Reading on smartphone causes sigh inhibition with brain overactivity and comprehension decline

Abstract Electronic devices have become an indispensable part of our lives, while negative aspects have been reported. One downside is that reading comprehension is reduced when reading from electronic device, but the cause of this is unclear. In this study, we investigated a cause for the decline in comprehension by simultaneously measuring respiration and brain activity during reading from a smartphone medium, on thirty-four healthy individuals. Here we found that, compared to a paper medium, reading from the smartphone elicits a suppression of sigh, brain overactivity in prefrontal cortex, and decline in reading comprehension. Furthermore, a path analysis suggests that interactive relationship between sigh inhibition and overactivity in prefrontal cortex causes the comprehension decline. These findings provide new insight into a respiration-mediated mechanism of cognitive function.

Download Full-text

Cognitive Brain Signatures of Youth With Early Onset and Relatives With Schizophrenia: Evidence From fMRI Meta-analyses

Schizophrenia Bulletin ◽

10.1093/schbul/sbz130 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 857-868

Author(s):

Marie Arsalidou ◽

Zachary Yaple ◽

Tomas Jurcik ◽

Vadim Ushakov

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Early Onset ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Temporal Cortex ◽

Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽

Early Onset Schizophrenia ◽

Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽

Brain Correlates ◽

Meta Analyses

Abstract Deficits in cognitive function are a major characteristic of schizophrenia. Many functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies examine brain correlates of cognitive function in adults with schizophrenia, showing altered implication of associative areas such as the prefrontal cortex and temporal cortex. fMRI studies also examine brain representation of cognitive function in adolescents with early onset schizophrenia and those at risk of the disorder, yet results are often inconsistent. We compile and analyze data from eligible fMRI studies using quantitative meta-analyses to reveal concordant brain activity associated with adolescent relatives of patients with schizophrenia and those with early onset schizophrenia. Results show similar functional hubs of brain activity (eg, precuneus) yet in opposite hemispheres and clusters in ventrolateral rather than dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Other areas of altered implication include the middle temporal gyrus, insula, and cerebellum. We discuss the findings in reference to the protracted maturation of the prefrontal cortex and possible effects due to the medication status of the two groups.

Download Full-text

Making social neuroscience less WEIRD: Using fNIRS to measure neural signatures of persuasive influence in a Middle East participant sample

10.31234/osf.io/3ah8v ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Shannon Burns ◽

Lianne N. Barnes ◽

Ian A. McCulloh ◽

Munqith M. Dagher ◽

Emily B. Falk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Health And Safety ◽

Social Neuroscience ◽

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Future Directions ◽

Neuroscience Research ◽

Neuropsychological Functions ◽

Arabic Speaking

The large majority of social neuroscience research uses WEIRD populations – participants from Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic locations. This makes it difficult to claim whether neuropsychological functions are universal or culture specific. In this study, we demonstrate one approach to addressing the imbalance by using portable neuroscience equipment in a study of persuasion conducted in Jordan with an Arabic-speaking sample. Participants were shown persuasive videos on various health and safety topics while their brain activity was measured using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Self-reported persuasiveness ratings for each video were then recorded. Consistent with previous research conducted with American subjects, this work found that activity in the dorsomedial and ventromedial prefrontal cortex predicted how persuasive participants found the videos and how much they intended to engage in the messages’ endorsed behaviors. Further, activity in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex was associated with persuasiveness ratings, but only in participants for whom the message was personally relevant. Implications for these results on the understanding of the brain basis of persuasion and on future directions for neuroimaging in diverse populations are discussed.

Download Full-text

Faculty Opinions recommendation of Effect of modafinil on learning and task-related brain activity in methamphetamine-dependent and healthy individuals.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.10119957.10898059 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Gary Aston-Jones ◽

Stephen Mahler

Keyword(s):

Brain Activity ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

And Task

Download Full-text

Comparative analysis of existing methods for improving reliability of vacuum electronic devices

Issues of radio electronics ◽

10.21778/2218-5453-2019-11-38-41 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 38-41

Author(s):

A. A. Korneev

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Electronic Device ◽

Electronic Devices ◽

Import Substitution ◽

Electronic Control ◽

Electronic Control System ◽

Vacuum Electronic Devices ◽

Electric Vacuum ◽

Rational Control ◽

Complex Technical Systems

The article presents the results of the study of the filament modes of electronic lamps and ensuring the rational temperature of the cathode. A brief description and comparative analysis of existing methods with the proposed author are given. The dependence diagrams obtained as a result of a real experiment are presented. A new method of rational control of the electric vacuum devices (EVP) filament mode is proposed, thereby increasing the reliability and increasing the durability of the EVP during operation in high-quality and expensive complex technical systems. According to the results of the study, a new specialized electronic device was developed, which allowed to smoothly regulate the supply of the filament voltage, thereby ensuring the rational control of the operation of the EVP. The technique and specialized electronic device are developed on the basis of modern scientific and technical achievements. This made it possible to increase the reliability and efficiency of the electronic control system for solving critical tasks. When implementing the developed device, the problem of import substitution was solved.

Download Full-text

Brain activity in the prefrontal cortex during a cancellation task: effects of the target-to-distractor ratio

Experimental Brain Research ◽

10.1007/s00221-021-06177-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Koji Yano ◽

Akira Yasumura

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Cancellation Task ◽

Task Effects

Download Full-text

Study of cognitive functions in major idiopathic interstitial pneumonias

Egyptian Journal of Bronchology ◽

10.1186/s43168-020-00046-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohamed W. Zakaria ◽

Reem I. El-Korashy ◽

Mostafa O. Shaheen ◽

Samah Selim ◽

Kwashi J. Amum

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Cognitive Dysfunction ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Mmse Score ◽

Control Group ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Co Morbidity ◽

Impaired Lung Function ◽

State Examination

Abstract Background Cognitive dysfunction in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) is an important clinical co-morbidity that is associated with impaired lung function. The aim of the work is to assess cognitive function in major IIP and to find out the relation between cognitive dysfunction and the oxygenation parameters. Results Fifty individuals were involved in the study; 30 patients with major IIP and 20 healthy individuals. Patients with IIP had significantly lower mini mental state examination (MMSE) score compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Wechsler Deterioration Index (WDI) revealed that 33.3% (n = 10) of the patients with IIP had sure cognitive impairment and 26.6% (n = 8) had ongoing cognitive deterioration. Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) had lower cognitive function than other IIP. Conclusion There is an impairment of cognitive function in patients with major IIP, particularly in IPF, as measured by WDI and MMSE. Further large studies are needed to assess the possible predictors of cognitive impairment and their effects on the patients’ outcome.

Download Full-text

Distinguishing hypochondriasis and schizophrenia using regional homogeneity: a resting-state fMRI study and support vector machine analysis

Acta Neuropsychiatrica ◽

10.1017/neu.2021.9 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-29

Author(s):

Kangyu Jin ◽

Zhe Shen ◽

Guoxun Feng ◽

Zhiyong Zhao ◽

Jing Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Resting State ◽

Parietal Lobe ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Resting State Fmri ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Regional Homogeneity ◽

Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽

Support Vector ◽

Fmri Study

Abstract Objective: A few former studies suggested there are partial overlaps in abnormal brain structure and cognitive function between Hypochondriasis (HS) and schizophrenia (SZ). But their differences in brain activity and cognitive function were unclear. Methods: 21 HS patients, 23 SZ patients, and 24 healthy controls (HC) underwent Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) with the regional homogeneity analysis (ReHo), subsequently exploring the relationship between ReHo value and cognitive functions. The support vector machines (SVM) were used on effectiveness evaluation of ReHo for differentiating HS from SZ. Results: Compared with HC, HS showed significantly increased ReHo values in right middle temporal gyrus (MTG), left inferior parietal lobe (IPL) and right fusiform gyrus (FG), while SZ showed increased ReHo in left insula, decreased ReHo values in right paracentral lobule. Additionally, HS showed significantly higher ReHo values in FG, MTG and left paracentral lobule but lower in insula than SZ. The higher ReHo values in insula were associated with worse performance in MCCB in HS group. SVM analysis showed a combination of the ReHo values in insula and FG was able to satisfactorily distinguish the HS and SZ patients. Conclusion: our results suggested the altered default mode network (DMN), of which abnormal spontaneous neural activity occurs in multiple brain regions, might play a key role in the pathogenesis of HS, and the resting-state alterations of insula closely related to cognitive dysfunction in HS. Furthermore, the combination of the ReHo in FG and insula was a relatively ideal indicator to distinguish HS from SZ.

Download Full-text

Emergent Bilinguals With Specific Reading Comprehension Deficits: A Comparative and Longitudinal Analysis

Journal of Learning Disabilities ◽

10.1177/0022219420983247 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 002221942098324

Author(s):

Ana Taboada Barber ◽

Susan Lutz Klauda ◽

Weimeng Wang ◽

Kelly B. Cartwright ◽

Laurie E. Cutting

Keyword(s):

Reading Comprehension ◽

Oral Language ◽

Word Identification ◽

Reading Engagement ◽

Typically Developing ◽

Inference Making ◽

Poor Reading ◽

Emergent Bilingual ◽

Specific Reading ◽

Insight Into

This study centered on emergent bilingual (EB) students with specific reading comprehension deficits (S-RCD), that is, with poor reading comprehension despite solid word identification skills. The participants were 209 students in Grades 2 to 4, including both EBs and English Monolinguals (EMs) with and without S-RCD. Mean comparisons indicated that EBs and EMs with S-RCD showed weaknesses relative to typically developing (TD) readers in oral language, word identification, inference making, and reading engagement, but not in executive functioning. Longitudinal analyses indicated that across two academic years S-RCD persisted for 41% of EBs and EMs alike. Altogether, the study extends research on EBs with S-RCD by identifying variables beyond oral language that may account for their reading comprehension difficulties and providing insight into the extent to which their reading comprehension and word identification performance levels evolve during elementary school. Furthermore, the findings point to the importance of early identification and intervention for weaknesses in reading comprehension and its component elements in both EBs and EMS.

Download Full-text