scholarly journals Precision Medicine, Developmental Plasticity and Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Wang ◽  
John Attia ◽  
Stephen Lye ◽  
Wendy Oddy ◽  
Lawrence Beilin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Lower Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Adult Disease ◽  
Healthy Nutrition ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

Abstract Background: It is well established that genetics, environment, and interplay between them play crucial roles in adult disease. We aimed to evaluate the role of genetics, early life nutrition, and interaction between them, on optimal adult health. Methods: As part of a large international consortium (n~154,000), we identified 60 SNPs associated with both birthweight and adult disease. Utilising the Raine Study, we developed a birthweight polygenic score (BW-PGS) based the 60 SNPs and examined relationships between BW-PGS and adulthood cardiovascular risk factors, specifically evaluating interactions with early life nutrition. Findings: Healthy nutrition was beneficial for all individuals; longer duration of any breastfeeding was associated with lower BMI and lower Systolic Blood Pressure in those with higher BW-PGS. Interpretation: Optimal breastfeeding offers the greatest benefit to reduce adult obesity and hypertension in those genetically predisposed to high birthweight. This provides an example of how precision medicine in early life can improve adult health.

scholarly journals Precision Medicine, Developmental Plasticity and Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A Wang ◽  
John R Attia ◽  
Stephen J Lye ◽  
Wendy H Oddy ◽  
Lawrence Beilin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Lower Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Adult Disease ◽  
Healthy Nutrition ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

Abstract Background: It is well established that genetics, environment, and interplay between them play a crucial role in adult disease. We aimed to evaluate the role of genetics, early life nutrition, and the interaction between them, on optimal adult health. Methods: As part of a large international consortium (n~154,000), we identified 60 SNPs associated with both birthweight and adult disease. Utilising the Raine Study, we developed a birthweight polygenic score (BW-PGS) based on the 60 SNPs and examined relationships between BW-PGS and adulthood cardiovascular risk factors, specifically evaluating interactions with early life nutrition. Findings: Healthy nutrition was beneficial for all individuals; longer duration of any breastfeeding was particularly associated with lower BMI and lower Systolic Blood Pressure in those with higher BW-PGS. Interpretation: Optimal breastfeeding offers the greatest benefit to reduce adult obesity and hypertension in those genetically predisposed to high birthweight. This provides an example of how precision medicine in early life can improve adult health.

scholarly journals The interactions between genetics and early childhood nutrition influence adult cardiometabolic risk factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. Wang ◽  
John R. Attia ◽  
Stephen J. Lye ◽  
Wendy H. Oddy ◽  
Lawrence Beilin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Adult Obesity ◽  
Lower Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Childhood Nutrition ◽  
Adult Disease ◽  
Healthy Nutrition ◽  
Early Childhood Nutrition

AbstractIt is well established that genetics, environment, and interplay between them play a crucial role in adult disease. We aimed to evaluate the role of genetics, early life nutrition, and the interaction between them, on optimal adult health. As part of a large international consortium (n ~ 154,000), we identified 60 SNPs associated with both birthweight and adult disease. Utilising the Raine Study, we developed a birthweight polygenic score (BW-PGS) based on the 60 SNPs and examined relationships between BW-PGS and adulthood cardiovascular risk factors, specifically evaluating interactions with early life nutrition. Healthy nutrition was beneficial for all individuals; longer duration of any breastfeeding was particularly associated with lower BMI and lower Systolic Blood Pressure in those with higher BW-PGS. Optimal breastfeeding offers the greatest benefit to reduce adult obesity and hypertension in those genetically predisposed to high birthweight. This provides an example of how precision medicine in early life can improve adult health.

scholarly journals The role of infant nutrition in the global epidemic of non-communicable disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atul Singhal
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
World Region ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
The Impact

Non-communicable diseases (NCD) and atherosclerotic CVD in particular, are the most important health problems of the 21st century. Already in every world region except Africa, NCD account for greater mortality than communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions combined. Although modifiable lifestyle factors in adults are the main determinants, substantial evidence now suggests that factors in early life also have a major role in the development of NCD; commonly referred to as the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis. Factors in utero, early postnatal life and throughout childhood, have been shown to affect NCD by influencing risk factors for CVD such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Infant nutrition (e.g. breastfeeding rather than bottle feeding) and a slower pattern of infant weight gain have been shown to be particularly protective against later risk of obesity and CVD in both low- and high-income countries. The mechanisms involved are poorly understood, but include epigenetic changes; effects on endocrine systems regulating body weight, food intake and fat deposition; and changes in appetite regulation. As a consequence, strategies to optimise early life nutrition could make a major contribution to stemming the current global epidemic of NCD. This review will consider the role of early life factors in the development of NCD, focusing on the impact of infant nutrition/growth on obesity and CVD. The review will highlight the experimental (randomised) evidence where available, briefly summarise the underlying mechanisms involved and consider the implications for public health.

scholarly journals Early-life Socio-economic Status and Adult Health: The Role of Positive Affect

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-198
Author(s):  
Kyle W. Murdock ◽  
Angie S. LeRoy ◽  
Christopher P. Fagundes
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Socio Economic Status

scholarly journals Developmental plasticity in visual cortex is necessary for normal visuomotor integration and visuomotor skill learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix C Widmer ◽  
Georg B Keller
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Conditional Knockout ◽  
Visuomotor Integration ◽  
Visuomotor Task ◽  
Visuomotor Skills

The experience of coupling between motor output and visual feedback is necessary for the development of visuomotor skills and shapes visuomotor integration in visual cortex. Whether these experience-dependent changes involve plasticity in visual cortex remains unclear. Here, we probed the role of NMDA receptor-dependent plasticity in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) during visuomotor development. Using a conditional knockout of NMDA receptors and a photoactivatable inhibitor of CaMKII, we locally perturbed plasticity in V1 during first visual experience, recorded neuronal activity in V1, and tested the mice in a visuomotor task. We found that perturbing plasticity before, but not after, first visuomotor experience reduces responses to unpredictable stimuli, diminishes the suppression of predictable feedback in V1, and impairs visuomotor skill learning later in life. Our results demonstrate that plasticity in the local V1 circuit during early life is critical for shaping visuomotor integration.

Implementation of an NCD prevention strategy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Rayner ◽  
Kremlin Wickramasinghe ◽  
Julianne Williams ◽  
Karen McColl ◽  
Shanthi Mendis
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Prevention Strategy ◽  
Social Inequalities In Health ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Prevention Interventions ◽  
And Control ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

This chapter is about the implementation of an non-communicable disease (NCD) prevention strategy, which is a specified set of activities designed to put interventions or policies into practice. After an overview of the various types of implementation and the emerging type of research which focuses on this, this chapter describes frameworks which can be useful in guiding the planning and organization of implementation. The chapter then describes the role of national health systems in responding to NCDs. It provides case studies which illustrate the implementation of NCD prevention interventions from around the world. The chapter includes an important discussion about tackling social inequalities in health and provides examples of entry points and some possible interventions to address CVD inequalities. The chapter also discusses disadvantaged groups as key stakeholders in developing global and national strategies to prevent and control NCDs.

scholarly journals Consumer communication when eating out of home: the role of technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 373-386
Author(s):  
Jeff Bray ◽  
Heather Hartwell ◽  
Katherine Appleton ◽  
Sarah Price
Keyword(s):  
Product Information ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Information Provision ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Consumer Control ◽  
Eating Out ◽  
Aida Model ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

PurposeDespite growing demand, little product information is available when eating out. Information that is provided is often not well understood leading to a lack of consumer control and acting as a barrier to healthy food choices. The AIDA model which highlights the key stages of effective marketing communication (awareness, interest, desire and action) is applied. Information provided through technological solutions is examined to provide clear guidance on future use.Design/methodology/approachExploratory qualitative methods through four focused group discussions allowed consumers views to be probed in-depth and key themes to emerge through thematic analysis.FindingsIn addition to the four key elements of the AIDA model, accessibility and relevance are found to be key constructs relevant to food information provision. Accessibility highlights the need for quick and clear data display, while relevance stresses how salient information is key to each consumer. Technological solutions may offer the most responsive, effective and trusted way to provide enhanced information.Practical implicationsWith increasing consumer demand for clear information, a competitive advantage can be gained through the provision of personalised enhanced dish information when eating out. Findings from this study highlight consumers’ desire for online (app or website-based) platforms.Social implicationsThe provision of enhanced food information when eating out has clear public health implications and may influence choice leading to a reduction in non-communicable disease.Originality/valueThis study evaluates consumers’ perceptions to the provision of enhanced food information out of home providing novel insights and guidance for both managerial and societal impact.

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