scholarly journals The Spatial Orientation and Interaction of Cell Wall Polymers in Bamboo Revealed with a Combination of Imaging Polarized FTIR and Directional Chemical Removal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiawei Zhu ◽  
Wenting Ren ◽  
Fei Guo ◽  
Hankun Wang ◽  
Yan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Molecular Assembly ◽  
Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall Polymers ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Bamboo Fibers ◽  
Polarized Ftir

Abstract The mechanical and physical properties of lignocellulosic materials are closely related to the orientation and interaction of the polymers within cell walls. In this work, Imaging Polarized FTIR, combined with directional chemical removal, was applied to characterize the spatial orientation and interaction of cell wall polymers in bamboo fibers and parenchyma cells from two bamboo species. The results demonstrate the cellulose in bamboo fibers is nearly axially oriented whereas it is almost transversely arranged in parenchyma cells. Xylan and lignin are both preferentially oriented alongside cellulose, but with less orientation degre in the parenchyma cells. After lignin removal, the average orientation of xylan and cellulose is little affected, suggesting a strong interaction between cellulose and xylan. Meanwhile, the alkaline treatment significantly weakens the orientation of lignin in both fibers and parenchyma cells, and more significant for the latter, indicating the easy-degradable nature of lignin in parenchyma cells. And, it seemed the lignin and xylan in fibers were more difficult to be removed as compared to parenchyma cells, supporting the assumption that stronger interaction exists between lignin and xylan in the fibers. In a word, it was believed parenchyma cells are more suitable for biorefinery owing to its less ordered and relatively loose molecular assembly, as compared to fibers.

Cell Wall Pore Structures of Bamboo as Relation to Species and Tissue Types

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengdan Cao ◽  
Wenting Ren ◽  
Jiawei Zhu ◽  
Hankun Wang ◽  
Juan Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Bamboo Species ◽  
Compact Structure ◽  
Pore Structures ◽  
Mesopore Structure ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Bamboo Fibers ◽  
Cell Wall Porosity

Abstract Efficient convention of bamboo biomass into biofuel and biomaterials, as well as chemical treatment are both highly related to the porosity of cell wall. The present work characterizes the micropore and mesopore structure in cell walls of six different bamboo species and tissue types using CO2 and N2 adsorption. Two plantation wood species were also tested for comparison. Bamboo species normally showed lower cell wall porosity (2.64%-3.75%) than wood species (3.98%-5.06%), indicating a more compact structure for bamboo than wood. A distinct species dependence of cell wall pore structures and porosity was also observed. Furthermore, the cell wall pore structure and porosity are shown to be tissue-specific, as the parenchyma cells exhibit higher pore volume and porosity compared to bamboo fibers. The obtained results give new explanations on the known facts that both bamboo and bamboo fibers exhibit higher biomass recalcitrance as compared to wood and bamboo parenchyma cells, constructing the base of pretreatment optimization and subsequent processing for bamboo-derived biofuels and biomaterials.

Ultrastructural Changes in the Cell Walls of Cambial Derivatives During Wood Formation in Indian ELM (Holoptelea Integrifolia)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karumanchi S. Rao ◽  
Yoon Soo Kim ◽  
Pramod Sivan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Xylem Elements ◽  
S2 Layer

Sequential changes occurring in cell walls during expansion, secondary wall (SW) deposition and lignification have been studied in the differentiating xylem elements of Holoptelea integrifolia using transmission electron microscopy. The PATAg staining revealed that loosening of the cell wall starts at the cell corner middle lamella (CCML) and spreads to radial and tangential walls in the zone of cell expansion (EZ). Lignification started at the CCML region between vessels and associated parenchyma during the final stages of S2 layer formation. The S2 layer in the vessel appeared as two sublayers,an inner one and outer one.The contact ray cells showed SW deposition soon after axial paratracheal parenchyma had completed it, whereas noncontact ray cells underwent SW deposition and lignification following apotracheal parenchyma cells. The paratracheal and apotracheal parenchyma cells differed noticeably in terms of proportion of SW layers and lignin distribution pattern. Fibres were found to be the last xylem elements to complete SW deposition and lignification with differential polymerization of cell wall polysaccharides. It appears that the SW deposition started much earlier in the middle region of the fibres while their tips were still undergoing elongation. In homogeneous lignin distribution was noticed in the CCML region of fibres.

scholarly journals The Placenta of Physcomitrium patens: Transfer Cell Wall Polymers Compared across the Three Bryophyte Groups

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Jason S. Henry ◽  
Karen S. Renzaglia
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Transfer Cells ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Transfer Cell ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Slight Variation ◽  
Wall Ingrowths ◽  
Cell Wall Polymers

Following similar studies of cell wall constituents in the placenta of Phaeoceros and Marchantia, we conducted immunogold labeling TEM studies of Physcomitrium patens to determine the composition of cell wall polymers in transfer cells on both sides of the placenta. Sixteen monoclonal antibodies were used to localize cell wall epitopes in the basal walls and wall ingrowths in this moss. In general, placental transfer cell walls of P. patens contained fewer pectins and far fewer arabinogalactan proteins AGPs than those of the hornwort and liverwort. P. patens also lacked the differential labeling that is pronounced between generations in the other bryophytes. In contrast, transfer cell walls on either side of the placenta of P. patens were relatively similar in composition, with slight variation in homogalacturonan HG pectins. Compositional similarities between wall ingrowths and primary cell walls in P. patens suggest that wall ingrowths may simply be extensions of the primary cell wall. Considerable variability in occurrence, abundance, and types of polymers among the three bryophytes and between the two generations suggested that similarity in function and morphology of cell walls does not require a common cell wall composition. We propose that the specific developmental and life history traits of these plants may provide even more important clues in understanding the basis for these differences. This study significantly builds on our knowledge of cell wall composition in bryophytes in general and in transfer cells across plants.

scholarly journals Chilling Injury in Peaches: A Cytochemical and Ultrastructural Cell Wall Study

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Luza ◽  
R. van Gorsel ◽  
V.S. Polito ◽  
A.A. Kader
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Intercellular Matrix ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

Fruits of mid- (`O'Henry'), late (`Airtime'), and extra-late-season (`Autumn Gem') peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cultivars were examined for changes in cell wall structure and cytochemistry that accompany the onset of mealiness and leatheriness of the mesocarp due to chilling injury. The peaches were stored at 10C for up to 18 days or at SC for up to 29 days. Plastic-embedded sections were stained by the Schiff's-periodic acid reaction, Calcofluor white MR2, and Coriphosphine to demonstrate total insoluble carbohydrates, ß-1,4 glucans, and pectins, respectively. Mealiness was characterized by separation of mesocarp parenchyma cells leading to increased intercellular spaces and accumulation of pectic substances in the intercellular matrix. Little structural change was apparent in the cellulosic component of the cell walls of these fruits. In leathery peaches, the mesocarp parenchyma cells collapsed, intercellular space continued to increase, and pectin-positive staining in the intercellular matrix increased greatly. In addition, the component of the cell walls that stained positively for ß-1,4 glucans became thickened relative to freshly harvested or mealy fruit. At the ultrastructural level, dissolution of the middle lamella, cell separation, irregular thickening of the primary wall, and plasmolysis of the mesocarp parenchyma cells were seen as internal breakdown progressed.

scholarly journals Changes in the Physico-chemical Properties of Peach Fruit Pectin during On-tree Ripening and Storage

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.L. Fishman ◽  
B. Levaj ◽  
D. Gillespie ◽  
R. Scorza
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Intrinsic Viscosity ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Radius Of Gyration ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Pectin Content ◽  
Cell Wall Polymers

Radius of gyration (size), intrinsic viscosity, molecular weight, percentage of galacturonate, and percentage of neutral sugars were measured for chelate-soluble (CSP) and alkaline-soluble (ASP) pectins extracted from the cell walls of melting flesh (MF) and nonmelting flesh (NMF) peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. Weight percentage of cell walls, pectin content, and firmness were measured also. Peaches were extracted at 20, 21, and 22 weeks after flowering (WAF) and after various lengths of shelf storage at 25 ± 2C for the peaches picked at 21 WAF. Weight percentage of cell walls and firmness decreased markedly between the 21st and 22nd WAF; and between the 3rd and 6th day of storage for MF peaches as compared to NMF peaches. During these same periods, there were marked drops in the pectin content and the uronide content for MF as compared to NMF peaches. Size and intrinsic viscosity dropped markedly for CSP of MF peaches in comparison with NMF peaches during these same periods, whereas the molecular weight of CSP and ASP increased in MF peaches over that measured for NMF peaches. These results suggested that α -D-galacturonase (E.C. 3.2.1.15) was involved in softening only in the latter stages of ripening MF peaches. Further, cell wall polymers containing long thin pectin aggregates were destroyed, whereas cell wall polymers containing short thick pectin aggregates remained.

scholarly journals VARIATIONS IN CELL WALL ULTRASTRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY IN CELL TYPES OF EARLYWOOD AND LATEWOOD IN ENGLISH OAK (QUERCUS ROBUR)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Sik Kim ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
English Oak ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Although there is considerable information on anatomy and gross chemistry of oak wood, little is known on the ultrastructure and chemistry at the individual cell wall level. In particular, differences in ultrastructure and chemistry within the same cell type between earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) are poorly understood. This study investigated the ultrastructure and chemistry of (vasicentric) tracheids, vessels, (libriform) fibers and axial/ray parenchyma cells of English oak xylem (Quercus robur L.) using light-, fluorescence- and transmission electron microscopy combined with histo/cytochemistry and immunohisto/ cytochemistry. EW tracheids showed several differences from LW tracheids including thinner cell walls, wider middle lamella cell corner (MLcc) regions and lesser amounts of mannan epitopes. Fibers showed thicker cell walls and higher amounts of mannan epitopes than tracheids. EW vessels were rich in guaiacyl (G) lignin with a characteristic non-layered cell wall organization (absence of S1–3 layers), whereas LW vessels were rich in syringyl (S) lignin with a three layered cell wall structure (S1–3 layers). Formation of a highly lignified and wide protective layer (PL) inside axial/ray parenchyma cells was detected only in EW. Distribution of mannan epitopes varied greatly between cell types and between EW and LW, whereas distribution of xylan epitopes was almost identical in all cell types within a growth ring. Together, this study demonstrates that there are great variations in ultrastructure and chemistry of cell walls within a single growth ring of English oak xylem.

scholarly journals Cell wall polymers in the Phaeoceros placenta reflect developmental and functional differences across generations

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
JASON S. HENRY ◽  
ROBERTO LIGRONE ◽  
KEVIN C. VAUGHN ◽  
RENEE A. LOPEZ ◽  
KAREN S. RENZAGLIA
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transfer Cells ◽  
Calcofluor White ◽  
Placental Cell ◽  
Rhamnogalacturonan I ◽  
Cell Wall Polymers ◽  
Two Generations

The placenta of hornworts is unique among bryophytes in the restriction of transfer cells that are characterized by elaborate wall labyrinths to the gametophyte generation. During development, cells around the periphery of the sporophyte foot elongate, forming smooth-walled haustorial cells that interdigitate with gametophyte cells. Using immunogold labeling with 22 antibodies to diverse cell wall polymers, we examined compositional differences in the developmentally and morphologically distinct cell walls of gametophyte transfer cells and sporophyte haustorial cells in the placenta of Phaeoceros. As detected by Calcofluor White fluorescence, cellulose forms the cell wall scaffolding in cells on both sides of the placenta. Homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) pectins are abundant in both cell types, and haustorial cells are further enriched in methyl-esterified HGs. The abundance of pectins in placental cell walls is consistent with the postulated roles of these polymers in cell wall porosity and in maintaining an acidic apoplastic pH favorable to solute transport. Xyloglucan hemicellulose, but not mannans or glucuronoxylans, are present in cell walls at the interface between the two generations with a lower density in gametophytic wall ingrowths. Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are diverse along the plasmalemma of placental cells and are absent in surrounding cells in both generations. AGPs in placental cell walls may play a role in calcium binding and release associated with signal transduction as has been speculated for these glycoproteins in other plants. Callose is restricted to thin areas in cell walls of gametophyte transfer cells. In contrast to studies of transfer cells in other systems, no reaction to the JIM12 antibody against extensin was observed in Phaeoceros.

scholarly journals SCALE FORMATION IN CHRYSOPHYCEAN ALGAE

1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Malcolm Brown ◽  
Werner W. Franke ◽  
Hans Kleinig ◽  
Heinz Falk ◽  
Peter Sitte
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Present Finding ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Proton Resonance ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Zoospore Formation ◽  
Staining Techniques

The cell wall of the marine chrysophycean alga Pleurochrysis scherfellii is composed of distinct wall fragments embedded in a gelatinous mass. The latter is a polysaccharide of pectic character which is rich in galactose and ribose. These wall fragments are identified as scales. They have been isolated and purified from the vegetative mother cell walls after zoospore formation. Their ultrastructure is described in an electron microscope study combining sectioning, freeze-etch, and negative staining techniques. The scales consist of a layer of concentrically arranged microfibrils (ribbons with cross-sections of 12 to 25 x 25 to 40 A) and underlying radial fibrils of similar dimensions. Such a network-plate is densely coated with particles which are assumed to be identical to the pectic component. The microfibrils are resistant to strong alkaline treatment and have been identified as cellulose by different methods, including sugar analysis after total hydrolysis, proton resonance spectroscopical examination (NMR spectroscopy) of the benzoylated product, and diverse histochemical tests. The formation and secretion of the scales can be followed along the maturing Golgi cisternae starting from a pronounced dilated "polymerization center" as a completely intracisternal process which ends in the exocytotic extrusion of the scales. The scales reveal the very same ultrastructure within the Golgi cisternae as they do in the cell wall. The present finding represents the first evidence on cellulose formation by the Golgi apparatus and is discussed in relation to a basic scheme for cellulose synthesis in plant cells in general.

Metal fixation by bacterial cell walls

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1893-1898 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Beveridge ◽  
W. S. Fyfe
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Metal Binding ◽  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Element Transport ◽  
Cell Wall Polymers

All biomass contains a significant quantity of metallic constituents, and mineralization in living and dead biodebris may contribute to element transport from the hydrosphere into sediments. The anionic cell walls of bacteria are remarkable in their ability to fix metals and provide sites for nucleation and growth of minerals. Results presented show the types of cell wall polymers that are responsible for metal binding in walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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