scholarly journals Endonasal Endoscopic Surgery for Macroadenomas: New Understanding of Pseudocapsules

Author(s):  
Zhuqing Wu ◽  
Jiang Xu ◽  
Zijian Zheng ◽  
Yunzhi Ai ◽  
Meihua Li ◽  
...  

Abstract PurposeExtracapsular resection of pituitary microadenomas has been widely reported, but only a few studies have carried out further investigations in macroadenomas, especially using the endonasal endoscopic approach. The authors of this study combined not only the interoperative characteristics of pituitary adenomas and pseudocapsules but also the surgical technique, outcomes and complications in macroadenomas to investigate the pseudocapsule.MethodsIn total, 143 consecutive patients with pituitary adenomas (maximum diameter 15 - 40 mm) who underwent endoscopic endonasal-transsphenoidal surgery between January 1, 2017, and August 1, 2019, were included in the study. ResultsAmong 143 patients, 48 patients had an intact pseudocapsule, 56 patients possessed an incomplete pseudocapsule and the remaining 38 patients had no pseudocapsule. A white and thick pseudocapsule was more frequent (p=0.016) in fibrous adenomas, but tumor fibrosis (p=0.004) and adenoma apoplexy (p<0.001) were the factors that predicted the pseudocapsular integrity and hindered en bloc extracapsular resection according to a logistic regression analysis. In addition, the adenoma size (p=0.185) did not influence pseudocapsular integrity. Partial capsulectomy for macroadenomas did not show a significant advantage over piecemeal resection in gross total tumor resection (GTR) or biochemical remission (p=0.731 and p=0.685, respectively), but GTR in whole capsular resection was 100%. Additionally, this resection method had a higher risk of intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage (p=0.010) and a lower incidence of new hormone deficit (p=0.043) than piecemeal resection.ConclusionsThe pseudocapsule widely exists in pituitary macroadenomas and extracapsular resection can improve GTR and hormone remission rate and reduce the occurrence of postoperative pituitary dysfunction in short-time.

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. E6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph P. Hofstetter ◽  
Raaid H. Mannaa ◽  
Lynn Mubita ◽  
Vijay K. Anand ◽  
John W. Kennedy ◽  
...  

Object The aim of this study was to determine the preoperative predictors of the extent of resection and endocrinological remission following endonasal endoscopic removal of growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenomas. Methods The authors analyzed a prospectively collected database of 24 consecutive acromegalic patients who underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. The extent of resection was evaluated on postoperative contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Endocrinological remission was defined as normal insulin-like growth factor I (IGFI) serum levels and either a nadir GH level of < 0.4 ng/ml after an oral glucose load or a basal GH serum level < 1 ng/ml. Results The majority of acromegalic patients (83%) had macroadenomas > 1 cm in maximum diameter. Gross-total resection was achieved in 17 (71%) of 24 patients. Notably, endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery allowed complete resection of all lesions without cavernous sinus invasion, regardless of the suprasellar extent. Biochemical remission was achieved in 11 (46%) of 24 patients. A smaller tumor volume and a postoperative reduction in GH serum levels were associated with a higher rate of biochemical cure (p < 0.05). During a 23-month follow-up period 5 patients (21%) underwent Gamma Knife treatment of any residual disease to further reduce excess GH production. Twenty patients (83%) reported significant relief of their symptoms, while 3 (13%) considered their symptoms stable. Two patients (8%) with large macroadenomas experienced postoperative panhypopituitarism, and 2 patients (8%) suffered from CSF leaks, which were treated with lumbar CSF diversion. Conclusions A purely endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal adenoma resection leads to a high rate of gross-total tumor resection and endocrinological remission in acromegalic patients, even those harboring macroadenomas with wide suprasellar extension. Extended approaches and angled endoscopes are useful tools for increasing the extent of resection.


2022 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuefei Zhou ◽  
Jialiang Wei ◽  
Feng Feng ◽  
Jianguo Wang ◽  
Pengfei Jia ◽  
...  

IntroductionThe endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) is a safe and effective treatment for pituitary adenomas (PAs). Since extracapsular resection (ER) of PAs improves tumor resection and endocrine remission rates, the interface between the pseudocapsule and gland draws increasing attention. However, it is difficult to precisely dissect the tumor along the exact boundary, and complete removal of the tumor increases the risks of normal tissue damage and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. In this study, we investigated the extracapsular resection as well as the pseudocapsule histology to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of pseudocapsule-related surgical interventions.MethodsFrom December 2017 to December 2019, 189 patients of PAs via EEA in our single center were analyzed retrospectively. The images, operative details, and clinical follow-up of patients were collected. Sixty-four patients underwent pseudocapsule-based ER, and 125 patients also underwent traditional intracapsular resection (IR) with or without intensive excision for FPAs. The clinical characteristics, tumor resection, endocrinological outcomes, and postoperative morbidities of the two groups were compared. Informed consent for publication of our article was obtained from each patient. Histological examination of pseudocapsule was performed using hematoxylin and eosin and reticulin staining.ResultsThe gross total recession was 62 (96.9%) in the ER group and 107 (85.6%) cases in the IR group, whereas the endocrine remission rate was 29/31 (93.5%) and 40/53 (75.5%) cases, respectively. Anterior pituitary functions were not aggravated postoperatively in any patient, but transient diabetes insipidus (DI) occurred more in the IR group (64.0%) than in ER (48.4%). Pseudocapsule specimens were obtained in 93 patients, and clusters of small cell aggregation were detected in 11 pseudocapsule specimens (11.8%) whereas other patients showed no remarkable developed pseudocapsule. Intraoperative CSF leak occurred more in the ER group (28.1%) than in the IR group (13.6%), but no difference was seen between two groups postoperatively. No case of intracranial hematoma or pituitary crisis occurred in both groups. After a mean follow-up of 22.8 months, tumor recurrence was observed in 4 (2.1%) cases.ConclusionPseudocapsule-based extracapsular resection of PAs via EEA is an effective and safe procedure to achieve complete resection with high and sustained endocrine remission and without deteriorating pituitary function.


2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi158-vi158
Author(s):  
Syed Ather Enam ◽  
Fauzan Alam Hashmi ◽  
Sanam Mir Ghazi ◽  
Ahsan Ali Khan ◽  
Muhammad Bilal Tariq ◽  
...  

Abstract BACKGROUND Giant pituitary adenomas (GPA) are uncommon and highly variable in morphology and extension. There is no scoring system that considers all the dimensions of adenoma invasion. We developed a new Giant Pituitary Adenoma score and report our surgical experience and evaluate outcomes after resection of these tumors in accordance with the preoperative score. METHODS We developed a novel scoring system for classifying giant pituitary adenomas, and 11-year data of GPA surgery at our center was collected retrospectively, based on this scoring system. GPA Score considered tumor’s parasellar extension, encasement of cavernous internal carotid artery (ICA), suprasellar extension &gt; 2 cm, suprasellar extension &gt; 4cm and retrosellar extension. Maximum possible score was 9. The scoring system was applied to 53 patients of GPA who underwent surgical resection between January 1, 2006, and December 2017. The Lundin-Pederson (ABC/2) method was used to calculate the tumor volume both pre- and post-resection and linear regression was used to assess the relationship between extent of tumor resection and GPA score. RESULTS The median age of the study population was 42.08 ± 16.49 years. The mean maximum diameter of the pituitary adenomas was 5.0 cm (range 4.0 cm-8.5cm) while the mean volume of the adenomas was 27.3 cm3 (range 10 cm3-149 cm3). There were 3 cases of score 2, 5 cases of score 3, 13 cases of score 4, 20 cases of score 5, 9 cases of score 6 and 3 cases of score 7. The range of tumor volumes of tumors for scores from 2-7 was 17.3 cm3 to 65.8 cm3 and GPA score was correlated with the percent residual tumor using linear regression that was statistically significant (p= 0.001). CONCLUSION GPA Score is a reliable scoring system to predict the extent and subsequent difficulty in tumor resection in GPA.


Author(s):  
Arad Iranmehr ◽  
Mostafa Esmaeilnia ◽  
Khashayar Afshari ◽  
Seyed Mousa Sadrehosseini ◽  
Azin Tabari ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Recently the endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) has been introduced as a modality for the treatment of patients with craniopharyngiomas. In this study, we describe our initial experience in treatment of 29 patients with craniopharyngiomas using this approach. Methods Twenty-nine consecutive patients with craniopharyngiomas who had undergone EES in a 5-year period were studied retrospectively. Patients underwent preoperative and postoperative endocrinologic and ophthalmologic evaluations. Radiologic characteristics of tumors and extent of resection were determined. The recurrence and complications were evaluated. Results Pituitary and visual dysfunction were observed preoperatively in 89.7 and 86% of patients, respectively. After EES, visual outcome either showed an improvement or else remained unchanged in 92.3% of the cases; however, pituitary function remained unchanged and even got worsened in 34.6% of the cases. Prevalence of diabetes insipidus before and after surgery was 58.6 and 69.2%. The rate of gross total resection was 62%. Moreover, 86.2% of the tumors were almost totally resected (more than 95% of the tumor size resected). After surgery, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak and meningitis occurred in four (13.8%) and two (6.9%) patients, respectively. Perioperative mortality was seen in two of the cases (6.9%). The mean follow-up was 25 months and tumor recurrence was discovered in four patients (15.3%). Conclusion The EES with the goal of maximal and safe tumor resection could be used for the treatment of most craniopharyngiomas. Although the rates of visual improvement and gross tumor resection are high, CSF leak, pituitary dysfunction, and meningitis are serious concerns.


2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 5660-5670
Author(s):  
Ching-Yi Lee ◽  
Yuan-Chuan Chen ◽  
Ying-Piao Wang ◽  
Shiu-Jau Chen

Objective This study compared the incidence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and residual tumors between functional and nonfunctional pituitary adenomas treated with the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach (EETA). Methods All patients underwent endocrine examinations and brain magnetic resonance imaging before and after surgery. The length of admission, incidence of central diabetes insipidus, incidence of CSF leakage, symptom relief, and presence of residual tumors were compared between patients with functional and nonfunctional pituitary adenomas. Results Thirty-eight patients were enrolled, among whom 12 and 26 had functional and nonfunctional pituitary adenomas, respectively. The incidence of CSF leakage was significantly higher in patients with nonfunctional adenomas; a hard or elastic tumor character accounted for the difference. A large tumor size and cavernous sinus invasion were risk factors for residual tumors. No significant differences were found in sex, length of admission, operative times, incidence of diabetes insipidus, or number of residual tumors between the two groups. The hormone levels were lower postoperatively than preoperatively in patients with nonfunctional adenomas. Conclusion Nonfunctional pituitary macroadenomas resulted in more CSF leakage. Use of the rescue nasoseptal flap reduced unnecessary nasal destruction. Cooperation between a neurosurgeon and otolaryngologist was safer and more effective when using the EETA.


2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. E9 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bellut ◽  
Martin Hlavica ◽  
Christoph Schmid ◽  
René L. Bernays

Object Acromegaly is a rare disease, usually caused by a growth hormone (GH)–producing pituitary adenoma. If untreated, severe cardiovascular, metabolic, cosmetic, and orthopedic disturbances will result. Surgery is generally recommended as the first-line treatment. Transsphenoidal surgical techniques were recently extended by the introduction of intraoperative MR (iMR) imaging. In the present study, the contribution of ultra-low-field (0.15-T) iMR imaging to tumor resection, complication avoidance, and endocrinological and neurological outcome was analyzed. Methods A series of 39 consecutive transsphenoidal iMR imaging–guided (using the PoleStar N20 device) surgical procedures performed between September 2005 and August 2009 for GH-producing pituitary adenomas was retrospectively analyzed. In addition to the patients' clinical data, the following criteria were evaluated independently: duration of surgery; length of hospital stay; endocrinological parameters; results of neurological examinations; and pre-, post-, and intraoperative MR imaging results. Results Thirty-seven patients with acromegaly underwent 39 transsphenoidal surgeries for pituitary adenomas. During a median follow-up period of 30 months (range 9–56 months), the remission rate was 73.5% in 34 patients with primary surgery and 20% in 5 cases with previous surgery; overall the remission rate was 66.7%. There were no serious postoperative complications. Detection of tumor remnant on iMR imaging led to a 5.1% increase in remission rate. Conclusions In this largest study to date of GH-producing pituitary adenomas in which iMR imaging–guided transsphenoidal surgery was analyzed, the results suggest that this method is a highly effective and safe treatment modality, even compared with previously published surgical series in which high-field iMR imaging was used. Limitations of iMR imaging are the detection of small residual tumor in the cavernous sinus and persisting disease that could not be observed, even on diagnostic high-field follow-up MR images. This points to a general limitation regarding remission rates that can be achieved using iMR imaging. Nevertheless, iMR imaging led to an increase of the remission rate in this study.


2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (videosuppl2) ◽  
pp. Intro ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Zada ◽  
Mustafa K Başkaya ◽  
Mitesh V. Shah

Meningiomas represent the most common primary intracranial neoplasm treated by neurosurgeons. Although multimodal treatment of meningiomas includes surgery, radiation-based treatments, and occasionally medical therapy, surgery remains the mainstay of treatment for most symptomatic meningiomas. Because of the intricate relationship of the dura mater and arachnoid mater with the central nervous system and cranial nerves, meningiomas can arise anywhere along the skull base or convexities, and occasionally even within the ventricular system, thereby mandating a catalog of surgical approaches that neurosurgeons may employ to individualize treatment for patients. Skull base meningiomas represent some of the most challenging pathology encountered by neurosurgeons, on account of their depth, invasion, vascularity, texture/consistency, and their relationship to bony anatomy, cranial nerves, and blood vessels. Resection of complex skull base meningiomas often mandates adequate bony removal to achieve sufficient exposure of the tumor and surrounding region, in order to minimize brain retraction and optimally identify, protect, control, and manipulate sensitive neurovascular structures. A variety of traditional skull base approaches has evolved to address complex skull base tumors, of which meningiomas are considered the paragon in terms of both complexity and frequency.In this supplemental video issue of Neurosurgical Focus, contributing authors from around the world provide instructional narratives demonstrating resection of a variety of skull base meningiomas arising from traditionally challenging origins, including the clinoid processes, tuberculum sellae, dorsum sellae, petroclival region, falco-tentorial region, cerebellopontine angle, and foramen magnum. In addition, two cases of extended endoscopic endonasal approaches for tuberculum sellae and dorsum sellae meningiomas are presented, representing the latest evolution in accessing the skull base for selected tumors. Along with key pearls for safe tumor resection, an equally important component of open and endoscopic skull base operations for meningiomas addressed by the contributing authors is the reconstruction aspect, which must be performed meticulously to prevent delayed cerebrospinal fluid leakage and/or infections. This curated assortment of instructional videos represents the authors’ optimal treatment paradigms pertaining to the selection of approach, setup, exposure, and principles to guide tumor resection for a wide spectrum of complex meningiomas.


2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Paulo Henrique Pires De Aguiar ◽  
Edward R. Laws Junior ◽  
Robert Dodd ◽  
Peter Hwang ◽  
Anne E. Getz

Microscopic transsphenoidal surgery is beyond any doubt a widely accepted and highly effective therapy for pituitary adenomas. Currently several centers have converted to an endoscopic transsphenoidal approach; suggesting that this technique provides more complete tumor resection, better visualization and reduce complications. However, there have been few series to document the results of this procedure. This report presents the technical details and compares it to the results of the microscopic method based on the experience of the group and a literature review. The endoscopic transnasal/ transsphenoidal technique is a safe and effective method for removal of pituitary adenomas. The results found in the literature suggest that the endoscope provides more complete tumor removal, and reduces complications. We believe that the advantages of the endoscopic technique will allow this procedure to become the future gold standard surgical therapy for pituitary adenomas.


2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Vaz-Guimaraes ◽  
Ana Carolina I. Nakassa ◽  
Paul A. Gardner ◽  
Eric W. Wang ◽  
Carl H. Snyderman ◽  
...  

Abstract BACKGROUND: Surgical exposure of the jugular foramen (JF) is challenging given its complex regional anatomy and proximity to critical neurovascular structures. OBJECTIVE: To describe the anatomical basis, surgical technique, and outcomes of a group of patients who underwent the endoscopic endonasal approach to the JF. METHODS: Five silicon-injected anatomical specimens were prepared for dissection. Additionally, a chart review was conducted through our patient database, searching for endonasal exposure of the JF. Demographic data, clinical presentation, pathological findings, extent of resection in the JF, and occurrence of complications were analyzed. RESULTS: The endonasal exposure of the JF requires 3 sequential steps: a transpterygoid, a “far-medial,” and an “extreme-medial” approach. Mobilization or transection of the cartilaginous portion of the eustachian tube (ET) is necessary. In the clinical series, cranial neuropathies were the presenting symptoms in 16 patients (89%). Eighteen tumors (10 chondrosarcomas, 7 chordomas, 1 adenocarcinoma) extended secondarily into the JF. Total tumor resection was achieved in 10 patients (56%), near total (≥90%) in 6 (33%), and subtotal (&lt;90%) in 2 (11%). ET dysfunction (75% of cases), transient palatal numbness (17%), cerebrospinal fluid leakage (17%), and lower cranial nerve palsy (17%) were the most common postoperative complications. There were no carotid artery or jugular vein injuries. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic endonasal approach to the JF requires mobilization or transection of the cartilaginous portion of the ET. This maneuver provides a safe infrapetrosal surgical route to the JF. It may be considered a valid option, in well-selected cases, for resection of malignant and recurrent cranial base tumors.


BMC Surgery ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Bani-Ata ◽  
Firas Alzoubi ◽  
Bashar Abuzayed ◽  
Ala”a A. Alhowary ◽  
Abdelwahab J. Aleshawi

Abstract Background To reduce the risk of cerebrospinal fluid leak, clinicians utilize a filling material placed in the sella followed by floor reconstruction with various materials, including glue sealing. Cyano-acrylic glue Glubran®2 glue is commercially available and is generally used as embolizing agent and for the prevention of cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Case Description A 25-year-old woman underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma. After tumor resection, sellar floor reconstruction was performed by mucosal graft and Glubran®2 glue. The early post-operative period was uneventful. However, 2 months after surgery, the patient complained of headache, facial pain and greenish foul-smelling nasal discharge with solid particles dripping from the nose. Medical treatment was unsuccessful. Brain MRI showed inflammation and thickening of the sphenoidal and para-sphenoidal mucosa. The patient underwent endoscopic endonasal surgery and a solid glass-like mass surrounded by inflamed infected mucosa was seen in the inferior and lateral aspects of the sphenoid sinus. Efforts were made to erupt and de-crust the solid mass until total resection was achieved. Early post-operative period was uneventful, and a course of antibiotics was continued until total disappearance of the discharge. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reporting of acrylic glue (Glubran®2)-related sinusitis. Surgeon should be aware about similar side effects for the glue material that would complicate the surgery.


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