scholarly journals Different formulations of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates in human compatible adjuvants: Potency studies in mice showed different platforms of immune responses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melika Haghighi ◽  
Akbar khorasani ◽  
Pegah Karimi ◽  
Rouhollah Keshavarz ◽  
Mehdi Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Igg2a Level ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
And Control ◽  
Ctl Activity

Abstract Several inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were approved for human use but are not highly potent. Here, different formulations of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus in Alum, Montanide 51VG and Montanide ISA720VG adjuvants were developed and then immune responses were assessed. SARS-CoV-2 virus was inactivated with formalin and formulated in the adjuvants. BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with 4µg of experimental vaccines on days 0 and 14 and two weeks after the final immunization, IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines, CTL activity and specific IgG titer and IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and also anti-RBD IgG response were assessed. Immunization with SARS-CoV-2-Montanide ISA51VG showed a significant increase in IFN-γ cytokine versus SARS-CoV-2-Alum, SARS-CoV-2-Montanide ISA720VG and control groups (P<0.0033). Cytokine IL-4 response in SARS-CoV-2-Alum group showed a significant increase versus SARS-CoV-2-Montanide ISA51VG, SARS-CoV-2-Montanide ISA720VG and control groups (P<0.0206). In addition, SARS-CoV-2-Montanide ISA51VG vaccine induced the highest IFN-γ/IL-4 cytokine ratio versus other groups (P<0.0004). CTL activity in SARS-CoV-2- Montanide ISA51 VG and SARS-CoV-2-Montanide ISA720 VG groups showed a significant increase versus SARS-CoV-2-Alum and control groups (P<0.0075). Specific IgG titer in SARS-CoV-2- Montanide ISA51 VG and SARS-CoV-2-Montanide ISA720VG showed significant increase versus SARS-CoV-2-Alum and control groups (P<0.0143). Results of specific IgG1and IgG2a level in SARS-COV-2-Alum, SARS-COV-2-Montanide ISA51VG and SARS-COV-2-Montanide ISA720VG vaccine showed a significant increase versus the control group (P<0.0001) but SARS-COV-2-Montanide ISA51VG and SARS-COV-2-Montanide ISA 720VG groups showed highest IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and a significant increase versus SARS-COV-2-Alum group (P<0.0379). Results of anti-RBD IgG response showed that inactivated SARS-COV-2+Alum and SARS-COV-2-Montanide ISA 720VG vaccine groups demonstrated a significant increase versus SARS-COV-2-Montanide ISA51VG group. It seems that the type of vaccine formulation is a critical parameter that effect on immunologic patterns and vaccine potency. Here, results showed that human compatible oil-based adjuvants were more potent than Alum adjuvant in the induction of cellular and humoral immune responses versus SARS-CoV-2 virus.

scholarly journals Antibody responses in buffalos immunized with Clostridium perfringens beta and epsilon toxoids

2001 ◽  
Vol 46 (No. 9–10) ◽  
pp. 241-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rahman M ◽  
K. Baek B ◽  
T. Hong S ◽  
H. Lee J
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Group A ◽  
And Control

The antibody responses to toxoids were measured to investigate whether&nbsp;Clostridium perfringens&nbsp;beta and epsilon toxoids induced protective humoral immune responses in buffalos. Total of 24 buffalos were divided into 4 groups (n&nbsp;= 6), beta toxoid, epsilon toxoid, combination and control groups. These buffalo groups were administered each of the designated toxoids. Immunizations in the beta and epsilon toxoid groups induced strong antibody responses. The neutralizing antibody titres from the beta and epsilon toxoid groups were equally log101.2 on day 21 after inoculation whereas there was no antibody titre detected from the control group. A statistically significant (P&nbsp;&lt; 0.01) increase in antibody titre was observed from day 0 to day 14 and 21 after inoculation. The antibody production did not vary significantly due to day of inoculation and toxoid interactions.

scholarly journals Cellular and humoral immune responses associated with protection in sheep vaccinated against Teladorsagia circumcincta

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Machín ◽  
Yolanda Corripio-Miyar ◽  
Julia N. Hernández ◽  
Tara Pérez-Hernández ◽  
Adam D. Hayward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sheep Breeds ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta

AbstractDue to increased anthelmintic resistance, complementary methods to drugs are necessary to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Vaccines are an environmentally-friendly and promising option. In a previous study, a Teladorsagia circumcincta recombinant sub-unit vaccine was administered to two sheep breeds with different levels of resistance against GIN. In the susceptible Canaria Sheep (CS) breed, vaccinates harboured smaller worms with fewer eggs in utero than the control group. Here, we extend this work, by investigating the cellular and humoral immune responses of these two sheep breeds following vaccination and experimental infection with T. circumcincta. In the vaccinated CS group, negative associations between antigen-specific IgA, IgG2 and Globule Leukocytes (GLs) with several parasitological parameters were established as well as a higher CD4+/CD8+ ratio than in control CS animals, suggesting a key role in the protection induced by the vaccine. In the more resistant Canaria Hair Breed (CHB) sheep the vaccine did not significantly impact on the parasitological parameters studied and none of these humoral associations were observed in vaccinated CHB lambs, although CHB had higher proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells within the abomasal lymph nodes, suggesting higher mucosal T cell activation. Each of the component proteins in the vaccine induced an increase in immunoglobulin levels in vaccinated groups of each breed. However, levels of immunoglobulins to only three of the antigens (Tci-MEP-1, Tci-SAA-1, Tci-ASP-1) were negatively correlated with parasitological parameters in the CS breed and they may be, at least partially, responsible for the protective effect of the vaccine in this breed. These data could be useful for improving the current vaccine prototype.

scholarly journals Intranasal Immunization Confers Protection against Murine Pneumocystis carinii Lung Infection

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 805-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan M. Pascale ◽  
Margaret M. Shaw ◽  
Pamela J. Durant ◽  
Aytza A. Amador ◽  
Marilyn S. Bartlett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pneumocystis Carinii ◽  
Lung Infection ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Mucosal Immunization ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Tracheobronchial Lymph Node ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses

ABSTRACT To evaluate the feasibility of mucosal immunization againstPneumocystis carinii (Pc) experimental infection, female BALB/c mice were intranasally immunized three times with soluble Pc antigens plus cholera toxin fraction B (Pc-CTB); control groups received either Pc antigen, CTB, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) alone. Two weeks after the last immunization, five animals from each group were sacrificed, and cellular and humoral immune responses were evaluated. The remaining five mice were CD4 depleted using a monoclonal antibody against mouse CD4 and inoculated with viable Pc. Significantly higher specific lymphoproliferative responses from tracheobronchial lymph node cells, immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibody levels in serum, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)-derived IgA antibody concentrations were observed in the Pc-CTB group of mice relative to control groups (P < 0.01). Five weeks after challenge, no Pc organisms were observed in the lung smears of the Pc-CTB group, while the animals receiving antigen, adjuvant, or PBS had progressively higher numbers of Pc microorganisms. By Western blot analysis, a strongly reactive 55- to 60-kDa antigen was recognized by BAL IgA and by serum IgG. In summary, mucosal immunization elicited specific cellular and humoral immune responses and protected against Pc lung infection after immunosuppression.

scholarly journals Limited ability of humoral immune responses in control of viremia during infection with SIVsmmD215 strain

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 113 (18) ◽  
pp. 4250-4261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaidra Gaufin ◽  
Rajeev Gautam ◽  
Melissa Kasheta ◽  
Ruy Ribeiro ◽  
Erin Ribka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anti Cd20 ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe investigated the impact of rhesus macaque (RM) B-cell depletion before inoculation with the isolate SIVsmmD215. Seven RMs were treated every 3 weeks with 50 mg/kg of an anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab) starting 7 days before inoculation for 2 (n = 4) and 5 (n = 3) months. Four control animals received no antibody. Three animals were completely depleted of CD20+ B cells, but 4 were only partially depleted of CD20 cells in the LNs and intestine. The decrease in antibody production was consistent with the efficacy of tissue CD20 depletion. Seroconversion and neutralizing antibody production was significantly delayed in animals showing complete tissue CD20 depletion and remained at low titers in all CD20-depleted RMs. Surprisingly, there was no significant difference in acute or chronic viral loads between CD20-depleted and control animal groups. There was a tendency for lower viral set points in CD20-depleted animals. At 6 weeks after inoculation, cellular immune responses were significantly stronger in CD20-depleted animals than in controls. There was no significant difference in survival between CD20-depleted and control animals. Our data suggest that a deficiency of Ab responses did not markedly affect viral replication or disease progression and that they may be compensated by more robust cellular responses.

scholarly journals Impact of Malaria Preexposure on Antiparasite Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses after Controlled Human Malaria Infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 2185-2196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Obiero ◽  
Seif Shekalaghe ◽  
Cornelus C. Hermsen ◽  
Maxmillian Mpina ◽  
Else M. Bijker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Malaria ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Controlled Human Malaria Infection ◽  
Circulating Lymphocytes ◽  
Ifn Γ

To understand the effect of previous malaria exposure on antiparasite immune responses is important for developing successful immunization strategies. Controlled human malaria infections (CHMIs) using cryopreservedPlasmodium falciparumsporozoites provide a unique opportunity to study differences in acquisition or recall of antimalaria immune responses in individuals from different transmission settings and genetic backgrounds. In this study, we compared antiparasite humoral and cellular immune responses in two cohorts of malaria-naive Dutch volunteers and Tanzanians from an area of low malarial endemicity, who were subjected to the identical CHMI protocol by intradermal injection ofP. falciparumsporozoites. Samples from both trials were analyzed in parallel in a single center to ensure direct comparability of immunological outcomes. Within the Tanzanian cohort, we distinguished one group with moderate levels of preexisting antibodies to asexualP. falciparumlysate and another that, based onP. falciparumserology, resembled the malaria-naive Dutch cohort. PositiveP. falciparumserology at baseline was associated with a lower parasite density at first detection by quantitative PCR (qPCR) after CHMI than that for Tanzanian volunteers with negative serology. Post-CHMI, both Tanzanian groups showed a stronger increase in anti-P. falciparumantibody titers than Dutch volunteers, indicating similar levels of B-cell memory independent of serology. In contrast to the Dutch, Tanzanians failed to increaseP. falciparum-specificin vitrorecall gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production after CHMI, and innate IFN-γ responses were lower inP. falciparumlysate-seropositive individuals than in seronegative individuals. In conclusion, positiveP. falciparumlysate serology can be used to identify individuals with better parasite control but weaker IFN-γ responses in circulating lymphocytes, which may help to stratify volunteers in future CHMI trials in areas where malaria is endemic.

Induction of humoral immunity in response to immunization with recombinantMycobacterium bovisBCG expressing the S1 subunit ofBordetella pertussistoxin

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1015-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco A Medeiros ◽  
Geraldo R.G Armôa ◽  
Odir A Dellagostin ◽  
Douglas McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pertussis Toxin ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Specific Igg

Two recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG (rBCG) vaccine strains were developed for the expression of cytoplasmically located S1 subunit of pertussis toxin, with expression driven by the hsp60 promoter of M. bovis (rBCG/pPB10) or the pAN promoter of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (rBCG/pPB12). Both strains showed stable expression of equivalent levels of recombinant S1 in vitro and induced long-term (up to 8 months) humoral immune responses in BALB/c mice, although these responses differed quantitatively and qualitatively. Specifically, rBCG/pPB12 induced markedly higher levels of IgG1 than did rBCG/pPB10, and mice immunized with the former strain developed specific long-term memory to S1, as indicated by the production of high levels of S1-specific IgG in response to a sublethal challenge with pertussis toxin 15 months after initial immunization. When considered in combination with previous studies, our data encourage further evaluation of rBCG as a potential means of developing a low-cost whooping cough vaccine based on defined antigens.Key words: recombinant BCG, humoral immune response, B. pertussis.

Longitudinal humoral immune responses of Indian leaf monkey (Presbytis entellus) to Brugia malayi infection

Parasitology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. MURTHY ◽  
K. TYAGI ◽  
R. P. GHOSH ◽  
P. S. R. MURTHY ◽  
R. K. CHATTERJEE
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Brugia Malayi ◽  
Immunoblot Analysis ◽  
Presbytis Entellus ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Latent Stage ◽  
Leaf Monkey ◽  
Specific Igg

Humoral immune responses of the Indian leaf monkey (Presbytis entellus) experimentally infected with Brugia malayi and exhibiting disease manifestations were studied. Microfilaraemia, filaria-specific IgG and circulating immune complexes (CICs) were determined in the monkeys at different time-points after inoculation of B. malayi 3rd-stage larvae. Sera were analysed for recognition pattern of adult parasite antigen molecules by immunoblotting. More than 60% of the infected monkeys developed episodic or persistent limb oedema with or without fever and with low or no microfilaraemia. While both CIC and filaria specific IgG levels were comparable in animals showing no disease symptoms (asymptomatics) and some animals showing symptoms (symptomatics), IgG levels peaked during pre-patent stage in symptomatics and during latent stage in asymptomatic animals. However, some of the symptomatic animals showed a low level of filaria-specific IgG as compared to asymptomatic and other symptomatic animals. The immunoblot analysis showed non-reactivity of 17 and 55 kDa antigens with sera of symptomatic animals. The results thus suggest that humoral immune responses as measured in the present study do not precede the development of the manifestations. However, 2 non-reactive antigen molecules identified by symptomatic sera need further study to establish their possible involvement, if any, in the development of acute disease manifestations in this model.

EBV-specific immune responses in patients with multiple sclerosis responding to IFNβ therapy

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Comabella ◽  
Kristina Kakalacheva ◽  
Jordi Río ◽  
Christian Münz ◽  
Xavier Montalban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
T Cell Responses ◽  
Lytic Replication ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Specific Igg

Background: Symptomatic primary infection with the human γ-herpesvirus Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and elevated immune responses to EBV are associated with the development and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). Interferon-beta (IFNβ), first-line treatment for relapse-onset MS, exhibits complex immunoregulatory and antiviral activities. Objective: To determine EBV-specific immune responses in patients with MS during IFNβ therapy. Methods: We evaluated cellular and humoral immune responses to EBV- and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-encoded antigens in patients with MS before and 1 year after IFNβ treatment by ELISA and flow cytometry. Twenty-eight patients with MS who showed a clinical response to IFNβ as defined by the absence of relapses and lack of progression on the Expanded Disability Status Scale score during the first 2 years of treatment were included. Results: Clinically effective IFNβ-therapy was associated with a downregulation of proliferative T cell responses to the latent EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1). EBNA1-specific IgG responses as well as cellular and humoral immune responses to MHC class I restricted EBV antigens expressed during lytic replication and viral B cell transformation were similar before and after IFNβ therapy. Although HCMV-specific IgG levels slightly decreased, proliferative T-cell responses towards HCMV antigens remained unchanged during IFNβ therapy. Conclusion: Clinically effective IFNβ therapy is associated with a reduction of proliferative T-cell responses to EBNA1.

scholarly journals Vaccination with a DNA Vaccine Coding for Perforin-Like Protein 1 and MIC6 Induces Significant Protective Immunity against Toxoplasma gondii

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 684-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Kuo Yan ◽  
Zi-Guo Yuan ◽  
Hui-Qun Song ◽  
Eskild Petersen ◽  
Yang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Dna Vaccine ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACTHost cell invasion byToxoplasma gondiiis tightly related to microneme protein 6 (MIC6) andT. gondiiperforin-like protein 1 (TgPLP1). In this study, we constructed a DNA vaccine expressing a TgPLP1/MIC6 fusion protein using the pIRESneo vector, and we evaluated the immune response induced by this vaccine in Kunming mice. Levels of IgG antibody, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-12, IL-4, and IL-10 were examined. Five mice were chosen randomly from every group (vaccinated groups or the nonvaccinated control group) and were challenged intragastrically with 80 cysts ofT. gondiistrain PRU (genotype II) in order to observe mortality daily. To analyze protection against a less-virulent challenge, eight mice of each group were orally infected with 20 cysts of strain PRU at the 14th day after the last immunization. The brain parasite load was evaluated 6 weeks after infection. The results demonstrated that immunization with pIRESneo/MIC6/PLP1 resulted in the lowest brain cyst count and prolonged the survival time of immunized mice. The levels ofToxoplasma-specific IgG, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12 increased significantly, and the numbers of cysts in brains decreased more obviously, in the group immunized with plasmid pIRESneo/MIC6/PLP1 than in the other groups (P< 0.05). Compared with pIRESneo/MIC6/PLP1, coimmunization with pIRESneo/MIC6/PLP1 and adjuvant murine IL-18 promoted cellular and humoral immune responses but did not contribute significantly to cyst reduction (65.43% versus 61.60%) or the survival of immunized mice (45.0 ± 2.9 days versus 42.8 ± 2.9 days) (P> 0.05). Furthermore, the study also showed that the immune efficacy induced by pIRESneo/MIC6/PLP1 was better than that induced by pVAX/PLP1 or pVAX/MIC6 alone.

scholarly journals Durability of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG responses in saliva for up to 8 months after infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranay R. Randad ◽  
Nora Pisanic ◽  
Kate Kruczynski ◽  
Tyrone Howard ◽  
Magdielis Gregory Rivera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Specific Igg

We evaluated the durability of IgG responses specific to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N), receptor binding domain (RBD), and spike (S) antigens in saliva up to 8 months after RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 using a multiplex salivary assay. We estimated a half-life of 64 days (d) (95% CI: 49, 80 d) for N, 100 d for RBD (95% CI: 58, 141 d), and 148 d (95% CI: 62, 238 d) for S IgG responses in saliva, consistent with half-life estimates previously reported in blood. Saliva can serve as an alternative to blood to monitor humoral immune responses on a large scale following natural SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination for surveillance and assessment of population immunity.

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