scholarly journals The Effect of Subdiaphragmatic Vagotomy on Heart Rate Variability and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Severe Hemorrhagic Shock

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fateme Khodadadi ◽  
Farzaneh Ketabchi ◽  
Zahra Khodabandeh ◽  
Alireza Tavassoli ◽  
Gregory F. Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Hemodynamic Parameters ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Tnf Α

Abstract Background The role of the sub-diaphragmatic branch of the vagus nerve in mediating heart rate variability (HRV) and inflammatory reaction to long term hemorrhagic shock has not been determined prior to this study. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups of Sham, sub-diaphragmatic vagotomized (Vag), long term (130±2 minutes) hemorrhagic shock (LHS), and sub-diaphragmatic vagotomized with LHS (Vag+LHS). Hemodynamic parameters were recorded and HRV calculated during multiple phases of hemorrhagic shock. The expressions of TNF-α and iNOS were measured in the spleen and lung tissues at the conclusion of the protocol. Results Decreases in blood pressure during blood withdrawal were identical in the LHS and Vag+LHS groups. However, heart rate only decreased in the Nadir-1 phase of the LHS group. HRV indicated increased power in the very-low, low, and high (VLF, LF, and HF) frequency bands during the Nadir-1 phase of the LHS group and decreased power in the Vag+LHS group. There was metabolic acidosis partially compensated with respiratory system in the LHS and Vag+LHS groups. Increases of TNF-α and iNOS expression in the spleen and lung of the LHS group were reversed in the Vag+LHS group. Conclusion This study indicates that sub-diapragmatic vagotomy increases lung inflammatory reactions and blunts the cardiac vagal tone surge in response to severe hemorrhagic shock.

scholarly journals Transient Neonatal Cryptosporidium parvum Infection Triggers Long-Term Jejunal Hypersensitivity to Distension in Immunocompetent Rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 4387-4389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Marion ◽  
Asiya Baishanbo ◽  
Gilles Gargala ◽  
Arnaud François ◽  
Philippe Ducrotté ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Myeloperoxidase Activity ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Depressor Response ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

ABSTRACT In 5-day-old immunocompetent Sprague-Dawley rats infected with either 102 or 105 Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, transient infection resulted 120 days later in increased cardiovascular depressor response to jejunal distension and jejunal myeloperoxidase activity (P < 0.05). Nitazoxanide treatment normalized jejunal sensitivity (P < 0.001) but not myeloperoxidase levels (P > 0.05). Data warrant further evaluation of the role of early cryptosporidiosis in the development of chronic inflammatory gut conditions.

Cardiovascular and renal sympathetic activation by blood-borne TNF-α in rat: the role of central prostaglandins

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (4) ◽  
pp. R916-R927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Hua Zhang ◽  
Shun-Guang Wei ◽  
Joseph Francis ◽  
Robert B. Felder
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Ventricle ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Ventrolateral Medulla ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Hypothalamic Level ◽  
Renal Sympathetic

In pathophysiological conditions, increased blood-borne TNF-α induces a broad range of biological effects, including activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic drive. In urethane-anesthetized adult Sprague-Dawley rats, we examined the mechanisms by which blood-borne TNF-α activates neurons in paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypothalamus and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), two critical brain regions regulating sympathetic drive in normal and pathophysiological conditions. TNF-α (0.5 μg/kg), administered intravenously or into ipsilateral carotid artery (ICA), activated PVN and RLVM neurons and increased sympathetic nerve activity, arterial pressure, and heart rate. Responses to intravenous TNF-α were not affected by vagotomy but were reduced by mid-collicular decerebration. Responses to ICA TNF-α were substantially reduced by injection of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor ketorolac (150 μg) into lateral ventricle. Injection of PGE2 (50 ng) into lateral ventricle or directly into PVN increased PVN or RVLM activity, respectively, and sympathetic drive, with shorter onset latency than blood-borne TNF-α. These findings suggest that blood-borne cytokines stimulate cardiovascular and renal sympathetic responses via a prostaglandin-dependent mechanism operating at the hypothalamic level.

A STANDARDIZED METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN THE RAT

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Downie ◽  
J. A. F. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Standardized Method

Although the blood pressure is one of the important criteria in the standardization of hemorrhagic shock in the dog, it has rarely been used for this purpose in the rat. A method resembling the reservoir technique developed by Wiggers and Werle (1942) for the dog using blood pressure as the criterion has been modified for use with the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing approximately 400 gm. were used. In the standardization of this technique the blood pressure was reduced to 30 mm. Hg in a 10-min. period of hemorrhage and then maintained at this level by subsequent small hemorrhages into the reservoir until reinfusion indicated the beginning of vascular collapse, at which time all the blood in the reservoir was returned. Considering that those animals which lived longer than 48 hr. were survivors, in a series of 27 animals, 21 died and 6 survived—a mortality rate of 78%.During the hypotensive period there was a consistent and steady drop in the respiratory rate and rectal temperature. The heart rate declined initially and tended to recover as the hypotensive period progressed. After reinfusion the blood pressure rose but. did not reach prehemorrhage levels. Hemorrhage into the bowel and convulsions were significant postreinfusion findings.

Long-term regulation of urea transporter expression by vasopressin in Brattleboro rats

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (4) ◽  
pp. F620-F627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chairat Shayakul ◽  
Craig P. Smith ◽  
Harald S. Mackenzie ◽  
Wen-Sen Lee ◽  
Dennis Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treated Group ◽  
Northern Analysis ◽  
Brattleboro Rats ◽  
Urea Transporter ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Regulation of urea concentration in the renal medullary interstitium is important for maintenance of hypertonicity and therefore the osmotic driving force for water reabsorption. Studies in Sprague-Dawley rats showed that restriction of water intake for 3 days results in upregulation of urea transporter (UT) mRNA in the inner stripe of outer medulla of the kidney (2.9-kb UT2) but not in the inner medulla (4.0-kb UT1). The present study was performed to investigate the role of vasopressin in long-term regulation of UT1 and UT2 in neurogenic diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro) rats treated with a 7-day continuous infusion of [Arg8]-vasopressin (AVP), [deamino-Cys1,d-Arg8]-vasopressin (dDAVP) or vehicle. Northern analysis showed that water restriction alone had no effect on the level of UT2 mRNA in vehicle-treated Brattleboro rats but UT2 mRNA markedly increased and UT1 mRNA modestly decreased after treatment with dDAVP. In situ hybridization further demonstrated that the UT2 signal is upregulated and spread along the descending thin limbs of loops of Henle and that UT1 signal is downregulated in the inner medullary collecting ducts in vasopressin-treated rats, with a greater response for dDAVP compared with the AVP-treated group. Immunocytochemistry studies revealed that the UT1 and UT2 proteins are also modified in the same pattern as the transcript changes. Our studies reveal the role of vasopressin in long-term regulation of UT1 and UT2 expression during water restriction.

A STANDARDIZED METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN THE RAT

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 436-447
Author(s):  
H. G. Downie ◽  
J. A. F. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Standardized Method

Although the blood pressure is one of the important criteria in the standardization of hemorrhagic shock in the dog, it has rarely been used for this purpose in the rat. A method resembling the reservoir technique developed by Wiggers and Werle (1942) for the dog using blood pressure as the criterion has been modified for use with the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing approximately 400 gm. were used. In the standardization of this technique the blood pressure was reduced to 30 mm. Hg in a 10-min. period of hemorrhage and then maintained at this level by subsequent small hemorrhages into the reservoir until reinfusion indicated the beginning of vascular collapse, at which time all the blood in the reservoir was returned. Considering that those animals which lived longer than 48 hr. were survivors, in a series of 27 animals, 21 died and 6 survived—a mortality rate of 78%.During the hypotensive period there was a consistent and steady drop in the respiratory rate and rectal temperature. The heart rate declined initially and tended to recover as the hypotensive period progressed. After reinfusion the blood pressure rose but. did not reach prehemorrhage levels. Hemorrhage into the bowel and convulsions were significant postreinfusion findings.

scholarly journals Protective effect of Lactobacillus-containing probiotics on intestinal mucosa of rats experiencing traumatic hemorrhagic shock

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1122-1129
Author(s):  
Lei Wang ◽  
Shu-li Liu ◽  
Zhi-peng Xu ◽  
Qi Song ◽  
Lei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock

Abstract This study was conducted to assess whether Lactobacillus-containing probiotics could protect intestinal mucosa in rats during traumatic hemorrhagic shock and to determine its underlying mechanisms. Healthy male Sprague–Dawley rats (300 ± 20 g) were randomly divided into four groups. During the study, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and hematoxylin and eosin methods were used. There was a significant increase in the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the rats that experienced traumatic hemorrhagic shock, along with increased mRNA of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6. Pretreatment with Lactobacillus-containing probiotics reduced TLR4 expression, decreased phosphorylation (Ser536) and acetylation (Lys310) of p65, and decreased TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA. The probiotics combined acetate Ringer’s group showed a less severe pathological manifestation compared to the other experimental groups. Lactobacillus-containing probiotics inhibited nuclear factor-kappa B signaling via the downregulation of TLR4, resulting in inflammatory homeostasis, which might be the mechanism whereby Lactobacillus protects the intestinal mucosa from damage caused by the traumatic hemorrhagic shock.

Heart rate variability and electrocardiogram waveform as predictors of morbidity during hypothermia and rewarming in rats

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (9) ◽  
pp. 925-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
C B Matthew ◽  
A M Bastille ◽  
R R Gonzalez ◽  
I V Sils
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Wave Amplitude ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
T Wave ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Copper Tubing ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg

This study examined electrocardiogram (ECG) waveform, heart rate (HR), mean blood pressure (BP), and HR variability as potential autonomic signatures of hypothermia and rewarming. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats had telemetry transmitters surgically implanted, and 2 weeks were allowed for recovery prior to induction of hypothermia. Rats were lightly anesthetized (sodium pentobarbital, 35 mg/kg i.p.) and placed in a coil of copper tubing through which temperature-controlled water was circulated. Animals were cooled to a core temperature (Tc) of 20°C, maintained there for 30 min, and then rewarmed. Data (Tc, BP, HR from ECG, and 10-s strips of ECG waveforms) were collected every 5 min throughout hypothermia and rewarming. Both HR and BP declined after initial increases with the drop in HR starting at a higher Tc than the drop in BP (29.6 ± 2.4°C vs. 27.1 ± 3.3°C, p < 0.05). Animals that were not successfully rewarmed exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the normalized standard deviation of interbeat intervals (IBI) throughout cooling compared with animals that were successfully rewarmed. The T wave of the ECG increased in amplitude and area with decreasing Tc. T-wave amplitude and IBI variability show potential as predictors of survival in hypothermic victims.Key words: hypothermia, rewarming, heart rate variability, ECG, blood pressure.

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