scholarly journals Comparative analysis of transcrptome profiling to identify genes involved in bulged surface of pear fruits (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Yuluxiangli)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baopeng Ding ◽  
Chaohui Hu ◽  
Yuqin Song ◽  
Ruijie Hao ◽  
Xinxin Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Transcriptional Factor ◽  
Growth Retardant ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Kegg Analysis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
Division Cell

Abstract Background: Pear (Pyrus spp.) belongs to the genus Pyrus, in the family Rosaceae. Some varieties of pear fruits exhibit bulged surface, which seriously affect the quality and commodity value. In this study, we performed anatomical, physiological and transcriptomic analysis, to explore the mechanism of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on the bulged surface of pear fruits. Results: The vascular bundles of flesh were more evenly distributed and the cells arranged more compactly with smaller size. However, the auxin (IAA) content of flesh decreased significantly when treated with PBZ. Further, the GO and KEGG analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that auxin, phenylpropanoid metabolic pathways and transcriptional factor genes were significantly enriched on the relieved bulged surface of pear fruits. The promoter region analysis of selected DEGs showed that some genes contained auxin responded cis-elements. Conclusion: We conclude that PBZ might play a negative role in the cell division, cell elongation and vascular bundle development on bulged surface of pear fruits through the involvement of auxin related genes. This study will provide theoretical basis for the regulation of bulged surface of pear fruits by growth retardant agent.

scholarly journals Transcriptome and Metabolome-based Analysis of Anthocyanidin Biosynthesis in Purple Pepper

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaning Meng ◽  
Hongxiao Zhang ◽  
Yanqin Fan ◽  
Libin Yan
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Transcriptome Data ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Green Pepper ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Kegg Analysis ◽  
Key Genes ◽  
Metabolome Data

Abstract In order to clarify the profile of gene expression and metabolites for color formation and the molecular mechanism of anthocyanidin accumulation in purple pepper fruits, we analyzed the anthocyanidin metabolome data of the fruits of 2 purple pepper lines and 1 green pepper line and detected a total of 5 anthocyanidin-like metabolites, of which delphin chloride was unique to purple pepper fruits and 3 other anthocyanidin-like substances shared the metabolic pathway ko00942 and were up-regulated. Based on the transcriptome data, three pathways (ko00360, ko00400, and ko00941) related to anthocyanidin metabolism were identified through KEGG analysis. Three enzymes (DFR, ANS, and UFGT) and three transcription factors (MYB, BHLH, and WD40) in the purple pepper anthocyanidin biosynthetic pathway were up-regulated. We proposed a model to explain the regulation of pepper anthocyanidin biosynthesis: MYB, BHLH, and WD40 formed a ternary complex and bound to the specific cis-acting elements in the promoter region of the structural genes related to anthocyanidin biosynthesis to directly regulate their transcription, which resulted in the accumulation of a large amount of anthocyanidin metabolites including delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside, and delphin chloride, giving color to pepper fruits. This study clarified the metabolic pathways and key genes affecting the color of purple pepper fruits and provided new insights into the synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanidins in pepper fruits.

scholarly journals Leaf morphoanatomy of an endemic massaranduba from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monick Lima Carvalho ◽  
Cláudia Elena Carneiro
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Vegetative State ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Leaf Architecture ◽  
Chapada Diamantina ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
The Family ◽  
Microscopy Techniques

Abstract: The Sapotaceae family is recognized for its economic importance, presenting food, medicinal and timber potential. Pouteria andarahiensis T.D.Penn., popularly known as "massaranduba", is endemic to Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil, and is currently classified on the IUCN red list as "endangered". Pouteria andarahiensis is little studied, highlighting this work as the first anatomical study for the species. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to perform anatomical studies. The species showed characters shared with the family (laticifers and malpiguiaceous trichomes), as well as diagnostic characters and associated with xeromorphy. The data obtained from the leaf architecture can assist in the identification of the species in a vegetative state, while the leaf surface provided unpublished data to the species, indicating the presence of a cuticle with complex ornamentation. Stand out as xeromorphic anatomical features, high stomatal density, high number of trichomes per area, sclerenchymatic columns in the mesophyll and a subepidermal sclerenchyma layer connecting the vascular bundles in the mesophyll.

scholarly journals Hierarchical Dyadic Congruence in Family Firms: The Interplay of Supervisor and Supervisee Socioemotional Wealth Importance and Familial Status

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Campopiano ◽  
Emanuela Rondi
Keyword(s):  
Social Exchange ◽  
Family Business ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
Socioemotional Wealth ◽  
Organization Behavior ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

We extend McLarty, Vardaman, and Barnett’s analysis of how family firm supervisor attributes, in terms of familial status and socioemotional wealth importance, affect supervisee performance by considering the supervisee attributes. We further integrate the concept of restricted and generalized social exchange to provide a theoretical basis for how hierarchical dyadic (in)congruence moderates the relationship between supervisee commitment and performance. By providing a more fine-grained conceptualization, we contribute to the family business literature at its organization behavior interface.

scholarly journals Pericarp development in fruit of epiphytic cacti: implications for fruit classification and macro-morphology in the Cactaceae

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 621-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odair José Garcia de Almeida ◽  
Luiz Antonio de Souza ◽  
Adelita Aparecida Sartori Paoli ◽  
Arthur R. Davis ◽  
J. Hugo Cota-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
The Family ◽  
Dry Fruit

The family Cactaceae exhibits an assortment of fleshy and dry fruit types with various shapes dictated by the gynoecium outline and surrounding pericarpel. Consequently, conflicting terminology exists regarding cactus fruit classification because the fruit is a complex structure in which various floral parts participate in development. We examined fruit morphogenesis in four epiphytic cacti and provided a description of developmental events from post-anthesis to fruit maturation, which unveiled new structures valuable in fruit characterisation and taxonomy of the Hylocereeae and Rhipsalideae. Succinctly, the cactus fruit is a carpellar ovary embedded in a long-shoot (pericarpel). The pericarp originates from five components: internal ovarian epidermis that delimits the fruit locule, ovary (proper), collateral vascular bundles, pericarpel (receptacular origin), and external pericarpel epidermis. In addition, cell expansion and stored mucilage, a sticky substance involved in seed dispersal, occurs during fruit development. We propose the term cactidium, a complex fruit with accessory structures of pericarpellar origin surrounding the gynoecial boundary, to describe the cactus fruit. This term is appropriate because members of the Cactaceae bear unique traits, such as areoles in the reproductive structures (pericarpel), which may produce scale-leaves, bristles, and spines.

Metabolic Studies of Environmental Effects

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 824-825
Author(s):  
Albert Dorfman
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Enzyme Systems ◽  
General Lesson ◽  
Developmental Parameter

Perhaps some of the comments already made here about developing a theoretical basis for predictive purposes were in disagreement because opportunities vary greatly with the model under discussion. Certainly the general lesson of molecular biology and biochemistry in the last two decades has been surprisingly opposite to that of toxicology in that metabolic pathways are remarkably similar in range, not merely from mouse to man but even from bacteria to man. It is at times hard to accept the claim that animal models are not too useful for studying teratogenesis. Some principles that have been reviewed today are worth summarizing, because if one thinks of certain parameters, such as the final toxic substance (frequently a metabolite of the original pollutant) there is probably not much difference among various species or organisms. At least so it seems from study of enzyme systems. If one considers simpler situations, such as mercury pollution, he can realize the validity of this concept. THREE PARAMETERS OF TOXICITY One could possibly look at the situation as follows: at various stages of the developmental process, starting from the fertilized ovum and progressing to the mature organism or even the aged organism, there are enzymological differences which have become of interest in developmental biology. In particular, in pediatrics we know about programmed processes that go forward inevitably, and others which are subject to control by hormonal influences, by administration of certain substances, or by induction. In the interpretation of any kind of toxic effect, we must consider if our developmental parameter will or will not be toxic at certain stages of development, as I will ifiustrate later.

Comparative chemotaxonomic investigations on amaranthus hybridus l. and Amaranthus spinosus L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
C. Wahua ◽  
J. Nwikiri
Keyword(s):  
Niger Delta ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Amaranthus Hybridus ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Amaranthus Spinosus ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phytochemical Studies ◽  
Key Words Morphology

The present study is set to investigate the comparative chemotaxonomic investigations on Amaranthus hybridus L. and Amaranthus spinosus L. which belong to the family Amaranthaceae. They are dicots pre-dominantly found in the Niger Delta Tropics, Nigeria. The species are annual erect herbs with flower inflorescences as elongated spikes which are mostly paniculate occurring at ends of branches in globose fashion in axils of leaves.The nodes often have pair of axillary spines. Flowers are small, greenish with male ones at the top while the female ones below the clusters and stem is greenish but often reddish with one-seeded capsule as fruit in Amaranthus spinosus which attains up to 80 ± 20cm in height whereas A. hybridus differ in absence of a pair of axillary spines, the stems are greenish or slightly pinkish which grows up to 100 ± 10cm in height. A. hybridus is more of a vegetable and has alternate phyllotaxi and narrow cuneate base. Fruits from both species are circumscissile capsules and their inflorescences are terminal racemes positioned at their axils with female perianth segments of five. Epidermal studies revealed amphistomatic stomata which is anisocytic  type for both species. The stomatal index for A. spinosus adaxial foliar epidermis is 20% and the abaxial 20% whereas for A. hybridus adaxial is 20% and abaxial foliar stomatal index of 20%. Anatomical studies revealed open vascular system, collenchyma dominating the hypodermis while parenchyma occupied the general cortex and pith regions. A. hybridus has more vascular bundles and trichomes, and wider pith than A. spinosus. Phytochemical studies showed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids are present in A. spinosus while alkaloids were absent only in A. hybridus. This may be the reason why A. spinosus is used more in tradomedicine than A.hybridus which served more as vegetable. Key Words: Morphology, Anatomy, Phytochemistry, Amaranthus, Amaranthaceae

scholarly journals PbGA2ox8 induces vascular-related anthocyanin accumulation and contributes to red stripe formation on pear fruit

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhai ◽  
Zhigang Wang ◽  
Chengquan Yang ◽  
Kui Lin-Wang ◽  
Richard Espley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Promoter Region ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Bud Sport ◽  
Transient Overexpression

AbstractFruit with stripes, which are generally longitudinal, can occur naturally, but the bioprocesses underlying this phenomenon are unclear. Previously, we observed an atypical anthocyanin distribution that caused red-striped fruit on the spontaneous pear bud sport “Red Zaosu” (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). In this study, comparative transcriptome analysis of the sport and wild-type “Zaosu” revealed that this atypical anthocyanin accumulation was tightly correlated with abnormal overexpression of the gene-encoding gibberellin (GA) 2-beta-dioxygenase 8, PbGA2ox8. Consistently, decreased methylation was also observed in the promoter region of PbGA2ox8 from “Red Zaosu” compared with “Zaosu”. Moreover, the GA levels in “Red Zaosu” seedlings were lower than those in “Zaosu” seedlings, and the application of exogenous GA4 reduced abnormal anthocyanin accumulation in “Red Zaosu”. Transient overexpression of PbGA2ox8 reduced the GA4 level and caused anthocyanin accumulation in pear fruit skin. Moreover, the presence of red stripes indicated anthocyanin accumulation in the hypanthial epidermal layer near vascular branches (VBs) in “Red Zaosu”. Transient overexpression of PbGA2ox8 resulting from vacuum infiltration induced anthocyanin accumulation preferentially in calcium-enriched areas near the vascular bundles in pear leaves. We propose a fruit-striping mechanism, in which the abnormal overexpression of PbGA2ox8 in “Red Zaosu” induces the formation of a longitudinal array of anthocyanin stripes near vascular bundles in fruit.

The Family-Couple-Parenting Questionnaire

2016 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 957-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Leonilde Carli ◽  
Elena Anzelmo ◽  
Elisa Gatti ◽  
Alessandra Santona ◽  
Stefania Pozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Parental Bonding ◽  
Romantic Attachment ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
The Family ◽  
Reported Study ◽  
Attachment Experience ◽  
Nomological Validity

This work describes the construction of family-couple-parenting (FCP) questionnaire, a new measure of three aspects related to the developmental path toward parenting choices, within the perspective of the family life cycle and attachment theory. Two studies are reported. Study 1 reports the development of the FCP questionnaire and its psychometric properties. Study 2 assesses the FCP’s nomological validity by investigating group differences on FCP factors and links between FCP factors and romantic attachment (experience in close relationships–revised) and recalled parental bonding (parental bonding instrument). Participants were 791 Italian participants: 405 young adults (203 students, 202 workers) and 193 couples (91 childless-by-choice, 102 parents-to-be). The results suggest that the FCP’s stable psychometric structure and strong theoretical basis make FCP a useful instrument for research related to the path to parenthood.

scholarly journals Negative Roles of a Novel Nitrogen Metabolite Repression-Related Gene, TAR1, in Laccase Production and Nitrate Utilization by the Basidiomycete Cryptococcus neoformans

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (21) ◽  
pp. 6777-6782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Jiang ◽  
Dongguang Xiao ◽  
Defa Zhang ◽  
Naiyu Sun ◽  
Bing Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Laccase Activity ◽  
Laccase Production ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Putative Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolite Repression ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
Gaa Repeats

ABSTRACT The multicopper oxidase laccase is widespread in fungi and has great industrial importance. One puzzle regarding laccase production in the basidiomycetous yeast Cryptococcus neoformans is that it is inhibited by high temperature (e.g., 37°C). In this paper, we report identification of a nitrogen metabolite repression-related gene, TAR1, which is responsible for laccase repression. Disruption of TAR1 results in a significant increase in the level of LAC1 mRNA at 37°C. The putative protein Tar1 shares a moderate level of similarity with the nitrogen metabolite repressors Nmr1 and NmrA from Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus nidulans, respectively. Likewise, Tar1 has a negative role in the utilization of nitrate. Furthermore, the structure of Tar1 is unique. Tar1 lacks the long C-terminal region of Nmr1 and NmrA. It contains the canonical Rossmann fold motif, GlyXXGlyXXGly, whereas Nmr1 and NmrA have variable residues at the Gly positions. Interestingly, the promoter region of TAR1 contains three TTC/GAA repeats which are likely the heat shock factor (Hsf) binding sites, implying that Hsf has a role in laccase inhibition. TAR1 mediation of temperature-associated repression of LAC1 suggests a novel mechanism of laccase regulation and a new function for Nmr proteins. Our work may be helpful for industry in terms of promotion of laccase activity.

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