Cell Wall Pore Structures of Bamboo as Relation to Species and Tissue Types

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengdan Cao ◽  
Wenting Ren ◽  
Jiawei Zhu ◽  
Hankun Wang ◽  
Juan Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Bamboo Species ◽  
Compact Structure ◽  
Pore Structures ◽  
Mesopore Structure ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Bamboo Fibers ◽  
Cell Wall Porosity

Abstract Efficient convention of bamboo biomass into biofuel and biomaterials, as well as chemical treatment are both highly related to the porosity of cell wall. The present work characterizes the micropore and mesopore structure in cell walls of six different bamboo species and tissue types using CO2 and N2 adsorption. Two plantation wood species were also tested for comparison. Bamboo species normally showed lower cell wall porosity (2.64%-3.75%) than wood species (3.98%-5.06%), indicating a more compact structure for bamboo than wood. A distinct species dependence of cell wall pore structures and porosity was also observed. Furthermore, the cell wall pore structure and porosity are shown to be tissue-specific, as the parenchyma cells exhibit higher pore volume and porosity compared to bamboo fibers. The obtained results give new explanations on the known facts that both bamboo and bamboo fibers exhibit higher biomass recalcitrance as compared to wood and bamboo parenchyma cells, constructing the base of pretreatment optimization and subsequent processing for bamboo-derived biofuels and biomaterials.

scholarly journals The Spatial Orientation and Interaction of Cell Wall Polymers in Bamboo Revealed with a Combination of Imaging Polarized FTIR and Directional Chemical Removal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiawei Zhu ◽  
Wenting Ren ◽  
Fei Guo ◽  
Hankun Wang ◽  
Yan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Molecular Assembly ◽  
Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall Polymers ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Bamboo Fibers ◽  
Polarized Ftir

Abstract The mechanical and physical properties of lignocellulosic materials are closely related to the orientation and interaction of the polymers within cell walls. In this work, Imaging Polarized FTIR, combined with directional chemical removal, was applied to characterize the spatial orientation and interaction of cell wall polymers in bamboo fibers and parenchyma cells from two bamboo species. The results demonstrate the cellulose in bamboo fibers is nearly axially oriented whereas it is almost transversely arranged in parenchyma cells. Xylan and lignin are both preferentially oriented alongside cellulose, but with less orientation degre in the parenchyma cells. After lignin removal, the average orientation of xylan and cellulose is little affected, suggesting a strong interaction between cellulose and xylan. Meanwhile, the alkaline treatment significantly weakens the orientation of lignin in both fibers and parenchyma cells, and more significant for the latter, indicating the easy-degradable nature of lignin in parenchyma cells. And, it seemed the lignin and xylan in fibers were more difficult to be removed as compared to parenchyma cells, supporting the assumption that stronger interaction exists between lignin and xylan in the fibers. In a word, it was believed parenchyma cells are more suitable for biorefinery owing to its less ordered and relatively loose molecular assembly, as compared to fibers.

Natural ‘capsule’ in food plants: Cell wall porosity controls starch digestion and fermentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 106657
Author(s):  
Hai-Teng Li ◽  
Si-Qian Chen ◽  
Alexander T. Bui ◽  
Bin Xu ◽  
Sushil Dhital
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Cell Wall Porosity

scholarly journals Enhancement of the physical and mechanical properties of wood using a novel organo-montmorillonite/hyperbranched polyacrylate emulsion

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfeng Xu ◽  
Xiaoyan Li ◽  
Ling Long ◽  
Ru Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Wood Sample ◽  
Wood Cell Wall ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Compact Structure ◽  
Populus Cathayana ◽  
Modified Wood

AbstractIn this work, a novel waterborne hyperbranched polyacrylate (HBPA) dispersed organo-montmorillonite (OMMT) emulsion was synthesized and used for the treatment of wood in a vacuum environment in order to enhance the physical and mechanical properties of the wood. The sapwood of Cathay poplar (Populus cathayana Rehd.) and Radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) were used as the samples for experimentation. The results showed that the physical and mechanical properties of the wood improved significantly due to the successful penetration of the OMMT and HBPA into the wood cell wall. From it was also observed that OMET completely exfoliated from the HBPA matrix and formed a hydrophobic film covering on the inside walls of the cell lumen. Further, it was observed that the poplar sample displayed better mechanical properties than the pine sample because the pine has a more compact structure when compared to poplar and contains rosin. Furthermore, it was also observed that the mechanical properties of the modified wood sample gradually improved with an increase in the concentration of the emulsion. However, excessive concentration (>4 wt%) did not lead to further improvement.

scholarly journals Nutritionally variant streptococci.

1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
K L Ruoff
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Successful Treatment ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Streptococcal Species ◽  
A Cell

Streptococci requiring either pyridoxal or L-cysteine for growth were first observed 30 years ago as organisms forming satellite colonies adjacent to colonies of "helper" bacteria. Although they were previously considered nutritional mutants of viridans streptococcal species, the nutritionally variant streptococci (NVS) are currently thought to belong to distinct species of the genus Streptococcus. NVS strains may display pleomorphic cellular morphologies, depending on their growth conditions, and are distinguished from most other streptococci by enzymatic and serological characteristics and the presence of a cell wall chromophore. NVS are found as normal inhabitants of the oral cavity, and in addition to their participation in endocarditis, they have been isolated from a wide range of clinical specimens. Endocarditis caused by NVS is often difficult to eradicate; combinations of penicillin and an aminoglycoside are recommended for treatment. The unique physiological features of the NVS contribute to the difficulties encountered in their recovery from clinical specimens and may play a role in the problems associated with successful treatment of NVS endocarditis.

scholarly journals Changes in structure of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings shoots under aluminum stress conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Konarska
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Red Pepper ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Aluminum Stress ◽  
Water Culture ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Al Treatment ◽  
Outer Cell Wall

The seedlings of the red pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i> L.) cv. Trapez grown in water culture for a period of 14 days with Al (0, 10, 20 and 40 mg·dm<sup>-3</sup> AlCl<sub>3</sub>·6 H<sub>2</sub>O). Some morphological and anatomical features of red pepper shoots were analyzed. Reduction in height and diameter of stems as well as decrease in fresh mass of shoots were observed after Al-treatment. In the hypocotyl the thickness of cortex parenchyma layer and the size of their cells were reduced. The aluminum treatment resulted in the increased in thickness of the epidermis outer cell wall. Under Al stress in the cotrex and the central cylinder parenchyma cells were present numerous enlarge plastids which contained large grains of starch and dark little bodies which were possible aluminum deposits. They weren`t observed in control seedlings.

Resistance of hardwood vessels to degradation by white rot Basidiomycetes

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 1841-1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Blanchette ◽  
John R. Obst ◽  
John I. Hedges ◽  
Karen Weliky
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Fungal Decay ◽  
Acacia Koa ◽  
Monomer Composition ◽  
Lignin Removal ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Unusual Type

White stringy rot, an unusual type of selective fungal decay, can be found in wood of some dicotyledonous angiosperms. Stages of advanced decay consist of a mass of vessel elements with only remnants of other cells adhering to the vessel walls. Degradation by various white rot Basidiomycetes causes loss of fibers, fiber tracheids, and parenchyma cells but not vessels. In wood of Acacia koa var. koa with a white pocket rot caused by Phellinus kawakamii, fibers and parenchyma cells were preferentially delignified. After extensive lignin removal the cellulose remaining in the secondary wall was degraded. Large vessel elements remained relatively intact after other cells were completely degraded. The resistance of vessels to degradation appears to be due to their high ligninxarbohydrate ratio, lignin monomer composition, and cell wall morphology.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Decay Behavior of Two White-Rot Fungi in Relation to Wood Type and Exposure Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1931
Author(s):  
Ehsan Bari ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel ◽  
Nural Yilgor ◽  
Jong Sik Kim ◽  
Mohammad Ali Tajick-Ghanbary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Type I ◽  
Oak Wood ◽  
Mass Losses ◽  
Decay Behavior

Fungal wood decay strategies are influenced by several factors, such as wood species, moisture content, and temperature. This study aims to evaluate wood degradation characteristics of spruce, beech, and oak after exposure to the white-rot fungi Pleurotusostreatus and Trametesversicolor. Both fungi caused high mass losses in beech wood, while spruce and oak wood were more resistant to decay. The moisture content values of the decayed wood correlated with the mass losses for all three wood species and incubation periods. Combined microscopic and chemical studies indicated that the two fungi differed in their decay behavior. While T. versicolor produced a decay pattern (cell wall erosion) typical of white-rot fungi in all wood species, P. ostreatus caused cell wall erosion in spruce and beech and soft-rot type I (cavity formation) decay in oak wood. These observations suggest that P. ostreatus may have the capacity to produce a wider range of enzymes/radicals triggered by the chemical composition of wood cell walls and/or local compositional variability within the cell wall.

scholarly journals Novel tool to quantify cell wall porosity relates wall structure to cell growth and drug uptake

2019 ◽  
Vol 218 (4) ◽  
pp. 1408-1421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Liu ◽  
Jiazhou Li ◽  
Heyu Zhao ◽  
Boyang Liu ◽  
Thomas Günther-Pomorski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Drug Uptake ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Quenching Efficiency ◽  
Model Plant Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall Porosity

Even though cell walls have essential functions for bacteria, fungi, and plants, tools to investigate their dynamic structure in living cells have been missing. Here, it is shown that changes in the intensity of the plasma membrane dye FM4-64 in response to extracellular quenchers depend on the nano-scale porosity of cell walls. The correlation of quenching efficiency and cell wall porosity is supported by tests on various cell types, application of differently sized quenchers, and comparison of results with confocal, electron, and atomic force microscopy images. The quenching assay was used to investigate how changes in cell wall porosity affect the capability for extension growth in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Results suggest that increased porosity is not a precondition but a result of cell extension, thereby providing new insight on the mechanism plant organ growth. Furthermore, it was shown that higher cell wall porosity can facilitate the action of antifungal drugs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, presumably by facilitating uptake.

scholarly journals Resistance of thermally modified and pressurized hot water extracted Scots pine sapwood against decay by the brown-rot fungus Rhodonia placenta

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Altgen ◽  
Suvi Kyyrö ◽  
Olli Paajanen ◽  
Lauri Rautkari
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Effective Reduction ◽  
Cell Wall Porosity

AbstractThe thermal degradation of wood is affected by a number of process parameters, which may also cause variations in the resistance against decay fungi. This study compares changes in the chemical composition, water-related properties and decay resistance of Scots pine sapwood that was either thermally modified (TM) in dry state at elevated temperatures (≥ 185 °C) or treated in pressurized hot water at mild temperatures (≤ 170 °C). The thermal decomposition of easily degradable hemicelluloses reduced the mass loss caused by Rhodonia placenta, and it was suggested that the cumulative mass loss is a better indicator of an actual decay inhibition. Pressurized hot water extraction (HWE) did not improve the decay resistance to the same extent as TM, which was assigned to differences in the wood-water interactions. Cross-linking reactions during TM caused a swelling restraint and an effective reduction in moisture content. This decreased the water-swollen cell wall porosity, which presumably hindered the transport of degradation agents through the cell wall and/or reduced the accessibility of wood constituents for degradation agents. This effect was absent in hot water-extracted wood and strong decay occurred even when most hemicelluloses were already removed during HWE.

Ultrastructural Changes in the Cell Walls of Cambial Derivatives During Wood Formation in Indian ELM (Holoptelea Integrifolia)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karumanchi S. Rao ◽  
Yoon Soo Kim ◽  
Pramod Sivan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Xylem Elements ◽  
S2 Layer

Sequential changes occurring in cell walls during expansion, secondary wall (SW) deposition and lignification have been studied in the differentiating xylem elements of Holoptelea integrifolia using transmission electron microscopy. The PATAg staining revealed that loosening of the cell wall starts at the cell corner middle lamella (CCML) and spreads to radial and tangential walls in the zone of cell expansion (EZ). Lignification started at the CCML region between vessels and associated parenchyma during the final stages of S2 layer formation. The S2 layer in the vessel appeared as two sublayers,an inner one and outer one.The contact ray cells showed SW deposition soon after axial paratracheal parenchyma had completed it, whereas noncontact ray cells underwent SW deposition and lignification following apotracheal parenchyma cells. The paratracheal and apotracheal parenchyma cells differed noticeably in terms of proportion of SW layers and lignin distribution pattern. Fibres were found to be the last xylem elements to complete SW deposition and lignification with differential polymerization of cell wall polysaccharides. It appears that the SW deposition started much earlier in the middle region of the fibres while their tips were still undergoing elongation. In homogeneous lignin distribution was noticed in the CCML region of fibres.

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