Development of an Alternative Low-Cost Larval Diet for Mass Rearing of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes In Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umesha Senevirathna ◽  
Lahiru Udayanga ◽  
Mangala Ganehiarachchi ◽  
Menaka Hapugoda ◽  
Tharaka Ranathunge
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Developmental Parameters ◽  
Adult Fitness

Abstract Background Aedes aegypti is a major vector of arboviruses that may be controlled on an area-wide basis using novel approaches such as Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) and Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT). Larval diet is a major factor in mass-rearing of Aedes mosquitoes for SIT and IIT programs. Therefore, current study aimed to evaluate the effects of two novel diets developed from dry fish powder on growth and development of immature stages and adult fitness-related characteristics of Ae. aegypti in Sri Lanka. Method: Three batches of 250 Ae. aegypti first instar larvae were exposed to three different larval diets as, standard dry fish powder (D1), dry fish powder meal and brewer’s yeast (D2) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) reccomanded diet (D3), separately. Morphometric and developmental parameters of 4th instar larvae, pupae and adult mosquitoes reared under different dietary treatments were measured. General Linear Model (GLM) was used for statistical analysis. Results Significant diet-based variations were observed in the head length, head width, thoracic length, thoracic width, abdominal length, abdominal width and total length (F2, 87>4.811; P < 0.05) of Ae. aegypti larvae. The highest pupation success and the larval size were observed from the larvae fed with D2 diet, while the lowest was reported from D1. All adult morphometric parameters of adult male and female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes also denoted significant dietary variations, reporting the best sized adults from D2 diet (F2, 87>3.54; P < 0.05). Further, significantly higher fecundity and male longevity were also shown by the adult Ae. aegypti (F2, 6>7.897; P < 0.01) reared under diet D2. Conclusion Based on all the growth and developmental parameters, D2 diet reported the best quality adult mosquitoes similar to the IAEA recomanded diet, while being more inexpensive. Therefore, larval diet D2 could be recomaded as the ideal diet for for mass-rearing of Ae. aegypti for IIT and SIT-based vector control in Sri Lanka.

scholarly journals Development of an Alternative Low-Cost Larval Diet for Mass Rearing of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Umesha Senevirathna ◽  
Lahiru Udayanga ◽  
G.A.S.M. Ganehiarachchi ◽  
Menaka Hapugoda ◽  
Tharaka Ranathunge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Developmental Parameters

Background. Aedes aegypti is a major vector of arboviruses that may be controlled on an area-wide basis, using novel approaches such as Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) and Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT). Larval diet is a critical factor to be considered in mass rearing of Aedes mosquitoes for SIT and IIT programs. Therefore, the current study is aimed at evaluating the effects of two novel diets developed from dry fish powder on the growth and development of immature stages and adult fitness-related characteristics of Ae. aegypti in Sri Lanka. Method. Three batches of the first instar Ae. aegypti larva, each containing 250 larvae, were exposed to three different larval diets as standard dry fish powder (D1), dry fish powder meal and brewer’s yeast (D2), and International Atomic Energy Agency- (IAEA-) recommended diet (D3), separately. Morphometric and developmental parameters of the 4th instar larvae, pupae, and adult mosquitoes reared under different dietary treatments were measured. The entire experimental setup was replicated thrice. A General Linear Model (GLM) in the form of two-way ANOVA was used for the statistical analysis. Results. Significant diet-based variations were observed in the head length, head width, thoracic length, thoracic width, abdominal length, abdominal width, and total length ( F 2 , 87 > 4.811 ; P < 0.05 ) of Ae. aegypti larvae. The highest pupation success and the larval size were observed from the larvae fed the D2 diet, while the lowest was reported from D1. All adult morphometric parameters of adult male and female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes also denoted significant dietary variations, reporting the best-sized adults from the D2 diet ( F 2 , 87 > 3.54 ; P < 0.05 ). Further, significantly higher fecundity and male longevity were also shown by the adult Ae. aegypti ( F 2 , 6 > 7.897 ; P < 0.01 ) mosquitoes reared under diet D2. Conclusion. Based on all the growth and developmental parameters, the D2 diet tends to perform similar to the IAEA-recommended diet in mass rearing of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, while being more inexpensive. Therefore, larval diet D2 could be suggested as the ideal diet for mass rearing of Ae. aegypti for IIT and SIT-based vector control in Sri Lanka.

scholarly journals Effect of Larval Nutritional Regimes on Morphometry and Vectorial Capacity of Aedes aegypti for Dengue Transmission

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayana Gunathilaka ◽  
Hasini Upulika ◽  
Lahiru Udayanga ◽  
Deepika Amarasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Bovine Liver ◽  
Vectorial Capacity ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Emergence Rate

Background. Nutritional level in larval diet of mosquito vectors influence on life history traits and vectorial capacity (VC). Therefore, the present study was carried out to assess the effect of larval diet concentration on vector bionomic and VC of Aedes aegypti in Sri Lanka. Method. Three batches of 400 Ae. aegypti larvae (first instar) were reared under different concentrations of larval diet (6%, 8%, and 10%; Volume/Volume), which was prepared by mixing 12.5 g of tuna meal, 9.0 g of bovine liver powder, and 3.5 g of Brewer’s yeast, in 100 ml of distilled water. The effect of larval diet concentration on different morphometric and functional parameters of larvae (length and width of head, abdomen, survival rate, and pupation success), pupae (length and width of cephalothorax, survival rate, and adult emersion), adult (length and width of thorax, abdomen, survival rate, longevity, biting frequency and fecundity of adults) were examined. In addition, VC of Ae. aegypti was evaluated. The General Linear Model (GLM) was used for the statistical analysis. Results. Larval head length, head width, thoracic width, abdominal length, abdominal width, total length, and survival rate significantly increased with higher doses of larval diet (P<0.05). In case of pupae, length, and width of cephalothorax, survival rate and adult emergence rate denoted an increasing trend with the elevated larval diets. However, the variations of survival rate and adult emergence rate were statistically significant (P<0.05). In adults, all morphometric parameters (thoracic length, abdominal length, abdominal width, and wing length) significantly increased with elevating larval diets levels (except for thoracic width) along with the biting frequency, fecundity, and survival rate (P<0.05) of adult females. The VC also denoted significant variations (F4,14 = 24.048; P<0.05) with the larval diet concentration, whereby the highest VC of 196.37 was observed at 10% treatment. Conclusion. Larval food availability has a significant influence on the adult fitness and thus may affect the incidence of dengue due to variations in the VC of Ae. aegypti. Hence, this investigation highlights the requirement in accounting the environmental variation at the larval stages in order to understand transmission dynamics and control of dengue in Sri Lanka.

Determination of the efficiency of diets for larval development in mass rearing Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A.D.H.N. Gunathilaka ◽  
U.M.H.U. Uduwawala ◽  
N.W.B.A.L. Udayanga ◽  
R.M.T.B. Ranathunge ◽  
L.D. Amarasinghe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
General Linear ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Energy Agency

AbstractLarval diet quality and rearing conditions have a direct and irreversible effect on adult traits. Therefore, the current study was carried out to optimize the larval diet for mass rearing of Aedes aegypti, for Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)-based applications in Sri Lanka. Five batches of 750 first instar larvae (L1) of Ae. aegypti were exposed to five different concentrations (2–10%) of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) recommended the larval diet. Morphological development parameters of larva, pupa, and adult were detected at 24 h intervals along with selected growth parameters. Each experiment was replicated five times. General Linear Modeling along with Pearson's correlation analysis were used for statistical treatments. Significant differences (P < 0.05) among the larvae treated with different concentrations were found using General Linear Modeling in all the stages namely: total body length and the thoracic length of larvae; cephalothoracic length and width of pupae; thoracic length, thoracic width, abdominal length and the wing length of adults; along with pupation rate and success, sex ratio, adult success, fecundity and hatching rate of Ae. aegypti. The best quality adults can be produced at larval diet concentration of 10%. However, the 8% larval diet concentration was most suitable for adult male survival.

A Novel, Low-Cost Coconut Fiber Larval Diet for Mass Rearing Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 1112-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marysol Aceituno-Medina ◽  
Olivia Rincón-Betancurt ◽  
Rita Teresa Martínez-Salgado ◽  
Emilio Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Coconut Fiber

scholarly journals Effects of Alternative Blood Sources on Wolbachia Infected Aedes aegypti Females within and across Generations

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Paris ◽  
Ellen Cottingham ◽  
Perran Ross ◽  
Jason Axford ◽  
Ary Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Mass Release ◽  
Deliberate Release ◽  
Blood Source ◽  
Wolbachia Density ◽  
Infected Line ◽  
Strong Adaptation

Wolbachia bacteria have been identified as a tool for reducing the transmission of arboviruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti. Research groups around the world are now mass rearing Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti for deliberate release. We investigated the fitness impact of a crucial element of mass rearing: the blood meal required by female Ae. aegypti to lay eggs. Although Ae. aegypti almost exclusively feed on human blood, it is often difficult to use human blood in disease-endemic settings. When females were fed on sheep or pig blood rather than human blood, egg hatch rates decreased in all three lines tested (uninfected, or infected by wMel, or wAlbB Wolbachia). This finding was particularly pronounced when fed on sheep blood, although fecundity was not affected. Some of these effects persisted after an additional generation on human blood. Attempts to keep populations on sheep and pig blood sources only partly succeeded, suggesting that strong adaptation is required to develop a stably infected line on an alternative blood source. There was a decrease in Wolbachia density when Ae. aegypti were fed on non-human blood sources. Density increased in lines kept for multiple generations on the alternate sources but was still reduced relative to lines kept on human blood. These findings suggest that sheep and pig blood will entail a cost when used for maintaining Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti. These costs should be taken into account when planning mass release programs.

scholarly journals Variation in body size of Phanocerus clavicornis Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera: Elmidae: Larainae) in Atlantic Rainforest streams in response to hydraulic disturbance

2013 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
MO. Segura ◽  
T. Siqueira ◽  
AA. Fonseca-Gessner
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Atlantic Rainforest ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Head Width ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Rain Events

In this study, patterns of body size of Phanocerus clavicornis Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera: Elmidae: Larainae) were investigated along a gradient of change in speed of flow conditions in streams of low order in the Atlantic Rainforest in southeastern Brazil. Specifically, the hypothesis that the distribution of P. clavicornis larvae vary in size in response to variations in the speed of flow in streams was tested. A Surber sampler was used to collect larvae from the streambed during two sampling periods, defined by the rain regime: August in the dry season and February in the rainy season. Possible differences in mean measured body size were tested by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The ANOVA result indicated for all measurements on the larvae collected in first-order streams (head width, prothoracic width and total body length), there were significant differences indicating a morphometric variation due to changing hydraulic conditions, the smallest larvae being associated with the period of greater rainfall. However, the larger streams (3rd order), where the rain events had less impact on the larval size, varied widely. The results of this study suggest that the interstitial space is important for the protection of the larvae from water flow, and that populations of P. clavicornis have high plasticity, a key feature for the occupation of unstable environments for this species. These results are important for an understanding of the life history and behavioural characteristics of the species, which allow them to persist in streams along a gradient of flow disturbance.

scholarly journals Removal of Cyanide-Contaminated Water by Vetiver Grasses

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (13) ◽  
pp. 252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piyada Wachirawongsakorn ◽  
Tongsai Jamnongkan ◽  
Mohd Talib Latif
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Vetiver Grass ◽  
Vetiveria Zizanioides ◽  
Concentration Levels

<p>Vetiver grass and it usages have been widely investigated in many researches as the preferred plant species due to its known efficiency, low cost, the ease of availability and spread. This research aimed to use four different vetiver grass (<em>Vetiveria zizanioides</em>) ecotypes to remove cyanide (CN<sup>-</sup>)-contaminated water for improve its quality. Growth capability, tolerance and removal efficiency were evaluated. The results showed that the vetiver grass had a 100% survival rate for one month after planting. Songkhlar3 had the longest leaves, followed by Surat-Thani, Sri Lanka and Monto, respectively. Root lengths of all ecotypes showed no significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). All vetiver grass ecotypes could potentially purify CN<sup>-</sup>-contaminated water at lower concentrations of ≤ 35 mg CN<sup>-</sup>/L. The Monto ecotype had the highest CN<sup>-</sup> removal efficiency at all CN<sup>-</sup> concentration levels, showing 100% CN<sup>-</sup> removal from the 5-45 mg CN<sup>-</sup>/L contaminated water samples within 2-5 weeks growth. The tolerance of vetiver grass to CN<sup>-</sup> was a more important factor than growth rate when selecting a vetiver grass ecotype for CN<sup>-</sup> phytoremediation.</p>

scholarly journals Larval Diet Abundance Influences Size and Composition of the Midgut Microbiota of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah J. MacLeod ◽  
George Dimopoulos ◽  
Sarah M. Short
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Disease Vector ◽  
16S Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
The Impact

The midgut microbiota of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti impacts pathogen susceptibility and transmission by this important vector species. However, factors influencing the composition and size of the microbiome in mosquitoes are poorly understood. We investigated the impact of larval diet abundance during development on the composition and size of the larval and adult microbiota by rearing Aedes aegypti under four larval food regimens, ranging from nutrient deprivation to nutrient excess. We assessed the persistent impacts of larval diet availability on the microbiota of the larval breeding water, larval mosquitoes, and adult mosquitoes under sugar and blood fed conditions using qPCR and high-throughput 16S amplicon sequencing to determine bacterial load and microbiota composition. Bacterial loads in breeding water increased with increasing larval diet. Larvae reared with the lowest diet abundance had significantly fewer bacteria than larvae from two higher diet treatments, but not from the highest diet abundance. Adults from the lowest diet abundance treatment had significantly fewer bacteria in their midguts compared to all higher diet abundance treatments. Larval diet amount also had a significant impact on microbiota composition, primarily within larval breeding water and larvae. Increasing diet correlated with increased relative levels of Enterobacteriaceae and Flavobacteriaceae and decreased relative levels of Sphingomonadaceae. Multiple individual OTUs were significantly impacted by diet including one mapping to the genus Cedecea, which increased with higher diet amounts. This was consistent across all sample types, including sugar fed and blood fed adults. Taken together, these data suggest that availability of diet during development can cause lasting shifts in the size and composition of the microbiota in the disease vector Aedes aegypti.

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