizes.

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