scholarly journals Development Of An Excel-Based Cost Effectiveness Analysis Tool For Ascertaining Value For Money In Implementation Of Hiv And Other Health Interventions At Bomu Hospital, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
NANCY MUCOGO NJERU ◽  
Elizabeth Owiti ◽  
Aabid Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The University

Abstract An Organization Capacity Assessment done in Bomu hospital in April 2015 with an aim to strengthen the local institution’s capacity for sustainable fight against HIV Aids pandemic led to the development of this excel-based cost effectiveness analysis tool. Objective: The specific objectives were to develop a cost-effectiveness analysis excel tool complete with instruction manual for use in costing, determining prices of services and carrying out economic evaluations. Method: A technical working team (TWG) comprising of senior management of the hospital and the University of Nairobi Fellow was formed. The TWG identified program where cost indicators would be derived, developed cost indicators collection tools, collected costing data and build necessary consensus and assumptions. The data was used to design the tool complete with working instructions. Results: The tool comprises of processes, instructions, excel data entry provisions and inbuilt formulae in excel sheets. The unique tool features include; simple to use instructions, systematic listing of cost elements with a drop down option to allow selection as required, allows additional cost elements to be added thus increasing scope of use . The tool also separates costs and sub-costs in a manner that allows cost drivers to be known precisely as well as avoid double costing among others. Conclusion: The tool is transferable to other facilities and can be replicated in all hospitals within the country, in private, public and non – governmental organizations. Its regular review, improvements and utilization will be important for the health sector to fully benefit from its use. It will be necessary to sensitize health facilities to address information gaps and also ensure that data is available in form and detail necessary for costing purposes. Key words: Economic evaluation, Costing, Resources, Treatment outcomes

Roadside Safety Analysis Program: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Procedure

1998 ◽  
Vol 1647 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
King K. Mak ◽  
Dean L. Sicking ◽  
Karl Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Safety Analysis ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Analysis Program ◽  
University Of Florida ◽  
Roadside Safety ◽  
The Public ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
The University ◽  
User Friendly

Brief descriptions are provided of a new cost-effectiveness analysis program, known as the Roadside Safety Analysis Program (RSAP), which was developed under NCHRP Project 22-9. RSAP is an improvement over existing cost-effectiveness analysis procedures for evaluation of roadside safety improvements, such as the procedures in the 1977 AASHTO barrier guide and the ROADSIDE program. RSAP improves on many of the algorithms in the procedures and provides a user-friendly interface to facilitate use. The program has undergone extensive testing and validation, including evaluation by an independent reviewer. It is anticipated that RSAP will be available to the public through the McTrans Center at the University of Florida.

COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS: CAN WE REDUCE VARIABILITY IN COSTING METHODS?

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taghreed Adam ◽  
David B. Evans ◽  
Marc A. Koopmanschap
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Methodological Issue ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Third ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Made In

Objectives: The need for consistency and standardization of methods for economic appraisals has been recognized for some time and has led to the development of several sets of guidelines for economic evaluations and for costs. Despite this, considerable diversity is still apparent in applied studies. Some of these diversities might be defensible, and some might not. The objectives of this study are to explore sources of variations in the methods used in applied studies and to discuss the nature of these variations and the possibility of reducing some of them.Methods: We first use a systematic approach to identify the major sources of variation in costing methods used in applied economic evaluations. We then compare the methods used with the recommendations made in available guidelines.Results: Four possible sources of variation are identified. The first is where guidelines do not agree in their recommendations; therefore, it is not surprising that applied studies use different methods. The second is where guidelines agree in principle but provide little detail on how to comply with their recommendations; and the third is where a particular methodological issue is not discussed in guidelines. The fourth reason is simply lack of compliance with accepted guidelines.Conclusions: Variability in costing methods used in applied studies raises questions about the validity of their results and makes it difficult to compare the results of different studies. We discuss the implications for the transferability and generalizability of results and suggest ways to minimize the variability in the methods so that the results of costing studies and economic evaluations can be of more value to policy-makers.

scholarly journals Generalised Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of 159 Health Interventions for the Ethiopian Essential Health Service Package

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getachew Teshome Eregata ◽  
Alemayehu Hailu ◽  
Karin Stenberg ◽  
Kjell Arne Johansson ◽  
Ole Frithjof Norheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
World Health ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Service Package ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Generalised Cost

Abstract Background: Cost effectiveness was a criterion used to revise Ethiopia’s essential health service package (EHSP) in 2019. However, there are few cost-effectiveness studies from Ethiopia or directly transferable evidence from other low-income countries to inform a comprehensive revision of the Ethiopian EHSP. Therefore, this paper reports average cost-effectiveness ratios (ACERs) of 159 health interventions used in the revision of Ethiopia’s EHSP. Methods: In this study, we estimate ACERs for 77 interventions on reproductive maternal neonatal and child health (RMNCH), infectious diseases and water sanitation and hygiene as well as for 82 interventions on non-communicable diseases. We used the standardised World Health Organization (WHO) CHOosing Interventions that are Cost Effective methodology (CHOICE) for generalised cost-effectiveness analysis. The health benefits of interventions were determined using a population state-transition model, which simulates the Ethiopian population, accounting for births, deaths and disease epidemiology. Healthy life years (HLYs) gained was employed as a measure of health benefits. We estimated the economic costs of interventions from the health system perspective, including programme overhead and training costs. We used the Spectrum generalised cost-effectiveness analysis tool for data analysis. We did not explicitly apply cost-effectiveness thresholds, but we used US$100 and $1,000 as references to summarise and present the ACER results. Results: We found ACERs ranging from less than US$1 per HLY gained (for family planning) to about US$48,000 per HLY gained (for treatment of stage 4 colorectal cancer). In general, 75% of the interventions evaluated had ACERs of less than US$1,000 per HLY gained. The vast majority (95%) of RMNCH and infectious disease interventions had an ACER of less than US$1,000 per HLY while almost half (44%) of non-communicable disease interventions had an ACER greater than US$1,000 per HLY. Conclusion: The present study shows that several potential cost-effective interventions are available that could substantially reduce Ethiopia’s disease burden if scaled up. The use of the World Health Organization’s generalised cost-effectiveness analysis tool allowed us to rapidly calculate country-specific cost-effectiveness analysis values for 159 health interventions under consideration for Ethiopia’s EHSP.

scholarly journals Application of New French Guidelines for Economic Evaluations: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Apixaban in Patients with Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation in France

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. A523 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Durand-Zaleski ◽  
F.E. Cotté ◽  
T. Lanitis ◽  
C. Godard ◽  
I. Kachaner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis

scholarly journals Generalised Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of 159 Health Interventions For The Ethiopian Essential Health Service Package

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getachew Teshome ◽  
Alemayehu Hailu ◽  
Karin Stenberg ◽  
Kjell Arne Johansson ◽  
Ole Frithjof Norheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
World Health ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Service Package ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Generalised Cost

Abstract Background: Cost effectiveness was a criterion used to revise Ethiopia’s essential health service package (EHSP) in 2019. However, there are few cost-effectiveness studies from Ethiopia or directly transferable evidence from other low-income countries to inform a comprehensive revision of the Ethiopian EHSP. Therefore, this paper reports average cost-effectiveness ratios (ACERs) of 159 health interventions used in the revision of Ethiopia’s EHSP. Methods: In this study, we estimate ACERs for 77 interventions on reproductive maternal neonatal and child health (RMNCH), infectious diseases and water sanitation and hygiene as well as for 82 interventions on non-communicable diseases. We used the standardised World Health Organization CHOosing Interventions that are Cost Effective methodology for generalised cost-effectiveness analysis. The health benefits of interventions were determined using a population state-transition model, which simulates the Ethiopian population, accounting for births, deaths and disease epidemiology. Healthy life years (HLYs) gained was employed as a measure of health benefits, and we estimated the economic costs of interventions from the health system perspective, including programme overhead and training costs. We used the Spectrum generalised cost-effectiveness analysis tool for data analysis. We did not explicitly apply cost-effectiveness thresholds, but we used US$100 and $1,000 as references to summarise and present the ACER results. Results: We found ACERs ranging from less than US$1 per HLY gained (for family planning) to about US$48,000 per HLY gained (for treatment of stage 4 colorectal cancer). In general, 75% of the interventions evaluated had ACERs of less than US$1,000 per HLY gained. The vast majority (95%) of RMNCH and infectious disease interventions had an ACER of less than US$1,000 per HLY while almost half (44%) of non-communicable disease interventions had an ACER greater than US$1,000 per HLY. Conclusion: The present study shows that several potential cost-effective interventions are available that could substantially reduce Ethiopia’s disease burden if scaled up. The use of the World Health Organization’s generalised cost-effectiveness analysis tool allowed us to rapidly calculate country-specific cost-effectiveness analysis values for 159 health interventions under consideration for Ethiopia’s EHSP.

scholarly journals Cost-effectiveness analysis for decision making in health care-concept, relevance and methodological challenges

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 2212
Author(s):  
Kesavan Sreekantan Nair ◽  
Muneeb Jehan ◽  
Fahad Albejaidi ◽  
Syed Arif Pasha
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Methodological Challenges

With continuous rise in health spending among countries, the need to make use of limited resources in health systems has become crucial. Health policy makers in countries strive to identify the interventions which can contribute to improving health outcomes. Techniques of economic evaluation, especially cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) have been widely applied in health sector to identify interventions that are more effective in terms of resources utilization. An understanding of CEA will not only help policy makers to take appropriate decisions in health sector but also in judicious spending of scarce resources. However, CEA studies have been flaunted with series of methodological challenges and practicability issues. This paper provides an introduction to CEA as one of the techniques of economic evaluation of health interventions and its relevance in making decisions in health sector. The paper also discusses some of the practical issues that arise while doing a CEA study in the health sector.

scholarly journals Generalised cost-effectiveness analysis of 159 health interventions for the Ethiopian essential health service package

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Getachew Teshome Eregata ◽  
Alemayehu Hailu ◽  
Karin Stenberg ◽  
Kjell Arne Johansson ◽  
Ole Frithjof Norheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
World Health ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Service Package ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Generalised Cost

Abstract Background Cost effectiveness was a criterion used to revise Ethiopia’s essential health service package (EHSP) in 2019. However, there are few cost-effectiveness studies from Ethiopia or directly transferable evidence from other low-income countries to inform a comprehensive revision of the Ethiopian EHSP. Therefore, this paper reports average cost-effectiveness ratios (ACERs) of 159 health interventions used in the revision of Ethiopia’s EHSP. Methods In this study, we estimate ACERs for 77 interventions on reproductive maternal neonatal and child health (RMNCH), infectious diseases and water sanitation and hygiene as well as for 82 interventions on non-communicable diseases. We used the standardised World Health Organization (WHO) CHOosing Interventions that are cost effective methodology (CHOICE) for generalised cost-effectiveness analysis. The health benefits of interventions were determined using a population state-transition model, which simulates the Ethiopian population, accounting for births, deaths and disease epidemiology. Healthy life years (HLYs) gained was employed as a measure of health benefits. We estimated the economic costs of interventions from the health system perspective, including programme overhead and training costs. We used the Spectrum generalised cost-effectiveness analysis tool for data analysis. We did not explicitly apply cost-effectiveness thresholds, but we used US$100 and $1000 as references to summarise and present the ACER results. Results We found ACERs ranging from less than US$1 per HLY gained (for family planning) to about US$48,000 per HLY gained (for treatment of stage 4 colorectal cancer). In general, 75% of the interventions evaluated had ACERs of less than US$1000 per HLY gained. The vast majority (95%) of RMNCH and infectious disease interventions had an ACER of less than US$1000 per HLY while almost half (44%) of non-communicable disease interventions had an ACER greater than US$1000 per HLY. Conclusion The present study shows that several potential cost-effective interventions are available that could substantially reduce Ethiopia’s disease burden if scaled up. The use of the World Health Organization’s generalised cost-effectiveness analysis tool allowed us to rapidly calculate country-specific cost-effectiveness analysis values for 159 health interventions under consideration for Ethiopia’s EHSP.

scholarly journals Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Economic Methods

Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis aims to help healthcare and public health organizations make fairer decisions with better outcomes. Standard cost-effectiveness analysis provides information about total costs and effects. Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis provides additional information about fairness in the distribution of costs and effects—who gains, who loses, and by how much. It can also provide information about the trade-offs that sometimes occur between efficiency objectives such as improving total health and equity objectives such as reducing unfair inequality in health. This is a practical guide to a flexible suite of economic methods for quantifying the equity consequences of health programmes in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. The methods can be tailored and combined in various ways to provide useful information to different decision makers in different countries with different distributional equity concerns. The handbook is primarily aimed at postgraduate students and analysts specializing in cost-effectiveness analysis but is also accessible to a broader audience of health sector academics, practitioners, managers, policymakers, and stakeholders. Part I is an introduction and overview for research commissioners, users, and producers. Parts II and III provide step-by-step technical guidance on how to simulate and evaluate distributions, with accompanying hands-on spreadsheet training exercises. Part IV concludes with discussions about how to handle uncertainty about facts and disagreement about values, and the future challenges facing this young and rapidly evolving field of study.

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