Over Use of Ionisation Radiation Imaging With Paediatric Head Trauma

Abstract Purpose: Is to determinate the incidence of paediatric head trauma age 0-17 years in our region in central Europe and the number of radiographic images done for paediatric patients to make a data base for further researches, to be effective in investigating, controlling, and preventing head trauma in our population and to study the real need of radiographic images: Methods: This is a retrospective study from the records of children with head trauma seen at the trauma clinics during the year 2018 Results: There were 3261 attendees recorded in paediatric age groups 0-17 years in 2018. 1168 paediatric patients presented with trauma to the head. 831 (36%) with simple injuries of the head, 295 (23.3%) with wounds in head area, 17 (1.5%) children had fractures, 23 (2%) had concussion and 2 (0.2%) patients had intracranial haematoma. 1097 (93.9%) children with head trauma were imaged by X ray (1032 patients) and CT scan (65 patients) in accordance with local guidelines for head trauma management. The percentage of patients in need of radiation is only 3.42%.Conclusion: Most head trauma in children was minor and not associated with brain injury. The radiation is over used in diagnosis of paediatric head trauma

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Head Trauma for the Pediatrician

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.62.5.819 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 62 (5) ◽

pp. 819-825

Author(s):

Harvey S. Singer ◽

John M. Freeman

Keyword(s):

Head Trauma ◽

Surgical Intervention ◽

Early Recognition ◽

Skull Fracture ◽

Trauma Management ◽

Minor Head Trauma ◽

X Ray ◽

Neurologic Function ◽

Optimal Approach

A physician's concern about continued or progressive alteration in consciousness or neurologic function will result in the early recognition of head trauma complications that require medical or surgical intervention. The role of the pediatrician following "minor" head trauma is to serve as the overseer, coordinating observations and providing informed decisions on the necessity of additional medical or diagnostic requirements. This article provides an approach to handling the patient with mild head trauma based upon our experiences and interpretations of the literature. In conclusion, we emphasize the following points: (1) patients with head trauma, especially if associated with loss of consciousness, should be examined and subsequently evaluated by reliable observers; (2) skull x-ray films rarely provide information that affects medical management; (3) deterioration in the patient's clinical condition demands consultation and appropriate neuroradiologic studies; (4) the presence of a seizure or basilar skull fracture does not in itself necessitate therapy; and (5) continued evaluation of head trauma management is required to determine the optimal approach.

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Visualizing Fluid Flows With X-Rays

Volume 1: Symposia, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/fedsm2007-37023 ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Theodore J. Heindel ◽

Terrence C. Jensen ◽

Joseph N. Gray

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Flow Visualization ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Fluid Flows ◽

X Rays ◽

Radiographic Images ◽

Optical Access ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Computed ◽

Density Map

There are several methods available to visualize fluid flows when one has optical access. However, when optical access is limited to near the boundaries or not available at all, alternative visualization methods are required. This paper will describe flow visualization using an X-ray system that is capable of digital X-ray radiography, digital X-ray stereography, and digital X-ray computed tomography (CT). The unique X-ray flow visualization facility will be briefly described, and then flow visualization of various systems will be shown. Radiographs provide a two-dimensional density map of a three dimensional process or object. Radiographic images of various multiphase flows will be presented. When two X-ray sources and detectors simultaneously acquire images of the same process or object from different orientations, stereographic imaging can be completed; this type of imaging will be demonstrated by trickling water through packed columns and by absorbing water in a porous medium. Finally, local time-averaged phase distributions can be determined from X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging, and this will be shown by comparing CT images from two different gas-liquid sparged columns.

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Estimation of dose and cancer risk to newborn from chest X-ray in South-South Nigeria: a call for protocol optimization

Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine ◽

10.1186/s43055-021-00445-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Akintayo Daniel Omojola ◽

Michael Onoriode Akpochafor ◽

Samuel Olaolu Adeneye ◽

Isiaka Olusola Akala ◽

Azuka Anthonio Agboje

Keyword(s):

Cancer Risk ◽

Age Groups ◽

Field Size ◽

Radiological Protection ◽

International Studies ◽

X Ray ◽

Thermoluminescent Dosimeters ◽

Chest X Ray ◽

Neonatal Patient ◽

The Mean

Abstract Background The use of X-ray as a diagnostic tool for complication and anomaly in the neonatal patient has been helpful, but the effect of radiation on newborn stands to increase their cancer risk. This study aims to determine the mean, 50th percentile (quartile 2 (Q2)), and 75th percentile (quartile 3 (Q3)) entrance surface dose (ESD) from anteroposterior (AP) chest X-ray and to compare our findings with other relevant studies. The study used calibrated thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), which was positioned on the central axis of the patient. The encapsulated TLD chips were held to the patients’ body using paper tape. The mean kilovoltage peak (kVp) and milliampere seconds (mAs) used was 56.63(52–60) and 5.7 (5–6.3). The mean background TLD counts were subtracted from the exposed TLD counts and a calibration factor was applied to determine ESD. Results The mean ESDs of the newborn between 1 and 7, 8 and 14, 15 and 21, and 22 and 28 days were 1.09 ± 0.43, 1.15 ± 0.50, 1.19 ± 0.45, and 1.32 ± 0.47 mGy respectively. A one-way ANOVA test shows that there were no differences in the mean doses for the 4 age groups (P = 0.597). The 50th percentile for the 4 age groups was 1.07, 1.26, 1.09, and 1.29 mGy respectively, and 75th percentile were 1.41, 1.55, 1.55, and 1.69 mGy respectively. The mean effective dose (ED) in this study was 0.74 mSv, and the estimated cancer risk was 20.7 × 10−6. Conclusion ESD was primarily affected by the film-focus distance (FFD) and the patient field size. The ESD at 75th percentile and ED in this study was higher compared to other national and international studies. The estimated cancer risk to a newborn was below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) limit for fatal childhood cancer (2.8 × 10−2Sv−1).

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Pediatric Minor Head Trauma: Factors Affecting the Anxiety of Parents

Clinical Pediatrics ◽

10.1177/00099228211009678 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 000992282110096

Author(s):

Hasan Aldinc ◽

Cem Gun ◽

Serpil Yaylaci ◽

Erol Barbur

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Head Trauma ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Cranial Computed Tomography ◽

Sufficient Information ◽

Minor Head Trauma ◽

Computed Tomography Imaging ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

X Ray

Managing the anxiety of the parents of pediatric patients with head trauma is challenging. This study aimed to examine the factors that affect anxiety levels of parents whose children were admitted to the emergency department with minor head trauma. In this prospective study, the parents of 663 consecutive pediatric patients were invited to answer a questionnaire. Parents of 600 children participated in the study. The parents who believed they were provided sufficient information and who were satisfied with the service received had significantly more improvement in anxiety-related questions. Cranial X-ray assessment had a significantly positive impact on the anxiety of the parents, whereas cranial computed tomography and neurosurgery consultation did not. In assessing pediatric minor head trauma, cranial computed tomography imaging and neurosurgery consultation should not be expected to relieve the anxiety of the parents. However, adequately informing them and providing satisfaction are the factors that could lead to improvement.

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806. 2013–2015 Nationwide Tuberculosis Contact Investigation in Childcare Centers and Schools in Korea

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofy210.813 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S289-S289

Author(s):

Woosuck Suh ◽

Jong-Hyun Kim ◽

Ji Hyen Hwang ◽

Sodam Lee ◽

Kang-Hee Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

School Setting ◽

Age Groups ◽

Disease Status ◽

Childcare Centers ◽

X Ray ◽

Contact Investigation ◽

Chest X Ray ◽

Latent Tb ◽

The Republic ◽

Latent Tb Infection

Abstract Background The Republic of Korea has the highest incidence rate of tuberculosis (TB) among members of the OECD, reported as 78.8/100,000 population in 2016. In response, a state-run intensive contact investigation for TB is being conducted. More effective TB control requires an epidemiologic emphasis on the diagnosis and treatment of latent TB infections in children and adolescents, compared with other age groups. Here we present an analysis of data from the childcare center and school contact investigation by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2013–2015. Methods Data collected from index patients included age, sex, occupation, disease status, results of AFB smear/culture, and chest x-ray. Data collected from contacts included age, sex, results of serial tuberculin skin test (TST), and chest x-ray. Congregate settings included childcare centers, kindergartens, elementary and secondary schools, and age groups were stratified as follows: 0–4 years, 5–12 years, and 13–18 years. TSTs were considered positive if induration ≥10 mm on the first test (TST1) or demonstrated an increase ≥6 mm over the induration of TST1 on repeat testing after 8 weeks (TST2). Results Of the 197,801 subjects with data collected, 173,998 were eligible and included in our analysis. TST1 results were available for 159,346 (91.6%) and when results were positive, induration was 10–14 mm in 7.6% and ≥15 mm in 1.5%. TST2 results were available for 119,797 (82.7%) of the 144,904 with negative TST1, and conversion rate was 9.0%. Altogether considering TST1 and TST2, 17.3% contacts had latent TB infections. Positive rates of TST significantly decreased with age: 20.3% in 0–4 years, 18.8% in 5–12 years, 17.1% in 13–18 years. Conclusion In this 3-year school-setting contact investigation, 17.3% contacts were diagnosed with latent TB infection, as demonstrated by TST reactions. Positive rates of TST significantly but mildly decreased with age. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Diagnosis of secondary caries in esthetic restorations: influence of the incidence vertical angle of the X-ray beam

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/s0103-64402011000200007 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 129-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Patrícia Lima Moreira ◽

Michel Reis Messora ◽

Stela Márcia Pereira ◽

Solange Maria de Almeida ◽

Adriana Dibo da Cruz

Keyword(s):

Interobserver Reliability ◽

Negative Influence ◽

Composite Resins ◽

Wilcoxon Test ◽

Vertical Angle ◽

Human Teeth ◽

Radiographic Images ◽

Secondary Caries ◽

X Ray ◽

Significant Difference

The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy on the diagnosis of secondary caries-like lesions simulated on esthetic restorations of different materials, changing the incidence vertical angle (IVA) of the x-ray beam. Twenty human teeth received MOD inlay preparations. In the experimental group (n=10), a round cavity was made in the floor of the proximal box to simulate the caries-like lesion. All teeth were restored with 3 composite resins (Charisma, Filtek-Z250 and TPH-Spectrum) at 3 moments. Two radiographic images were acquired with 0º and 10º IVA. Ten observers evaluated the images using a 5-point confidence scale. Intra- and interobserver reliability was analyzed with the Interclass Correlation Coefficient and the diagnostic accuracy was evaluated using the area under the ROC curve (Az), Friedman test and Wilcoxon test (α=0.05). Higher accuracy values were obtained with 10º IVA (Az=0.66, Filtek-Z250>Az=0.56, TPH-Spectrum) compared to 0º (Az=0.55, Charisma>Az=0.37, TPH-Spectrum), though without statistically significant difference (p>0.05). The detection of secondary caries-like lesions simulated on esthetic restorations of different materials suffered no negative influence by changing the IVA of the x-ray beam.

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Microstructure Evolution of Ag/TiO2 Thin Film

Magnetochemistry ◽

10.3390/magnetochemistry7010014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Dewi Suriyani Che Halin ◽

Kamrosni Abdul Razak ◽

Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh ◽

Mohd Izrul Izwan Ramli ◽

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Thin Films ◽

Growth Rate ◽

Synchrotron Radiation ◽

Tio2 Thin Film ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Tio2 Thin Films ◽

Contact Mode ◽

X Ray ◽

Radiation Imaging

Ag/TiO2 thin films were prepared using the sol-gel spin coating method. The microstructural growth behaviors of the prepared Ag/TiO2 thin films were elucidated using real-time synchrotron radiation imaging, its structure was determined using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), its morphology was imaged using the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and its surface topography was examined using the atomic force microscope (AFM) in contact mode. The cubical shape was detected and identified as Ag, while the anatase, TiO2 thin film resembled a porous ring-like structure. It was found that each ring that coalesced and formed channels occurred at a low annealing temperature of 280 °C. The energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) result revealed a small amount of Ag presence in the Ag/TiO2 thin films. From the in-situ synchrotron radiation imaging, it was observed that as the annealing time increased, the growth of Ag/TiO2 also increased in terms of area and the number of junctions. The growth rate of Ag/TiO2 at 600 s was 47.26 µm2/s, and after 1200 s it decreased to 11.50 µm2/s and 11.55 µm2/s at 1800 s. Prolonged annealing will further decrease the growth rate to 5.94 µm2/s, 4.12 µm2/s and 4.86 µm2/s at 2400 s, 3000 s and 3600 s, respectively.

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Foreign Body Aspiration in Infants and Older Children: A Comparative Study

Ear Nose & Throat Journal ◽

10.1177/0145561319839900 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 99 (1) ◽

pp. 47-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shorook Na’ara ◽

Igor Vainer ◽

Moran Amit ◽

Arie Gordin

Keyword(s):

Foreign Body ◽

Medical Center ◽

Age Groups ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Foreign Body Aspiration ◽

Preschool Age ◽

Small Airways ◽

Older Children ◽

X Ray ◽

Young Infants

Background: Foreign body aspiration (FBA) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. It is a preventable event that predominates in preschool age. The signs and symptoms mimic respiratory diseases common in the same age-group. We compared FBA in infants to FBA in older children. Methods: Retrospective analysis of all the cases of suspected FBA of children under the age of 18 years hospitalized at one medical center during 2002 to 2016. We analyzed the data according to age: up to 1 year (infants) and 1 to 18 years. Results: One hundred seventy-five children with suspected FBA were admitted; of whom, 27 (15%) were infants and 148 (85%) were older children (age 1-18 years). For the 2 age groups, adults witnessed 85% and 73%, respectively, of the incidents ( P = .4). In the neonate group, 48% presented with normal X-ray findings compared to only 20% in the older group; 15% of the older group had a positive chest X-ray for a foreign body, while none had such in the infants’ group ( P = .01). For the 2 age groups, the majority of the FBs found were from organic origin. About half of the patients were diagnosed and managed within 24 hours of the aspiration event. In 10%, repeated bronchoscopy was performed due to a retained FB remnant. In a multivariate analysis, signs and symptoms ( P < .05), location of the FB ( P < .001), and witnessed aspiration ( P < .001) were independent prognostic factors for the length of hospitalization. Conclusion: Foreign body aspiration is not uncommon in young infants; the management is challenging due to small airways, the need to use smaller bronchoscopes, and the lack of working channel forces in pediatric bronchoscopes.

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