Do descriptive norms messaging interventions backfire? Protocol for a systematic review of the boomerang effect
Abstract Background Descriptive norms messaging interventions are used to motivate people to adopt or maintain desirable behaviors. Such interventions provide people with information that describes an undesirable behavior as uncommon or a desirable behavior as prevalent within a relevant social group. Descriptive norms messaging interventions have shown promise in increasing individual and social benefit for a broad range of health and sustainability programs. However, evidence suggests that people who have adopted desirable behaviors sometimes regress to undesirable behaviors after receiving descriptive norms messages due to the type of information provided in the messages. This phenomenon is called the boomerang effect. We aim to conduct a systematic review of boomerang effects on health and environmental sustainability behaviors resulting from exposure to descriptive norms messaging interventions.Methods We will employ our search strategy to identify studies of descriptive norms messaging interventions published prior to January 1, 2020. We will search Cochrane Library, Campbell Library, EMBASE, ProQuest, PsycINFO, PubMed, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), Scopus, and Web of Science to retrieve peer-reviewed articles published in English. We will restrict inclusion to studies of health and environmental sustainability interventions that assess behavior before and after exposure to descriptive norms messaging. Two reviewers will independently extract data about study populations and design, intervention components, and behavioral measures. We will use Cochrane’s Risk of Bias assessment tool to assess the risk of bias, and the Liverpool Quality Assessment Tool (LQAT) to assess the quality of evidence. We will conduct thematic analyses to codify interventions, and examine intervention effects across subgroups of individuals based on their behavior prior to intervention exposure (e.g., those practicing desirable behaviors vs. undesirable behaviors). We will also conduct moderator analyses to determine whether boomerang effects are contingent upon other factors.Discussion This systematic review will provide information about descriptive norms messaging intervention effects across subgroups of individuals, and elucidate factors that potentially moderate boomerang effects. The review will yield evidence-based recommendations for the structure and content of descriptive norms messages that can be employed to avoid unintended boomerang effects within the context of health and sustainability programming.Systematic review registration PROSPERO #: 156989