The spatiotemporal evolution of cities from the ancient state period to the kingdom period in the Central Plains region, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijie Yan ◽  
Ruixia Yang ◽  
Peng Lu ◽  
Fei Teng ◽  
Xia Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Spatiotemporal Evolution ◽  
Gravity Center ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Distance Analysis ◽  
The City ◽  
Ancient States ◽  
Longshan Period ◽  
Yangshao Period

Abstract The Central Plains region in China has been an important area for human settlement since ancient times. As the only continuous civilization over thousands of years in the world, the Central Plains Civilization is the origin of the Chinese nation. The number, size, and distribution of cities have changed greatly from the ancient state period (i.e. the Yangshao and Longshan periods) to the kingdom period (i.e. the Xia and Shang Dynasties), which reflects the evolution of settlement and social organization. In this study, GIS technology was used to establish the city spatial database for the periods that witnessed the transition from ancient states to the kingdom, including the Yangshao period, the Longshan period, and the Xia and Shang Dynasties. Moreover, the nearest neighbor distance analysis and the gravity center analysis were implemented to explore the possible factors that were considered in the city site selection, including altitude and distances to nearest rivers. Furthermore, efforts were made to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of the shape, size, agglomeration, and varying gravity center of cities as well as the spatiotemporal evolution of moats. The results show that: (1) Most city sites were distributed in areas with altitudes of < 500 m above sea level and distances of less than 3 km away from rivers during all three periods. (2) From the Yangshao period to the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the shape of the city gradually changed from circular to square, and the type of moats changed from trenches in the Yangshao period to city walls in the Longshan period and no walls in Xia and Shang Dynasties. (3) The size and grade of the 18 cities in the Yangshao period shared high similarity, with an average area of 20 hectares. In comparison, the sizes of 24 cities in the Longshan period increased significantly, with an average of 39 hectares. During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, there were 22 cities with an average size of 340 hectares, and the grade of sizes became obvious, marking the entrance into the centralized kingdom period. (4) Cities were scattered in the decentralized pattern during the ancient state periods (i.e. Yangshao and Longshan periods), whereas they became agglomerative in the kingdom period (i.e. Xia and Shang Dynasties). This reflects the evolution of the spatial scopes and social organizational forms. (5) From ancient states to the kingdom, the city center moved around Songshan Mountain from the northwest to the southeast and again to the northeast.

scholarly journals The spatiotemporal evolution of ancient cities from the late Yangshao to Xia and Shang Dynasties in the Central Plains, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijie Yan ◽  
Ruixia Yang ◽  
Peng Lu ◽  
Fei Teng ◽  
Xia Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
State Level ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Gravity Center ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
Database Technology ◽  
Chinese State ◽  
Social Organizational ◽  
Average Size

AbstractThe Central Plains has a long history, rich culture, unique geographical advantages, and profound cultural heritage. The occurrence of ancient cities in the Central Plains marks the formation of Chinese state-level societies. The number, size, and distribution of ancient cities have changed greatly from the late Yangshao to the Xia and Shang Dynasties, which reflects the evolution of settlement and social organization. In this study, Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial database technology was used to establish a spatiotemporal database of ancient cities in the late Yangshao, Longshan, as well as Xia and Shang Dynasties in the Central Plains. This paper uses GIS spatial analysis technology to analyze the relationship between the ancient city distribution and the geographical environment, as well as the evolution of ancient city's shapes and sizes. Furthermore, by using the method of the nearest neighbor distance and gravity center analysis, this paper discusses the agglomeration characteristics and gravity center evolution of ancient cities. The results show that: (1) Most of the ancient cities were distributed in areas below 500 m and within 3 km from the river during the time interval from the late Yangshao to Xia and Shang Dynasties; (2) The shape of the ancient cities gradually changed from circles to squares in the Central Plains, which became a unified model for the later ancient city design; (3) The sizes of the 18 ancient cities in the Yangshao period shared high similarity, with an average area of 20 hectares. The sizes of 24 ancient cities in the Longshan period increased significantly, with an average of 39 hectares. During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, there were 22 ancient cities with an average size of 340 hectares, and the grade of sizes became obvious, marking the entrance into Chinese state-level societies; (4) Cities were scattered in the decentralized pattern during the late Yangshao and Longshan periods, whereas they became agglomerative in Xia and Shang Dynasties. This reflects the evolution of the spatial scopes and social organizational forms; and (5) From the late Yangshao to Xia and Shang Dynasties, the gravity center of ancient cities moved around the Songshan Mountain from the northwest to the southeast and again to the northeast.

scholarly journals The Use of GIS Technology to Optimize COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution: A Case Study of the City of Warsaw, Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5636
Author(s):  
Sylwia Krzysztofowicz ◽  
Katarzyna Osińska-Skotak
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Vaccination Site ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Vaccine Distribution ◽  
The City

The COVID-19 pandemic is a global challenge, and the key to tackling it is vaccinating a specified percentage of the population to acquire herd immunity. The observed problems with the efficiency of the vaccination campaigns in numerous countries around the world, as well as the approach used at the initial stage of the National Immunization Program in Poland, prompted us to analyse the possibility of using GIS technology to optimize the distribution of vaccines to vaccination sites so as to minimize the period needed to vaccinate individual population groups. The research work was carried out on the example of Warsaw, the capital of Poland and the city with the largest population in the country. The analyses were carried out for the 60–70 and 50–60 age groups, in various approaches and for vaccines of different companies (Moderna, BioNTech, AstraZeneca), used to vaccinate people in Poland. The proposed approach to optimize vaccine distribution uses Thiessen’s tessellation to obtain information on the number of people in a given population group living in the area of each vaccination site, and then to estimate the time needed to vaccinate that group. Compared to the originally used vaccination scenario with limited availability of vaccines, the proposed approach allows practitioners to design fast and efficient distribution scenarios. With the developed methodology, we demonstrated ways to achieve uniform vaccination coverage throughout the city. We anticipate that the proposed approach can be easily automated and broadly applied to various urban settings.

GIS

2013 ◽  
pp. 352-380
Author(s):  
Elena Bianchini ◽  
Sandra Sicurella
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Crime Mapping ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The University ◽  
Gis Software ◽  
The City ◽  
Justice Of The Peace

The advent of the GIS technology has revolutionized the traditional field of information and cartographic production. The GIS, indeed, enables the management of much more numerous and more complex data and it is able to overcome the static and the traditional two-dimensional cartography. The Geographic Information Systems (GIS), which is used in various fields and disciplines, also represents a valuable tool for investigation in the university research. In criminology in particular, it has facilitated, regarding the city of Bologna, a kind of crime mapping on the nature of the so called “petty crimes” within the jurisdiction of the criminal Justice of the Peace, and the creation of a city’s map on which have been identified support centers for victims operating in them. The use of GIS software is the basis in order to realize and put into practice not only operational measures designed to combat and to prevent crime, but it is also of help to social control measures, to public policy and to security. To the end of ensuring public safety, nowadays, it is essential to have a clear, spatial, and graphic representation of the high concentrations of crime areas and of the degraded ones, in which there is a greater likelihood that some type of crime is committed.

Subsidence and Flooding in Bangkok

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noppadol Phienwej ◽  
Prinya Nutalaya
Keyword(s):  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Central Plain ◽  
The North ◽  
Chao Phraya River ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City

Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, is situated on flat, low land in the southern part of the Central Plain, one of the main physical units of the country. Through the heart of the city, the Chao Phraya flows from the north and discharges into the Gulf of Thailand, 25 km south of the city centre. The city was founded in 1782, and in its early years numerous klongs (canals) were dug for transportation and defence uses. These canals became corridors of early development, and banks were lined with houses, shop-houses, and temples, etc. With the beauty of its waterway landscape, Bangkok was once dubbed the Venice of the East. Unfortunately, such a resemblance no longer exists as most of the canals have been backfilled to make room for road construction in recent urbanization. The Bangkok metropolis, which at present has a population in excess of 10 million, has expanded rapidly on both banks of the river since 1950. It has encroached into surrounding provinces, covering an area of approximately 60 × 70 km. Owing to its flat topography and close proximity to the sea, flooding threatens the city annually. Modern urbanization has resulted in the drastic destruction or blockage of natural drainage paths, increasing the flood risk to the city. Severe land subsidence from excessive groundwater extraction since the 1960s has intensified the flood risk, as well as creating numerous foundation problems. At present the land surface in some areas is already below mean sea level. The city now has to rely on a flood protection system to prevent inundation. However, its effectiveness is only temporary because land subsidence has not yet ceased. The Central Plain is formed by the Chao Phraya River, the largest in the country. The river basin stretches from the Northern Highland to the Central Plain and covers about one-third of the country (514 000 km2). The Central Plain can be divided into the Upper and Lower Central Plains. The former extends from Tak to Nakhon Sawan Provinces. Four main rivers, namely, the Ping, the Wang, the Yom, and the Nan, which originate in the Northern Highland, traverse the plain and join together at Nakhon Sawan, 240 km north of Bangkok, to form the Chao Phraya River.

scholarly journals Identifikasi dan pemetaan taman setra di Kota Denpasar berbasis teknologi Sistem Informasi Geografi (SIG)

2019 ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Anak Agung Gede Sugianthara ◽  
Anak Agung Gede Dalem Sudarsana ◽  
Sang Made Sarwadana
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Rare Plants ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Geography Information ◽  
The City

Identification and mapping of grave yard park in Denpasar City based on GIS technology. Bali as a garden island consists of several types of parks, one of which is Setra Park. In Bali there are 1,488 indigenous villages/pakraman. Each traditional village has at least one grave, and some have two to three graves. Thus in Bali it is estimated that there are more than 1500 graves, but until now there is no exact data on the number and extent of the graves in Bali, as well as those in the City of Denpasar. This study aims to identification and find out at once mapped Setra Park in the city of Denpasar, Bali as the first step to compile the data base of Taman Setra in Bali Province as one of the national assets of Unitary State of Republic of Indonesia which has architectural, functional, aesthetic, and socio-religious-magical. This study used the survey method with data retrieval technique with observation, interview, and questionnaire distribution to get primary data directly obtained in the field, as well as literature study to complete data or information not obtained in the field. As for mapping using GPS instruments (Global Positioning System) and QGIS software (Quantum Geography Information System). The collected data was followed by tabulation and then analyzed with Quickbird satellite image analysis in 2012 and QGIS 2010 to compile data base and at the same time making map of Taman Setra in Denpasar City. The result of this study shows that, all the parks in Denpasar have spatial layout based on mandala concept, namely: (1) Main mandala as head (ulu setra) in the form of Pura Prajapati building; (2) Madia mandala is a body (ragan setra) as a burial place corpse, arson, and pengabenan ceremony; (3) Nista mandala as foot (cokor/sor setra) area which functioned as garbage dump or rest of upakara. The total area varies from 0.07 to 8.90 Ha, with the land ownership status belonging to the respective village of pakraman, but only about 16.7% have been certified. The arrangement of the park is quite good and has multiple functions, as well as burial places, ceremonies, and other religious rituals also function as a park, a place to harvest rare plants, and at the same time have ecological functions as green open spaces are shady, comfortable, and interesting.

scholarly journals The Decreasing Population Bias in Tornado Reports across the Central Plains

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Elsner ◽  
Laura E. Michaels ◽  
Kelsey N. Scheitlin ◽  
Ian J. Elsner
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Recent Period ◽  
City Center ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Country Report ◽  
Bias Model ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Population Bias ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Tornado–hazard assessment is hampered by a population bias in the available data. Here, the authors demonstrate a way to statistically quantify this bias using the ratio of city to country report densities. The expected report densities come from a model of the number of reports as a function of distance from the nearest city center. On average since 1950, reports near cities with populations of at least 1000 in a 5.5° latitude × 5.5° longitude region centered on Russell, Kansas, exceed those in the country by 70% [54%, 84%; 95% confidence interval (CI)]. The model is applied to 10-yr moving windows to show that the percentage is decreasing with time. Over the most recent period (2002–11), the tornado report density in the city is slightly fewer than 3 reports (100 km2)−1 (100 yr)−1, and this value is statistically indistinguishable from the report density in the country. On average, the population bias is less pronounced for Fujita (F) scale F0 tornadoes, but the bias disappears more quickly over time for the F1 and stronger tornadoes. The authors show evidence that this decline could be related in part to an increase in the number of storm chasers. The population-bias model can enhance the usefulness of the Storm Prediction Center's tornado database and help create more meaningful spatial climatologies.

The Research of Urban Fundamental Geographical Information System Based on WebGIS

2012 ◽  
Vol 170-173 ◽  
pp. 2789-2793
Author(s):  
Yi Qiang Chen ◽  
Hai Ping Xiao ◽  
Wei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Network Technology ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Gis Application ◽  
The City ◽  
Constant Improvement

Along with the rapid development in the Internet network technology and the constant improvement in the GIS technology as well as the urgent demand for geographic information sharing and mutual operation application, WebGIS has become a hot issue in the field of the GIS application. WebGIS has made up for the traditional limitations of the GIS application, thus making GIS achieve the function of true information data sharing. In such case, it accelerates the process of informationalization of the city fundamental geography. Therefore, it has strong promotion and the application value.

Analysis of the City Waterfront Landscape Design in Central Plains Economic Zone

2012 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
pp. 395-399
Author(s):  
Jing Xia Liu ◽  
Zeng Qiang An
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Landscape Design ◽  
Environment Design ◽  
City Development ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Modern City ◽  
Economic Zone ◽  
The City

The modern city waterfront construction is an important part of the city landscape environment design, many city put it as an important part of city development strategy. The article combines the ecosystem manage engineering case of Zhengzhou Jialu river, take out the course of river manage principle and important points in the process of designing under the background of Henan Central Plains Economic Zone construction.

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