scholarly journals An analysis of the Gender and Social Determinants of Health in Urban Poor Areas of the Most Populated Cities of Pakistan

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khawaja Aftab Ahmed ◽  
John Grundy ◽  
Lubna Hashmat ◽  
Imran Ahmed ◽  
Saadia Farrukh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Health Workforce ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Determinants Of Health ◽  
Social Connections ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract Background: Recent surveys, studies and reviews have highlighted the impacts of social inequities on access of women and children to health services for women and children in Pakistan. Utilising mixed methods for urban slum profiles, and facility and coverage surveys in 4431 urban poor areas of the top 10 highly populated cities of Pakistan, this paper describes and analyses the complex interactions between economic, social and gender determinants of health care access and considers health policy and program options for addressing them. Results: Findings are classified into six analytic categories of (1) access to health services, (2) female workforce participation, (3) gender friendly health services, (4) access to schools and literacy, (5) social connections, and (6) autonomy of decision making. Out of a national sample of 14,531 children in urban poor areas of 10 cities, the studies found that just over half of the children are fully immunised (54%) and 14% of children had received zero doses of vaccine. There are large shortages of health facilities and female health workforce in the slums, with significant gaps in the quality of health infrastructure, which all serve to limit both demand for, and supply of, health services for women and children. Results demonstrate low availability of schools, low levels of female literacy and autonomy over decision making, limited knowledge of the benefits of vaccination, and few social connections outside the home. All these factors interact and reinforce existing gender norms and low levels of health literacy and service access. Conclusion: The Urban Slum profiles and coverage studies provide an opportunity to introduce gender transformative strategies that include expansion of a female health workforce, development of costed urban health action plans, and an enabling policy environment to support community organisation and more equitable health service delivery access.

Supporting Chronic Disease Healthcare Through Remote Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) Treatment and Self-care: An Evaluation Using the WHO Determinants of Health

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Mahima Kalla ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Determinants Of Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Chronic Disease Patients ◽  
Emotional Freedom Techniques

Abstract: The United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) defines determinants that influence people’s health, such as income, education, social support, physical environment, access to health services, personal behaviors, and gender. This study explores delivery of a therapeutic intervention called Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) and self-administration of EFT in chronic disease patients from the perspective of the WHO determinants of health. Sixteen participants, including eight EFT practitioners and eight chronic disease patients, described their experiences of EFT in semi-structured interviews. Data was analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) methodology. Four major themes were identified: practitioner and client experiences of online EFT therapy, experiences of telephone EFT therapy, experiences in online support groups, and the use of EFT for self-care. Participant accounts illustrated EFT’s value in alleviating barriers to access to health services and facilitating self-care in chronic disease patients. Online and telephone delivery of EFT offered a useful alternative for residents of remote and rural areas without access to mental health services. EFT is effective in groups using online videoconferencing platforms to provide a social support network. Additionally, EFT is favored by the study’s participants for selfcare, maintaining positive mood, and for general well-being.

scholarly journals STEPPING INTO THE WORLD OF URBANIZATION – CASE STUDIES OF 11 WOMEN IN URBAN SLUMS, DELHI

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-74
Author(s):  
Khwairakpam Sangeeta Devi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Poor ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Economic Empowerment ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
The World ◽  
Women And Children

Rise of sectors- factories, roadways' commercialization in cities creating opportunities in workforce. For sectors' development, rather than men, women and children shifted from rural to cities, landed in uncomfortable zones- slums, footpaths, Night-shelters due to cities' high cost of living. They are compelled to become part of slum environment. Government's programs- like Slum Improvement, UWSP, and SEPUP for Urban Poor have been directed to follow services to urban poor on realistic terms and conditions for better. Researcher aims to understand women's position as urban-slum dwellers through concurrent fieldwork exposure during 2014-15,Department of Social Work,DU.A case study was conducted in 5 Delhi's urban slums and objectives are being proposed: 1.To encounter reasons for being in city. 2.To acknowledge mechanisms on how she adjusts to living conditions and social security. 3.To explore awareness and level of women's participation in policy/programs. 4.To assess economic empowerment and contribution to family. 5.To explore perceptions of being slum dwellers. Paper will show slum dwellers' conditions as per data and variations of vulnerability within urban slum-dwellers

scholarly journals Geographical accessibility to permanent care centers of family doctors from Bihor County, Romania

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
D P Tirt ◽  
D Rahota
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Family Medicine ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Family Doctors ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Geographical Accessibility

Abstract Accessibility (geographic or spatial) to health services is a component of health care services access that through measurement can assess inequities in health. Geographical accessibility can be measured using a geographic information system (GIS) where travel time is calculated from the patient’s home to the place where a service is delivered. Permanent care centers of family doctors (PCCs) are units providing family medicine services (consultations, injections, solving minor emergencies) outside the work schedule of family doctors (night and holiday), for overloading prevention of emergency hospitals services by direct addressing or by calling to the unique emergency number 112. Bihor County has 617118 inhabitants in the 101 administrative-territorial units (458 localities), 334 family medicine practices, and there were 34 PCCs. We intended to identify the number of localities in more than 10, 20 or 30 minutes of travel by car from the PCC (based on end-2018 data). A GIS was created using the QGIS application, which includes layers: the county border, the 454 localities and the georeferenced addresses of PCC. Using the ORS Tools plug-in, the appropriate isochrones were created. Then overlapping isochrones and localities (points), the number of localities for which the travel time to the nearest PCC is greater than 10, 20 and 30 minutes, respectively, was obtained. The time needed for the inhabitants to reach the PCC is: more than 10 minutes for 247 localities; more than 20 minutes for 81 localities and over 30 minutes for 10 localities. The results are presented in the form of maps and in tabular form (localities). Using GIS, accessibility to medical services in a territory (city, county, country) can be measured. The application of free GIS software, QGIS, requires hardware, staff training, procedures (for work and decision-making) to research and improve population access to health services. Key messages Access to health services can be assessed using geographic information systems. The use of appropriate maps facilitates decision making to optimize health services.

The place of social work in improving access to health services among refugees: A case study of Nakivale settlement, Uganda

2020 ◽  
pp. 002087282096219
Author(s):  
Hadijah Mwenyango
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Cultural Challenges ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
The Social ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Methods

About 70.8 million individuals are displaced worldwide, and of these, 25.9 million are refugees. Accessibility to health care is a central aspect of the well-being of refugees. This article examines the communication, institutional and socio-cultural challenges to access and use of health services among refugee women and children and conceptualises the social work position in tackling such issues. The study used mixed quantitative and qualitative methods. The findings indicate complex experiences of refuge and ongoing gendered oppression and vulnerability. This research proposes a rights-based social work approach to addressing impediments at micro, meso and macro levels.

Understanding Determinants of Cardiovascular Health in a Mexican American Community

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Larimer ◽  
Meg Gulanick ◽  
Sue Penckofer
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Hispanic Americans ◽  
Determinants Of Health ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Access To Health

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in Hispanic Americans. Social and physical determinants of health unique to this community must be understood before interventions can be designed and implemented. This article describes a CVD risk assessment conducted in a primarily Mexican American community, using Healthy People 2020 as a model. Social (language, culture, awareness of CVD, and socio-economic status) and physical (presence and use of recreation areas, presence of grocery stores, public transportation, and environmental pollution) determinants of health as well as access to health services were assessed. Fifteen community leaders were interviewed using guided interviews. Database searches and direct observations were conducted. Using these methods provided comprehensive assessment of social and physical determinants of health, and access issues that were unique to the community studied. Findings demonstrated greater awareness of diabetes than CVD as a health problem, with little knowledge of CVD risk factors. Lack of access to health services (lack of insurance, lack of a medical home) and presence of cultural and socioeconomic barriers such as language, unemployment, low income, and lack of insurance were identified. The physical determinants such as environment presented fewer barriers, with adequate access to fruits and vegetables, transportation, and parks. Results revealed target areas for intervention.

Quota Women Are Threatening to Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klea Faniko ◽  
Till Burckhardt ◽  
Oriane Sarrasin ◽  
Fabio Lorenzi-Cioldi ◽  
Siri Øyslebø Sørensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Public Sector Employees ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Women In Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Two studies carried out among Albanian public-sector employees examined the impact of different types of affirmative action policies (AAPs) on (counter)stereotypical perceptions of women in decision-making positions. Study 1 (N = 178) revealed that participants – especially women – perceived women in decision-making positions as more masculine (i.e., agentic) than feminine (i.e., communal). Study 2 (N = 239) showed that different types of AA had different effects on the attribution of gender stereotypes to AAP beneficiaries: Women benefiting from a quota policy were perceived as being more communal than agentic, while those benefiting from weak preferential treatment were perceived as being more agentic than communal. Furthermore, we examined how the belief that AAPs threaten men’s access to decision-making positions influenced the attribution of these traits to AAP beneficiaries. The results showed that men who reported high levels of perceived threat, as compared to men who reported low levels of perceived threat, attributed more communal than agentic traits to the beneficiaries of quotas. These findings suggest that AAPs may have created a backlash against its beneficiaries by emphasizing gender-stereotypical or counterstereotypical traits. Thus, the framing of AAPs, for instance, as a matter of enhancing organizational performance, in the process of policy making and implementation, may be a crucial tool to countering potential backlash.

scholarly journals Building trust and enhancing localization to improve access to women’s health services in Afghanistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
F R Rab ◽  
S S Stranges ◽  
A D Thind ◽  
S S Sohani
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Time Trend ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Delivery Of Healthcare ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Delivery Of Health Services

Abstract Background Over 34 million people in Afghanistan have suffered from death and devastation for the last four decades as a result of conflict. Women and children have borne the brunt of this devastation. Afghanistan has some of the poorest health indicators in the world for women and children. In the midst of armed conflict, providing essential healthcare in remote regions in the throws of conflict remains a challenge, which is being addressed the Mobile Health Teams through Afghan Red Crescent (ARCS). To overcome socio-cultural barriers, ARCS MHTs have used local knowledge to hire female staff as part of the MHTs along with their male relatives as part of MHT staff. The present study was conducted to explore the impact of engaging female health workers as part of MHTs in conflict zones within Afghanistan on access, availability and utilization of maternal and child health care. Methods Quantitative descriptive and time-trend analysis were used to evaluate impact of introduction of female health workers. Qualitative data is being analyzed to assess the possibilities and implications of engaging female health workers in the delivery of health services. Results Preliminary results show a 96% increase in uptake of services for expectant mothers over the last four years. Average of 18 thousand services provided each month by MHTs, 70% for women and children. Service delivery for women and children significantly increased over time (p < 0.05) after inclusion of female health workers in MHTs. Delivery of maternity care services showed a more significant increase (p < 0.001). Time trend and qualitative analyses is ongoing. Conclusions Introduction of female health workers significantly improved uptake of health care services for women and children especially in extremely isolated areas controlled by armed groups in Afghanistan. Engaging with local stakeholders is essential for delivery of health services for vulnerable populations in fragile settings like Afghanistan. Key messages Understanding cultural norms results in socially acceptable solutions to barriers in delivery of healthcare services and leads to improvements in access for women and children in fragile settings. Building local partnerships and capacities and using local resources result in safe, efficient and sustainable delivery of healthcare services for vulnerable populations in fragile settings.

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