scholarly journals Water Crisis in Pakistan: A Dynamic CGE-Water Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zeshan ◽  
Muhammad Shakeel
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Private Households ◽  
Welfare Losses ◽  
Near Future

Abstract The demand for freshwater is growing rapidly in Pakistan due to rising agricultural cultivation and its intensification. In addition, the fast growing population in the country (almost 2% per annum) and industrial growth are also adding to the rising water demand in the country. Pakistan is expected to face severe water shortage in near future if suitable policy measures are not taken. Around 95% of the freshwater is used by agriculture in Pakistan while the rest is used by the industry and the private households. Therefore, this paper primarily focuses on the irrigation water and how its shortage is going to affect the economic structure of Pakistan. The irrigation water shortage is expected to increase the price of agricultural land temporarily while a permanent increase is expected in the market price of irrigation water. The irrigation water shortage has a direct and an indirect impact on the production of various crops, which ends up in reducing the crop production. Overall, the resulting GDP losses might reach around 3.11–11.07% till 2040 under different water shortage scenarios. Finally, our simulation results show that the welfare losses are expected to be around USD 3.5to 10.9 billion till 2030.

Landuse-based nonpoint source pollution. A threat to water resources in developing countries

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Tonderski
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Steady Rate ◽  
Chemical Inputs ◽  
Near Future

This article intends to raise some reflections on the increasing pollution from landuse-based nonpoint sources in developing countries. It is focused on historical development of agro-environmental factors such as deforestation, wetland transformation, monocultural crop production, agro-chemical inputs, concentrated animal production, and irrigation. It is shown that reduction of natural ecosystems in favour of agricultural land and intensification of the agricultural practices in developing countries continue on a larger scale and speed than in the industrialized countries. Some practices (e.g. the use of commercial fertilizers) show dramatic increases over last decades, others (e.g. deforestation) have increased at a steady rate over time. The major conclusion of this analysis is the necessity for urgent action of national and international communities on scientific and political level. If we do not focus our activities on controling pollution originating from landuse-based sources, developing countries will, in the near future, face dangerous deterioration of water resources with limited financial means to tackle the problem.

Environmental burdens of groundwater extraction for irrigation over an agricultural land in Northwest China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Niu ◽  
Shaozhong Kang
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Heihe River ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Dynamic Relations ◽  
Environmental Burdens ◽  
Effective Water

<p>Crop production in North China largely depends on irrigation, which is mainly from groundwater in Northwest China. Groundwater abstractions are decreasing the groundwater levels, and threatening the fragile ecological systems of arid regions. Here, we examine the dynamic relations between groundwater level and irrigation water for the last three decades in Heihe River basin in China. The average groundwater decline level, attributed to the irrigation water consumption for the farmland area over the past three decades, was calculated. Moreover, the future possible changes are estimated with different RCP senarios. Effective water-saving measures and strategies are expected to adopt to maintain both groundwater levels and agricultural productivity for the coming decades.</p>

Optimisation of the use of nitrogen in the treated wastewater reused for irrigation

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Papadopoulos ◽  
S. Savvides
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Green Pepper ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
High Yields

Application of recycled water to agricultural land for irrigation could be an alternative water resource for Mediterranean countries facing severe water shortage. Rational use of the nutrients in recycled water could increase crop production and reduce environmental pollution. This study was designed to investigate the effect of treated wastewater and N applied on the yield of three field crops. Three experiments with green pepper, eggplants and sudax, irrigated with borehole water or with secondary treated municipal wastewater, were carried out in a field experiment. Both waters were supplemented with N applied continuously with the irrigation water at four levels 0 g/m3, 50 g/m3, 100 g/m3 and 150 g/m3. Yield results indicate the superiority of the treated wastewater and its ability to produce high yields with less N fertilizers.

scholarly journals Competition among agriculture and other sectors for water and land use: A case study of agricultural activity in the southern regions of Spain

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 38-41
Author(s):  
A. Melián-Navarro ◽  
A. Ruiz-Canales
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Land Distribution ◽  
Vega Baja ◽  
Important Activity

The southern area of the province of <i>Alicante</i> (Spain) embraces the regions <i>Vega Baja del Segura</i> (The Low Valley of The Segura River) and <i>Bajo Vinalopó</i> (Low Vinalopó) in the Valencian Community. Although both regions have a growing residential, touristy and industrial potential, agriculture is still an important activity here. In this study, a characterization of agricultural land distribution in the southern regions of <i>Alicante</i> is carried out, regarding the main crops where the most important current problems are irrigation water shortage and low harvest prices. Incomes received by farmers according to the level of harvest prices and the evolution of these prices in the last two years are studied. Besides, prices have been noticed to keep stable at the best. The evolution of land for different uses, mainly industrial, is also estimated. The competition for land and water use with other sectors has significantly increased the amount of land for these uses and what is more, it is still on increase.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Approaches to Regional Land-Use Capability Analysis for Agricultural Land-Planning

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 458
Author(s):  
Tara A. Ippolito ◽  
Jeffrey E. Herrick ◽  
Ekwe L. Dossa ◽  
Maman Garba ◽  
Mamadou Ouattara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Agricultural Potential ◽  
Fertility Data ◽  
Using Data

Smallholder agriculture is a major source of income and food for developing nations. With more frequent drought and increasing scarcity of arable land, more accurate land-use planning tools are needed to allocate land resources to support regional agricultural activity. To address this need, we created Land Capability Classification (LCC) system maps using data from two digital soil maps, which were compared with measurements from 1305 field sites in the Dosso region of Niger. Based on these, we developed 250 m gridded maps of LCC values across the region. Across the region, land is severely limited for agricultural use because of low available water-holding capacity (AWC) that limits dry season agricultural potential, especially without irrigation, and requires more frequent irrigation where supplemental water is available. If the AWC limitation is removed in the LCC algorithm (i.e., simulating the use of sufficient irrigation or a much higher and more evenly distributed rainfall), the dominant limitations become less severe and more spatially varied. Finally, we used additional soil fertility data from the field samples to illustrate the value of collecting contemporary data for dynamic soil properties that are critical for crop production, including soil organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen.

scholarly journals High Nitrogen Fertilization Modulates Morpho-Physiological Responses, Yield, and Water Productivity of Lowland Rice under Deficit Irrigation

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1291
Author(s):  
Nasr M. Abdou ◽  
Mohamed A. Abdel-Razek ◽  
Shimaa A. Abd El-Mageed ◽  
Wael M. Semida ◽  
Ahmed A. A. Leilah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Lowland Rice ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers

Sustainability of rice production under flooding conditions has been challenged by water shortage and food demand. Applying higher nitrogen fertilization could be a practical solution to alleviate the deleterious effects of water stress on lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in semi-arid conditions. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted during the summer of 2017 and 2018 seasons. These trials were conducted as split-split based on randomized complete blocks design with soil moisture regimes at three levels (120, 100 and 80% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), nitrogen fertilizers at two levels (N1—165 and N2—200 kg N ha−1) and three lowland Egyptian rice varieties [V1 (Giza178), V2 (Giza177) and V3 (Sakha104)] using three replications. For all varieties, growth (plant height, tillers No, effective tillers no), water status ((relative water content RWC, and membrane stability index, MSI), physiological responses (chlorophyll fluorescence, Relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), and yield were significantly increased with higher addition of nitrogen fertilizer under all water regimes. Variety V1 produced the highest grain yield compared to other varieties and the increases were 38% and 15% compared with V2 and V3, respectively. Increasing nitrogen up to 200 kg N ha−1 (N2) resulted in an increase in grain and straw yields by 12.7 and 18.2%, respectively, compared with N1. The highest irrigation water productivity (IWP) was recorded under I2 (0.89 kg m−3) compared to (0.83 kg m−3) and (0.82 kg m−3) for I1 and I3, respectively. Therefore, the new applied agro-management practice (deficit irrigation and higher nitrogen fertilizer) effectively saved irrigation water input by 50–60% when compared with the traditional cultivation method (flooding system). Hence, the new proposed innovative method for rice cultivation could be a promising strategy for enhancing the sustainability of rice production under water shortage conditions.

Managing Multi-Source Irrigation Water of Different Qualities for Optimum Crop Production

1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avraham Meiri ◽  
L.H. Stolzy ◽  
Gideon Sinai ◽  
Reuven Steinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production

Prospects for increasing the volume of agricultural production for export due to the expansion and intensification of the use of Russian land resources

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Gennadiy A. Polunin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
Near Future

The article is devoted to substantiating the prospects for increasing the marginal volumes of agricultural production for export in the next four years. Two scenarios of such production are considered: 1) expansion and 2) intensification of the use of land resources. As part of the development of the first scenario, an analysis of the distribution of unused agricultural land, including arable land, by federal districts was carried out. Also, based on the forecast of the introduction of additional annual volumes of acreage in the subjects of the Federation, the calculation of additional volumes of agricultural production, which can be expected in the next four years, was carried out. The analysis of data on the increase in the yield of export-oriented crops over the past five years has been carried out, in the framework of the second scenario, the calculation of the projected additional yield due to the intensification of agriculture is presented. The results of the study indicate that the intensification of agriculture will have the greatest impact on the growth of production and export of agricultural products in the near future.

scholarly journals Effect of arsenic on Amaranthus gangeticus

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-264
Author(s):  
MZ Hossain ◽  
Sushmita Dey ◽  
MS Islam
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Arsenic Contamination ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Groundwater Arsenic ◽  
Major Nutrients

Groundwater arsenic contamination has become a threat to the crop production potential in the soils of vast areas of Bangladesh. Situation is grave in some districts of the country, particularly the southern part. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of arsenic treated irrigation water (0, 1, 2, 5 and 10 mgL-1), where a total of ten (10) irrigations were provided thus the treatments received 0, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg arsenic (As) pot-1. Effects of applied levels of arsenic on Amaranthus gangeticus (Lal shak) were evaluated in terms of the growth, yield, major nutrients’ content, and their translocation in the plant. As treatments significantly reduced (p≤0.05) the dry weight of shoot and root by 19.31% and 44.03% respectively. Both total and available concentrations of nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and sulfur (S) were significantly (p≤ 0.05) suppressed by the As treatments, while only higher three doses significantly (p≤ 0.05) affected both levels of concentrations of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). Translocation coefficients for soil to root for P, K, S, and Mg were significantly reduced (p≤ 0.05), while translocation coefficients for root to shoot were significantly increased (p≤ 0.05) for K and S by 5 and 10 mgL-1 of arsenic treatments.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(4), 259-264, 2018

scholarly journals Assessing the Opportunity Cost of Carbon Stock Caused by Land-Use Changes in Taiwan

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1240
Author(s):  
Ming-Yun Chu ◽  
Wan-Yu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Market Price ◽  
The Government

As compared with conventional approaches for reducing carbon emissions, the strategies of reducing emissions from deforestations and forest degradation (REDD) can greatly reduce costs. Hence, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change regards the REDD strategies as a crucial approach to mitigate climate change. To respond to climate change, Taiwan passed the Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Management Act to control the emissions of greenhouse gases. In 2021, the Taiwan government has announced that it will achieve the carbon neutrality target by 2050. Accordingly, starting with focusing on the carbon sink, the REDD strategies have been considered a recognized and feasible strategy in Taiwan. This study analyzed the net present value and carbon storage for various land-use types to estimate the carbon stock and opportunity cost of land-use changes. When the change of agricultural land to artificial forests generated carbon stock, the opportunity cost of carbon stock was negative. Contrarily, restoring artificial forests (which refer to a kind of forest that is formed through artificial planting, cultivation, and conservation) to agricultural land would generate carbon emissions, but create additional income. Since the opportunity cost of carbon storage needs to be lower than the carbon market price so that landlords have incentives to conduct REDD+, the outcomes of this study can provide a reference for the government to set an appropriate subsidy or price for carbon sinks. It is suggested that the government should offer sufficient incentives to reforest collapsed land, and implement interventions, promote carbon trading policies, or regulate the development of agricultural land so as to maintain artificial broadleaf forests for increased carbon storage.

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