scholarly journals A Decomposition of Differences in Concentration Indices: With an Application to Socio-economic Inequality in Over-nutrition in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiaki Aizawa
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Parametric Method ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Property ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Concentration Indices

Abstract Background: This paper proposes a new semi-parametric method to decompose the differences between two concentration indices. Statistical property of copulas is used to model dependence between health and socioeconomic status. The proposed methods are applied to differences in socio-economic inequality in over-nutrition between rural and urban areas in India, along with existing decomposition Methods: Taking advantage of the statistical property of copulas, we first decompose the observed differences into the part which is due to the differences in the dependence structures (the dependence effect) and the other part due to the differences in the marginal distributions of health (the health effect). Next, we decompose both effects further into parts explained by differences in the covariates in the model and the part that cannot be explained by them.Results: The results show that the difference in the proportion of Hindus and the proportion of households that use safe cooking fuel contribute the most to the observed differences. Conclusions: Comparison among different approaches suggests that the identifying assumptions play substantial roles in the decomposition analysis.

scholarly journals Authors Response: Clinical differences between children with asthma and rhinitis in rural and urban areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-48
Author(s):  
Jorge Sánchez ◽  
Andrés Sánchez ◽  
Ricardo Cardona
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sample Size Calculation ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Children With Asthma ◽  
The Difference

We greatly appreciate the interest shown in the article "Clinical differences between children with asthma and rhinitis in rural and urban areas", which we hope will be one of several future articles that we intend to carry out in the study cohort. To the questions generated by the reader, one is focused on the calculation of the sample size, while the other two questions are focus in the method of analysis, and the reader suggests, it could be more robust. Regarding the sample size, we describe that infant asthma in urban areas of Medellin was 11% and rhinitis 23%, according to previous studies. There is no data available for the rural area. We note that with a confidence level of 95%, a power of 80% and a sample size error of 0.5%, the sample size was calculated; estimating 201 children for the urban area and 128 for the rural area. Finally, we recruited and were able to continue for a year, a total of 248 children from the urban area and 134 from the rural area. The complaint of the reader, is focus that the more appropriated technique would be "… the appropriate sample size calculation must have been the difference of means between two independent populations, although the authors did not report any ACT effect size based on previous studies."...

scholarly journals Applicability of three complementary relationship models for estimating actual evapotranspiration in urban area

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Nakamichi ◽  
Toshitsugu Moroizumi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Complementary Relationship ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The characteristics of evapotranspiration estimated by the complementary relationship actual evapotranspiration (CRAE), the advection-aridity (AA), and the modified advection-aridity (MAA) models were investigated in six pairs of rural and urban areas of Japan in order to evaluate the applicability of the three models the urban area. The main results are as follows: 1) The MAA model could apply to estimating the actual evapotranspiration in the urban area. 2) The actual evapotranspirations estimated by the three models were much less in the urban area than in the rural. 3) The difference among the estimated values of evapotranspiration in the urban areas was significant, depending on each model, while the difference among the values in the rural areas was relatively small. 4) All three models underestimated the actual evapotranspiration in the urban areas from humid surfaces where water and green spaces exist. 5) Each model could take the effect of urbanization into account.

scholarly journals The economic development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
efi rahmadhani
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
National Development ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Economic growth essentially aims to improve the welfare of the community, so that increased economic growth is needed and more equitable income distribution. However, if the growth is followed by an improvement in income distribution, it will be difficult to create prosperity for the community in general, because the income distribution is uneven or does not run smoothly, so that it will automatically disrupt the Indonesian economy, and will be in poverty.But the high level of economic inequality in Indonesia has resulted in low income groups unable to access basic needs and services such as food, health and education. This can adversely affect the community and slow down the human development process, as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI). Sources of economic inequality, especially in Indonesia, are due to the implementation of the economic system of capitalism, differences in natural resource content, market fundamentalism that encourage rich people to reap the biggest profits from economic growth, increased political capture, gender inequality, low wages lifting itself from poverty, inequality of access between rural and urban areas to infrastructure, a taxation system that fails to play an important role in distributing income.One of the country's efforts to reduce inequality between regions or regions is of course through equitable development in the regions. This is related to regional development, where regional development is an integral part of national development. Thus, it is expected that the results of development will be distributed and allocated to regional levels.

scholarly journals Analisis Perbandingan Tingkat Kesehatan BPR Konvensional dan BPR Syariah Central di Kota Batam

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 52-61
Author(s):  
Martius Martius
Keyword(s):  
Asset Management ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Financial Data ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Banking Deregulation ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Positive Performance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Asset Quality

Banking is one institution that an important role in the economic field of a country. Banking is anything about the bank, including institutions, business activities, and ways and processes in carrying out its business activities. The development of BPR businesses that continue to show positive performance is driven by three main factors: government policies that provide opportunities for BPR establishment, banking deregulation that enlarges the BPR space and the large needs of the community, especially in rural and urban areas, towards banking services. This research was conducted to know the analysis of the difference of health level in matters of Capital aspect, Asset, Management, Rentability, Liquidity and Capital between Conventional BPR and Syariah. Population in this research is all financial data of Conventional Rural Bank and BPR Syariah Kota Batam registered at Bank Indonesia. The sample in this research is the financial data of Conventional BPR and BPR Syariah in Batam  for 2 years. Data analysis method used is CAMEL method. To measure the level of health of banking companies in general use Ratio Asset Quality and Earnings ,. Judging from the method of Quality Asset Ratio and Earning is generated a very good weight value so it can be concluded that the Conventional  and Syariah  Banks in 2014 and 2015 are in the healthy category.

scholarly journals The Impact of Schools and Families in the Religions Perceptions of Children in Albania and Kosovo

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Loloçi Rita ◽  
Menada Petro
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to identify children`s perceptions regarding the role of religion in their education, their religious belonging, the parent's role in their religious education, and the attitude they have towards other religions. To gather quantitative data regarding the opinion the 10-14 age children have on religion and religious education, a survey was performed in several schools in Albania and Kosovo urban and rural areas (720 students from 8 schools of Durres, 4 in rural areas, and 473 students from 8 schools of Pristina and the surrounding area). A questionnaire was used to fulfill the purpose of the research regarding the knowledge, attitudes, and the perceptions of 10-14 age group on religious education in schools. At the same time, studies of national and international authors were consulted for a better analysis of the problems raised in the questionnaires such as the role and the importance of intercultural education in the coexistence and the harmony between people of different cultures, the education on The Fundamental Rights, the role of the curricula in schools, the difference between families in the rural and urban areas and the effect of the parents’ education on children. The results of the study showed that children of this age group receive the first knowledge about religion from the family. An irreplaceable role in religious education has the media. The school involvement in giving knowledge on religious beliefs in both studied regions will positively influence pupil’s formation, eliminating this way the violation of other people religion that often is present in our schools and not only. A correlation between the tolerance of parents and the tolerance of their children resulted as the consequence of the care that families show to respect different religions and often even sects.

scholarly journals Investigating how consumer education and lifestyle influence the consumer empowerment: case in rural and urban areas, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1232-1249
Author(s):  
Megawati Simanjuntak
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Consumer Education ◽  
Consumer Empowerment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Linear Regressions

This study aimed to analyze the difference of consumer education, lifestyle, and consumer empowerment in rural and urban areas, and to analyze the effect of consumer education and lifestyle on the consumer empowerment. This research used a cross-sectional design study with 120 housewives as the sample selected purposively. Data were analyzed using independent sample t-test, Mann-Whitney, and multiple linear regressions. There were significant differences (p<0.01) in consumer education, fulfilled lifestyle, believer lifestyle, and consumer empowerment index between the two regions, where the urban area scores were higher compared to the rural area. Consumer education and length of education affected positively and significantly (p<0.01) on the consumer empowerment index, while the lifestyle did not significantly affect the consumer empowerment index. The higher intensity of consumer education and higher education levels will increase the consumer empowerment index.

scholarly journals Differences in maternal mortality between urban and rural areas: Analysis of  Maternal Mortality based in Jinan, China in 1995- 2018

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihua Zhang ◽  
Tingting Zhen ◽  
Qinyou Meng ◽  
Shimin Yang ◽  
Jiaxue Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Maternal Death ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Maternal Deaths ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background: Although a large number of studies have shown that maternal mortality in rural areas is higher than that in urban areas, few reports discussed about the detailed situation and the behind causes. Here, we summarized the maternal mortality from 1995 to 2018 in Jinan and the reason behind it was deeply discussed. It is expected to reveal the difference and its behind reasons, thus providing a basis for policy makers to develop interventions. Methods: Data about maternal mortality in the selected city from 1995 to 2018 were collected through the local maternal and child health care network. Maternal death age, maternal death delivery location, maternal death location, number of pregnancies, number of deliveries and maternal death causes were analyzed. The composition ratio of above factors were compared in order to indicate the differences between rural areas and urban areas. Results: The study showed that 75.34% of maternal deaths in urban areas occurred in tertiary hospitals, which were 2.13 times higher than that in rural areas(P<0.05). 16.67% of maternal deaths in rural areas delivered in primary hospitals, which were 12.17 times higher than that in urban areas (P<0.05) . The main cause of death in rural areas were attributed to direct obstetrics reasons, which were indirect obstetric reasons for urban areas (P<0.05). There was no difference of maternal deaths in the death age, number of births, and number of pregnancies between rural areas and urban areas.(P>0.05) Conclusion: Policy makers should focus on the construction of medical institutions in rural areas, the improvement of rescue capabilities in rural areas and the convenience of transport in rural areas in order to narrow the gap between rural and urban areas. Key words: Maternal Mortality; Differences between urban and rural areas; China

scholarly journals CONVERSION BANK EFFECT: QONUN ACEH DAN KESEJAHTERAAN

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-152
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abdul Rohman
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Bank Account ◽  
Tsunami Disaster ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Aceh Province ◽  
The Difference

Two phenomena that occurred in Aceh Province after the tsunami disaster, the first phenomenon was a slowdown in poverty reduction in Aceh Province in rural and urban areas and an increase in total assets, financing, third party funds, Islamic banks' people's financing under the pretext of the existence of Aceh Qonun containing conversion Aceh banks from conventional to Islamic. This research tries to relate the two phenomena, how is the influence of the Aceh qonun on the formation of Islamic banks on welfare. This type of research is quasi-experiment with the difference in difference method to analyze the data. The results of this study indicate that someone who has a bank account will tend to increase one's welfare than someone who does not have a bank account. then a person living in Aceh who experienced the treatment of the enactment of Qanun in Aceh actually tends to be less Prosperous than someone who lives outside Aceh. While the combination of financial access and the existence of Aceh qonun will have an impact on people's welfare. The policy implication of this research is the existence of Sharia Qanun which regulates finance in Aceh is not enough to make an increase in welfare, so it needs to be combined with a financial inclusion program in order to bring about an increase in the quality of people's lives.

scholarly journals The difference of knowledge and primary preventive for typhoid fever between parents in rural and urban areas to children under-five ages

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 384
Author(s):  
Yushi Rohana
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rural And Urban Area ◽  
Cluster Random Sampling

Children under five ages are vulnerable to infectious disease, one of which is typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is a disease caused by infection of Salmonella typhii and Indonesia is endemic typhoid fever. So that the toddler has not been suffered from typhoid fever, it needs participation of their parents to prevent them from the occurrence of the disease. The aim of this research was to analyze the difference between knowledge and parents’s action in preventing typhoid fever of their children in rural and urban areas. This type of this research is observational analytic with design of study is cross sectional. The population is parents of children under five ages in rural and urban areas. Samples of this research was ECE’s that taken by one stage cluster random sampling. The number of samples in the rural area were 51 parents of children under five ages and the number of samples in urban were 54 parents of children under five ages. The collection of data used a questionnaire to parents of children under five ages. Data analysis techniques used two independent samples t test and Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test. The results of this study that there were difference in knowledge of typhoid fever for parents of children under five ages in the rural and urban area (p = 0.014), there are differences in the primary preventive against in typhoid fever between parents in rural and in urban areas (p = 0.0001), and there are difference in secondary prevention against typhoid fever between parents in rural and in urban areas (p = 0.0001). The conclusion of this research isthere are differences in knowledge and actions of parents in rural and urban areas in preventing typhoid fever in children under five ages. The suggestion for parents of children under five ages is attention and increase hiegiene and sanitation to avoid typhoid fever and they should teach their children to always keep cleanKeywords : knowledge, prevention, typhoid fever, children under five ages

scholarly journals Detection of Drug-resistant S. aureus from Poultry Samples Collected from Different Areas of Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmuda Akhter Akhi ◽  
Nantu Chandra Das ◽  
Avijit Banik ◽  
Maruf Abony ◽  
Muniara Juthi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Buffer Peptone Water ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Rural And Urban

Staphylococcus aureus is gram-positive cocci that can cause foodborne illness which can be transmitted by chicken meat, both raw and undercooked; consumption of which may cause infection and/or toxicity in consumers. This current study was conducted for the detection of the prevalence of S. aureus in three types of poultry samples which included chicken meat, chicken eggs and droppings. Samples were aseptically collected from different rural and urban areas of 8 districts of Bangladesh in triplicate collection method which was conducted in the Centre for Excellence, Department of Microbiology, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh to detect the Multi Drug-Resistant (MDR) S. aureus. Isolation was done by using 7.5% Sodium Chloride broth for enrichment and Mannitol salt agar after enriching samples in Buffer Peptone water. Antibiogram was done by using Kirby Bauer Method on Muller Hinton agar. The current study revealed 68% (17/25), 84% (21/25) and 52% (13/25) of S. aureus in chicken meat, eggs and dropping, respectively. Around 75.47% isolates (40/53) showed 100% similarity with S. aureus from the generated Dendrogram based on biochemical data. Cefixime (62.67%) showed the highest sensitivity against all of the isolates while Penicillin (86.62%) exhibited the highest resistance. Moreover, 59.62% of isolates were resistant to 5 or more drugs (Multidrug-Resistant). Poultry products such as meat and eggs were contaminated with drug-resistant S. aureus which can cause serious health effect to the consumer. The drug-resistant pathogen in droppings helps to indicate the spread of drug-resistant isolates in the environment. Therefore, proper sanitation measures should be taken to ensure the quality of the products during slaughtering, collecting eggs or disposing of poultry litter.

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