Synthesis of a bifunctional boron-Lewis acid and studies on host-guest chemistry using pyridine and TMPD

Based on the previously described bifunctional Lewis acid with a functional distance of the boron functions of 4.918(2) Å, the development of a further bifunctional, boron-containing Lewis acid with a wider functional distance is demonstrated. Again, a stannylated precursor was used and the Lewis-acidic boron functions were introduced by means of tin-boron exchange. The general suitability of this class of compounds for the formation of host-guest-complexes is demonstrated by NMR experiments and by solid-state structures using pyridine and TMPD (N 1,N 1,N 4,N 4-tetramethylbenzene-1,4-diamine) as Lewis basic guests. The influence of traces of moisture on the boron-containing, bifunctional Lewis acids was investigated by the structure elucidation of a decomposition product.

Unsupervised Embedding of Trajectories Captures the Latent Structure of Mobility

Human mobility drives major societal phenomena including epidemics, economies, and innovation. Historically, mobility was constrained by geographic distance, however, in the globalizing world, language, culture, and history are increasingly important. Here, we show a mathematical equivalence between word2vec model and the gravity model of mobility and demonstrate that, by using three human trajectory datasets, word2vec encodes nuanced relationships between locations into a systematic and meaningful vector-space, providing a functional distance between locations, as well as a representation for studying the many dimensions of mobility. Focusing on the case of scientific mobility, we show that embeddings implicitly learn cultural, linguistic, and hierarchical relationships at multiple levels of granularity. Connecting neural embeddings to the gravity model opens up new avenues for the study of mobility.

Possibility of applying geoinformation multiagent optimisation for planning the development of road networks

In recent years, computational intelligence has been used to solve optimisation problems. An innovative direction in the development of artificial intelligence methods is multiagent methods of intellectual optimisation, which simulate the collective behaviour of insects, animals and other living beings. It indicates the effectiveness of their behaviour, and hence the effectiveness of these methods, and the ability to be involved in solving applied problems. This article is devoted to the study of the development of road transport networks using the metaheuristic ant method of optimisation based on a number of data. The initial data were geospatial layers of information on slope steepness, engineering structures, forests, perennials, land development and hydrographic objects. The parameters of the behaviour of the studied method under different conditions and volumes of input geospatial data are experimentally established. The Max–Min method of multiagent optimisation is modified. The proposed modification takes into account the functional distance – the coefficient of the complexity of the route, which affects its length. This modification had an effective influence on the behaviour of ants and the choice of optimal routes, taking into account the terrain as one of the factors. The result of the advancement is an informational system, which is capable of formulating flexible options for passing optimal alternative routes between specified settlements.

Distance decay 2.0 – a global synthesis of taxonomic and functional turnover in ecological communities

Understanding the variation in community composition and species abundances, i.e., β-diversity, is at the heart of community ecology. A common approach to examine β-diversity is to evaluate directional turnover in community composition by measuring the decay in the similarity among pairs of communities along spatial or environmental distances. We provide the first global synthesis of taxonomic and functional distance decay along spatial and environmental distance by analysing 149 datasets comprising different types of organisms and environments. We modelled an exponential distance decay for each dataset using generalized linear models and extracted r2 and slope to analyse the strength and the rate of the decay. We studied whether taxonomic or functional similarity has stronger decay across the spatial and environmental distances. We also unveiled the factors driving the rate of decay across the datasets, including latitude, spatial extent, realm, and organismal features. Taxonomic distance decay was stronger along spatial and environmental distances compared with functional distance decay. The rate of taxonomic spatial distance decay was the fastest in the datasets from mid-latitudes while the rate of functional decay increased with latitude. Overall, datasets covering larger spatial extents showed a lower rate of decay along spatial distances but a higher rate of decay along environmental distances. Marine ecosystems had the slowest rate of decay. This synthesis is an important step towards a more holistic understanding of patterns and drivers of taxonomic and functional β-diversity.

WADAH AKTIVITAS TEMPORER DI RAWA BUAYA

The lives of many Jakarta people are spent in the residence (first place) and the workplace (second place). Lack of community interaction outside these two places makes people feel unfamiliar with the surrounding environment to cause prejudice and even crime (Theory of Deindividuation). Humans tend to feel more secure about the surrounding environment if they can get to know the people around him. The density of Jakarta is accompanied by a variety of activities that have not been properly enclosed. Spatial optimization using the planning of space temporality is manifested in the portability of architecture and program planning. To bring the community together, a temporary activity place (Tempo. Act. Place) is designed in Rawa Buaya. This site was chosen because it has a high diversity of the community. The method used is quantitative and qualitative methods, which is a grounded observation, interviews, and a literature review. The program in this building is realized through some zones, which are the Temporary Event Zone, the Knowledge Sharing Zone, the Pocket Farming Zone, and the Commercial Zone. The zone is planned to bring togetherness and trigger the needs of users so they can interact with each other. Organizing space is also formed through the approach of Social Psychology theory, namely Functional Distance. The shape of the building was inspired by the metamorphosis of the Liquid Phase theory in Temporary City which was realized in the form of cones. Then the curved floor plan following the cone made the building more dynamic. So that the third-place character that are playful mood, a conversation is the main activity, and neutral can be fulfilled. AbstrakKehidupan masyarakat Jakarta banyak dihabiskan di tempat tinggal (first place) dan tempat bekerja (second place). Kurangnya interaksi masyarakat di luar dua tempat tersebut membuat masyarakat merasa asing dengan lingkungan sekitarnya hingga menimbulkan prasangka dan kejahatan (Theory of Deindividuation). Manusia cenderung merasa lebih aman terhadap lingkungan sekitarnya, apabila ia dapat mengenal orang sekitarnya. Kepadatan kota Jakarta diiringi beragam aktivitas yang belum terwadahi dengan baik. Pengoptimalan ruang menggunakan sifat kesementaraan ruang terwujud dalam portabilitas arsitektur dan perencanaan program yang berfungsi mewaktukan ruang. Untuk mempertemukan masyarakat, direncanakan sebuah wadah aktivitas yang bersifat temporer yang berada di Rawa Buaya. Lingkungan ini dipilih karena memiliki keberagaman yang tinggi. Metode yang dipakai adalah metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif, yaitu berupa observasi grounded, wawancara, dan kajian literatur. Program ruang dalam bangunan ini terwujud melalui zona yang ada, yaitu Zona Temporary Event, Zona Knowledge Sharing, Zona Pocket Farming, dan Zona Komersil. Zona tersebut direncanakan untuk mempertemukan dan memicu kebutuhan antar pengguna sehingga dapat saling berinteraksi. Pengorganisasian ruang juga dibentuk melalui pendekatan teori Psikologi Sosial, yaitu Functional Distance. Bentuk bangunan terinspirasi dari metamorfosa teori Liquid Phase di Temporary City yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk cone. Kemudian bentuk denah yang melengkung mengikuti cone tadi membuat bangunan menjadi lebih dinamis. Sehingga karakter third place dapat terpenuhi, yaitu playful mood, conversation is the main activity, dan neutral.