Freeze-thaw Assessment of Plants Based on Envelope Analysis of Stem Volume Water Content Sequence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Tian ◽  
Chao Gao ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Hongbing Xiao ◽  
Chongchong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Lower Envelope ◽  
Change Rate ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Peak Point ◽  
Daily Change ◽  
The Moment

Abstract Background: Frost stress is an abiotic stressor for plant growth that impacts the health and the regional distribution of plants. The freeze-thaw characteristics of plants during the overwintering period help to understand relevant issues in plant physiology, including plant cold resistance and cold acclimation. Therefore, we aimed to develop a non-invasive instrument and method for accurate in situ detection of changes in stem freeze-thaw characteristics during the overwintering period. Results: A sensor was designed based on standing wave ratio method (SWR) to measure stem volume water content (StVWC). We were able to measure stem volume ice content (StVIC) and stem freeze-thaw rate of ice (StFTRI) during the overwintering period. The resolution of the StVWC sensor is less than 0.05 %, the mean absolute error and root mean square error are less than 1 %, and the dynamic response time is 0.296 s. The peak point of the daily change rate of the lower envelope of the StVWC sequence occurs when the plant enters and exits the overwintering period. The peak point can be used to determine the moment of freeze-thaw occurrence, whereas the time point corresponding to the moment of freeze-thaw coincides with the rapid transition between high and low ambient temperatures. In the field, the StVIC and StFTRI of Juniperus virginiana L., Lagerstroemia indica L. and Populus alba L. gradually increased at the beginning, fluctuated steadily during, and then gradually decreased by the end of the overwintering period. The StVIC and StFTRI also showed significant variability due to differences among the tree species and latitude.Conclusions: The StVWC sensor has good resolution, accuracy, stability, and sensitivity. The envelope changes of the StVWC sequence and the correspondence between the freeze-thaw moment and the ambient temperature indicate that the determination of the freeze-thaw moment based on the peak point of the daily change rate of the lower envelope is reliable. The results show that the sensor is able to monitor changes in the freeze-thaw characteristics of plants and effectively characterize freeze-thaw differences and cold resistance of different tree species. Furthermore, this is a cost-effective tool for monitoring freeze-thaw conditions during the overwintering period.

scholarly journals Volume change behaviour and microstructure of stabilized loess under cyclic freeze–thaw conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 865-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-lin Wang ◽  
Qing-feng Lv ◽  
Hassan Baaj ◽  
Xiao-yuan Li ◽  
Yan-xu Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Frost Heave ◽  
Equivalent Diameter ◽  
Surface Porosity ◽  
Change Rate ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
The Impact

Freeze–thaw action is considered to be one of the most destructive actions that can induce significant damage in stabilized subgrades in seasonally frozen loess areas. Laboratory tests including frost heave – thaw shrinkage and microstructure change during freeze–thaw cycles were conducted to evaluate the volume change rate of loess stabilized with cement, lime, and fly ash under the impact of cyclic freeze–thaw conditions. The loess specimens collapsed after eight freeze–thaw cycles (192 h), but most stabilized loess specimens had no visible damage after all freeze–thaw cycles were completed. All of the stabilized loess samples underwent a much smaller volume change than the loess alone after the freeze–thaw cycles. Although surface porosity and equivalent diameter of stabilized loess samples increased, the stabilized loess can retain its microstructure during freeze–thaw cycles when the cement content was less than 6%. To ensure freeze–thaw resistance of stabilized loess subgrades, the mix proportions of the three additives was recommended to be 4 to 5% cement, 6% lime, and 10% fly ash.

scholarly journals Constructing single-entry stem volume models for four economically important tree species of Greece

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-146
Author(s):  
Panagiotis P. Koulelis ◽  
Kostas Ioannidis
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
National Level ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Volume Estimation ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Nonlinear Regression Models ◽  
Cubic Polynomial ◽  
Two Parameter

Abstract Three different nonlinear regression models were tested for their ability to predict stem volume for economically important native tree species in Greece. Τhe models were evaluated using adjusted R square (Adj Rsqr) root mean square error (RMSE) and Akaike information criterion (AICc), where necessary. In general, the quadratic polynomial and cubic polynomial models and the two-parameter power models fit the data well. Although the two-parameter power function fit best for fir, oak, and beech trees, the cubic polynomial model produced the best fit statistics for black pine. Making forest inventory estimates often involves predicting tree volumes from only the diameter at breast height (DBH) and merchantable height. This study covers important gaps in fast and cost-effective methods for calculating the volume of tree species at national level. However, the increasing need for reliable estimates of inventory components and volume changes requires more accurate volume estimation techniques. Especially when those estimates concern the national inventory, those models must be validated using an entire range of age/diameter and site classes of each species before their extended use across the country to promote the sustainable use of forest resources.

scholarly journals COMPATIBLE STEM VOLUME AND TAPER EQUATIONS FOR FIVE MAJOR TREE SPECIES IN NORTHEAST CHINA

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 6295-6308
Author(s):  
A. HUSSAIN ◽  
M.K. SHAHZAD ◽  
S.D. XIN ◽  
L.C. JIANG
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Taper Equations

The evolution of structure properties of vegetation concrete under freeze–thaw cycles

2020 ◽  
pp. 002072092093036
Author(s):  
Jiazhen Gao ◽  
Mingtao Zhou ◽  
Wennian Xu ◽  
Daxiang Liu ◽  
Jian Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Ultrasonic Wave ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Cement Hydration ◽  
Electrical Engineering ◽  
Ultrasonic Wave Velocity ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Microstructural Parameters ◽  
Thaw Cycle

Vegetation concrete is a typical artificial composite soil commonly used for ecological restoration on slopes. The strength and stability of vegetation concrete would be reduced when it is used in areas where freeze–thaw cycles occur frequently. For exploring the changes of structural properties of vegetation concrete under freeze–thaw cycles, an indoor simulation experiment of vegetation concrete samples containing 25 and 30% water content was carried out, so as to test the changes of specimen surface, volume, ultrasonic wave velocity, shearing strength, and microscopic structure. The microstructural parameters were analyzed quantitatively with Image-Pro Plus software. The experimental results indicated that as cycles of freeze–thaw grow, the macroscopic changes of samples included steadily rising surface crack rate, increasing first and then decreasing volume, greatly reducing ultrasonic wave velocity and gradually decreasing shear strength. The inner structure of samples slowly deteriorated from overall dense to dispersed with decreasing cement hydration crystals, pores resulting from dispersion and destruction of bulky grains, higher surface porosity, and smoother particles in microscopic aspect. When compared with samples containing 25% water content, the microstructure of the 30% water content sample was more affected by the freeze–thaw cycle, and its structural weakening effect was more obvious. Reduced cement hydration crystals, lower inter-particle bonding force, and increase in the number of large pores were the main causes of degradation of vegetation concrete structure. Electrical engineering students can refer to the analysis methods in this paper to evaluate the structural performance of any electrical engineering material.

scholarly journals Relationship between Very Fine Root Distribution and Soil Water Content in Pre- and Post-Harvest Areas of Two Coniferous Tree Species

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1227
Author(s):  
Moein Farahnak ◽  
Keiji Mitsuyasu ◽  
Takuo Hishi ◽  
Ayumi Katayama ◽  
Masaaki Chiwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Root System ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Tree Cutting ◽  
Coniferous Tree Species

Tree root system development alters forest soil properties, and differences in root diameter frequency and root length per soil volume reflect differences in root system function. In this study, the relationship between vertical distribution of very fine root and soil water content was investigated in intact tree and cut tree areas. The vertical distribution of root density with different diameter classes (very fine <0.5 mm and fine 0.5–2.0 mm) and soil water content were examined along a slope with two coniferous tree species, Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don and Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold et Zucc.) Endl. The root biomass and length density of very fine roots at soil depth of 0–5 cm were higher in the Ch. obtusa intact tree plot than in the Cr. japonica intact plot. Tree cutting caused a reduction in the biomass and length of very fine roots at 0–5 cm soil depth, and an increment in soil water content at 5–30 cm soil depth of the Ch. obtusa cut tree plot one year after cutting. However, very fine root density of the Cr. japonica intact tree plot was quite low and the soil water content in post-harvest areas did not change. The increase in soil water content at 5–30 cm soil depth of the Ch. obtusa cut tree plot could be caused by the decrease in very fine roots at 0–5 cm soil depth. These results suggest that the distribution of soil water content was changed after tree cutting of Ch. obtusa by the channels generated by the decay of very fine roots. It was also shown that differences in root system characteristics among different tree species affect soil water properties after cutting.

scholarly journals Wood day capacitance is related to water content, wood density, and anatomy across 30 temperate tree species

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 3048-3067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasia Ziemińska ◽  
Emily Rosa ◽  
Sean M. Gleason ◽  
N. Michele Holbrook
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Tree Species

Wood diurnal capacitance, water storage and their anatomical drivers across 30 temperate angiosperm tree species.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasia Zieminska ◽  
Emily Rosa ◽  
Sean Gleason ◽  
N. Michele Holbrook
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Fresh Sample ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Saturated Sample ◽  
The Common ◽  
Structure Water

&lt;p&gt;Water released from storage into the transpiration stream (termed: capacitance) can play an important role in tree every day hydraulic functioning as well as in tree drought response. However, anatomical underpinnings of capacitance and water storage remain unclear, impeding better understanding of capacitance mechanisms. Across 30 temperate angiosperm tree species, we measured &lt;em&gt;in natura&lt;/em&gt; twig wood diurnal capacitance and water content, wood density and anatomical properties: vessel dimensions, tissue fractions and vessel-tissue contact fractions (proportion of vessel circumference in contact with other tissues). We found that wood density and predawn lumen volumetric water content (proportion of wood volume that is occupied by water in lumen) together were the strongest predictors of capacitance (&lt;em&gt;r&lt;sub&gt;adj&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0.44***). Vessel-tissue contact fractions&amp;#8212;vessel-ray, vessel-axial parenchyma and vessel-fibre&amp;#8212;each explained an additional &amp;#8764;10% of variation in capacitance. Parenchyma fraction did not correlate with capacitance challenging the common assumption that parenchyma acts as the main source of capacitance water. Anatomical structure, water content and capacitance relationships differed significantly between diffuse-porous and ring-porous species. Predawn relative water content (water in a fresh sample relative to saturated sample) was on average 0.65&amp;#177;0.13 implying that parts of wood were devoid of water.&lt;/p&gt;

The characteristics of Shorea macrophylla’s habitat in Tane’ Olen, Malinau District, North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fajri ◽  
Pratiwi PRATIWI ◽  
Yosep Ruslim
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Importance Value Index ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract. Fajri M, Pratiwi, Ruslim Y. 2020. The characteristics of Shorea macrophylla’s habitat in Tane’ Olen, Malinau District, North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3454-3462.  Shorea macrophylla is a tree species in Tane' Olen forest area. This study analyzed the soil’s physical and chemical properties, topography, and microclimate of S. macrophylla’s habitat. A purposive method was used to select a sampling plot and to place the subplots. Soil was analyzed to determine the physical properties, i.e., texture, bulk density, porosity, and water content, and the chemical properties, i.e., pH, CEC, total N, organic C, C/N ratio, P, K , and Al saturation. Importance value index was determined for each tree species to know the species composition in the study site. Only the dominant species were presented. The soil at the study site had bulk density of 0.60-1.31 gram cm³-1, porosity 50.60%-77.35%, water content 34.88%-95.37%, and soil texture sandy clay. The chemical properties of the soil were as follows: pH was 3.6-4.8, N 0.05%-0.19%, organic C 1.40%-3.65%, P 0.41-1.22 mg 100 gr-1, K 58.68-232.55 mg 100 gr-1, and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 5.35-10.81 meg 100gr -1. Slope ranged between 0 and 25%. The microclimate characteristics were as follows: temperature was 24-26.5°C, relative humidity 76-87%, and light intensity 145-750 Lm. Trees species with an IVI ≥ 10% were S. macrophylla, Madhuca spectabilis, Myristica villosa Warb, Scorodocarpus borneensis, Eugenia spp., Palaquium spp., Macaranga triloba, Syzygium inophyllum and Shorea sp. Positive associations were observed between S. macropylla and S. borneensis, Eugenia spp., Palaquium spp.. and M. triloba, and negative associations were observed between S. macropylla and M. spectabilis, M. villosa Warb, S. inophyllum, and Shorea sp. S. macrophylla grows on riversides with flat and gentle topography, acidic soil, and lower fertility but with suitable microclimate. This species can be recommended to be planted in degraded tropical forest areas but the microclimate and soil properties should be taken into account.

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