scholarly journals An Investigation into the Cause of Road Failure Along Sagamu-Papalanto Highway Southwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
OYEM EMMANUEL UBIDO ◽  
Igwe Ogbonnaya ◽  
Bernadette Uche Ukah
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Low Resistivity ◽  
The Road ◽  
Cause Of Failure

Abstract Investigation into the cause of road failure has been carried out along a 60km long Sagamu –Papalanto highway southwestern Nigeria. Geochemical, mineralogical, geotechnical and geophysical analyses were conducted to evaluate the cause of failure along the study area. The results of the laboratory tests showed that the percentage amount of fines ranges from 12-61.3%, natural moisture content from 6.8 to 19.7%, liquid limit in the range of 25.1-52.2%, linear shrinkage between 3.96 to 12.71%, plastic limit ranges from 18.2-35%, plasticity index ranges from 5.2 to 24.6%, free swell in the range from 5.17 – 43.9%, maximum dry density ranges from 1.51 -1.74g /cm3, specific gravity ranges from 2.52-2.64 and CBR between 3-12%. The Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT) shows a resistance value of 20-138 kgf/cm2. The major clay mineral that is predominant in the studied soil is kaolinite. The major oxides present are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, Na2O, MgO and CaO. The result of the 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging revealed a low resistivity values for profile 2 and 3 ranging from 100 Ωm – 300 Ωm, between a distance of 20m – 240 m along the profile to a depth of 7.60m and a low resistivity value ranging from 50 Ωm – 111Ωm, between a distance of 80 m –120 m along the profile to a depth of 15m. It was concluded that the low CBR, low MDD and the class of subsoils namely A-26, A-7, A-2-7 (clayey soils) which were identified are responsible for the cause of failure experienced in the study area. These makes the soils unsuitable as road construction materials and hence, there is need for stabilization during the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the road.

scholarly journals An investigation into the cause of road failure along Sagamu-Papalanto highway southwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ubido Oyem Emmanuel ◽  
Igwe Ogbonnaya ◽  
Ukah Bernadette Uche
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Low Resistivity ◽  
The Road ◽  
Cause Of Failure

AbstractInvestigation into the cause of road failure has been carried out along a 60 km long Sagamu –Papalanto highway southwestern Nigeria. Geochemical, mineralogical, geotechnical and geophysical analyses were conducted to evaluate the cause of failure along the study area. The results of the laboratory tests showed that the percentage amount of fines ranges from 12 to 61.3%, natural moisture content from 6.8 to 19.7%, liquid limit in the range of 25.1–52.2%, linear shrinkage between 3.96 to 12.71%, plastic limit ranges from 18.2–35%, plasticity index ranges from 5.2 to 24.6%, free swell in the range from 5.17–43.9%, maximum dry density ranges from 1.51–1.74 g /cm3, specific gravity ranges from 2.52–2.64 and CBR between 3 and 12%. The Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT) shows a resistance value of 20–138 kgf/cm2. The major clay mineral that is predominant in the studied soil is kaolinite. The major oxides present are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, Na2O, MgO and CaO. The result of the 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging revealed a low resistivity values for profile 2 and 3 ranging from 100 Ωm – 300 Ωm, between a distance of 20 m – 240 m along the profile to a depth of 7.60 m and a low resistivity value ranging from 50 Ωm – 111Ωm, between a distance of 80 m − 120 m along the profile to a depth of 15 m. It was concluded that the low CBR, low MDD and the class of subsoils namely A-26, A-7, A-2-7 (clayey soils) which were identified are responsible for the cause of failure experienced in the study area. These makes the soils unsuitable as road construction materials and hence, there is need for stabilization during the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the road.

scholarly journals An Investigation Into the Cause of Road Failure Along Sagamu-Papalanto Highway Southwestern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
OYEM EMMANUEL UBIDO ◽  
Igwe Ogbonnaya ◽  
Bernadette Uche Ukah
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Low Resistivity ◽  
The Road ◽  
Cause Of Failure

Abstract Investigation into the cause of road failure has been carried out along a 60km long Sagamu –Papalanto highway southwestern Nigeria. Geochemical, mineralogical, geotechnical and geophysical analyses were conducted to evaluate the cause of failure along the study area. The results of the laboratory tests showed that the percentage amount of fines ranges from 12-61.3%, natural moisture content from 6.8 to 19.7%, liquid limit in the range of 25.1-52.2%, linear shrinkage between 3.96 to 12.71%, plastic limit ranges from 18.2-35%, plasticity index ranges from 5.2 to 24.6%, free swell in the range from 5.17 – 43.9%, maximum dry density ranges from 1.51 -1.74g /cm3, specific gravity ranges from 2.52-2.64 and CBR between 3-12%. The Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT) shows a resistance value of 20-138 kgf/cm2. The major clay mineral that is predominant in the studied soil is kaolinite. The major oxides present are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, Na2O, MgO and CaO. The result of the 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging revealed a low resistivity values for profile 2 and 3 ranging from 100 Ωm – 300 Ωm, between a distance of 20m – 240 m along the profile to a depth of 7.60m and a low resistivity value ranging from 50 Ωm – 111Ωm, between a distance of 80 m –120 m along the profile to a depth of 15m. It was concluded that the low CBR, low MDD and the class of subsoils namely A-26, A-7, A-2-7 (clayey soils) which were identified are responsible for the cause of failure experienced in the study area. These makes the soils unsuitable as road construction materials and hence, there is need for stabilization during the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the road.

scholarly journals An Investigation Into the Cause of Road Failure Along Sagamu-papalanto Highway Southwestern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
OYEM EMMANUEL UBIDO ◽  
Igwe Ogbonnaya ◽  
Bernadette Uche Ukah
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Low Resistivity ◽  
The Road ◽  
Cause Of Failure

Abstract Investigation into the cause of road failure has been carried out along a 60km Sagamu –Papalanto highway southwestern Nigeria. Geochemical, mineralogical, geotechnical and geophysical analyses were conducted to evaluate the cause of failure along the study area. The results of the laboratory tests showed that the percentage amount of fines ranges from 12-61.3%, natural moisture content from 6.8 to 19.7%, liquid limit in the range of 25.1-52.2%, linear shrinkage between 3.96 to 12.71%, plastic limit ranges from 18.2-35%, plasticity index ranges from 5.2 to 24.6%, free swell in the range from 5.17 – 43.9%, maximum dry density ranges from 1.51 -1.74g /cm3, specific gravity ranges from 2.52-2.64 and CBR between 3-12%. The Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT) shows a resistance value of 20-138 kgf/cm2. The major clay mineral that is predominant in the studied soil is kaolinite. The major oxides present are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, Na2O, MgO and CaO. The result of the 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging revealed a low resistivity values for profile 2 and 3 ranging from 100 Ωm – 300 Ωm, between a distance of 20m – 240 m along the profile to a depth of 7.60m and a low resistivity value ranging from 50 Ωm – 111Ωm, between a distance of 80 m –120 m along the profile to a depth of 15m. It was concluded that the low CBR, low MDD and the class of subsoils namely A-26, A-7, A-2-7 (clayey soils) which were identified are responsible for the cause of failure experienced in the study area. These makes the soils unsuitable as road construction materials and hence, there is need for stabilization during the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the road.

scholarly journals An Investigation Into the Cause of Road Failure Along Sagamu-papalanto Highway Southwestern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
OYEM EMMANUEL UBIDO ◽  
Igwe Ogbonnaya ◽  
Bernadette Uche Ukah
Keyword(s):  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Inversion Algorithm ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Low Resistivity ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Free Swell

Abstract Road Failure in Nigeria has been a monumental disaster that has resulted to loss of lives and damage of vehicles which has also in turn increased the travel time of motorist plying on the these roads. In order to unravel the cause of this disaster geotechnical, geochemical, mineralogical and geophysical tests were conducted to evaluate the cause of failure along Sagamu-Papalanto Highway southwestern Nigeria. The laboratory tests result conducted shows that the percentage amount of fines ranges from 12-61.3%,natural moisture content ranges from 6.8 to 19.7%, the liquid limit in the range of 25.1-52.2%, linear shrinkage between 3.96 to 12.71%, plastic limit ranges from 18.2-35%, the plasticity index ranges from 5.2 to 24.6%,free swell in the range from 5.17 – 43.9%,maximum dry density from1.51 -1.74g /cm 3 , the specific gravity ranges from 2.52-2.64 and the CBR between 3-12%. The Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT) has a resistance value in the range of 20-138 kgf/cm 2 .There is the predominance of kaolinite as the major clay minerals and the main oxides in the study area shows SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , K 2 O,Na 2 O, MgO and CaO.2D Electrical Resistivity Wenner Array Method was employed in the investigation. Four profiles covering a distance of 250 meters for profiles 1, 2, and 3 and 500meters for profile 4 each were established parallel and perpendicular to the road pavement along the sections of the road. Data were gather along the four profiles using ABEM Terra meter SAS 1000. The recorded field data were filtered and inverted using 2-D modelling inversion algorithm with the aid RES2DINV Software . The results revealed a low resistivity values for profile 2 and 3 ranging from 100 Ωm – 300 Ωm, between distances of 20 m – 240 m along the profile to a depth of 7.60 m and a low resistivity value ranging from 50 Ωm – 111Ωm, between distances of 80 m –120 m along the profile to a depth of 15m from the surface of the profile the topsoil along the profile. The low resistivity values and low shear strength obtained from the profiles shows the study areas comprises of incompetent materials which has the propensity to retain water and eventually results to swelling and collapse under imposed load with subsequent failure as the resultant effect. Sections of the road with sandy and clayey materials should be scooped out from the subsurface to a depth of 3 m – 5 m from the top soil of the road and put back with competent fill materials.

scholarly journals Investigation of Flexible Pavement Failure along Ede – Akoda Road, Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A Tijani ◽  
S.O.A Olawale
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Flexible Pavement ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
The Road ◽  
Reconnaissance Survey ◽  
Cause Of Failure ◽  
On The Road

Ede to Akoda is a trunk B-road built over 30 years ago. It has been in despicable condition leading to fatal accidents and loss of life and properties that impacted negatively on the community. This study investigated the flexible pavement failure along the road in order to ascertain the possible causes of its failure. The methodology adopted covered reconnaissance survey, assessment of the physical condition of the road and soil investigation of subgrade. The result of reconnaissance survey revealed that the surface wearing course has degraded extensively. The physical inspections showed that considerable segment of the drainage facilities has collapsed or totally blocked allowing extensive ponding of rain water on the road surface. The pot holes were deep and widespread in most places and the road is near total collapse. The result of soil investigation revealed that natural moisture content, specific gravity, liquid limit, plastic limit, plastic index, maximum dry density and optimum moisture content were within the specifications of the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing limits (FMWH). However, the California bearing ratio values were less than minimum 10% stated in the specifications, this suggests the nature of subgrade soil as a possible cause of failure of road pavements along Ede-Akoda Road, Nigeria. It is recommended that further research be conducted on other structures of the flexible pavement to better ascertain the causes of the studied road failure.

scholarly journals Influence of Submergence on Stabilization of Loess in Shaanxi Province by Adding Fly Ash

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samnang Phoak ◽  
Ya-Sheng Luo ◽  
Sheng-Nan Li ◽  
Qian Yin
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Atterberg Limits ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Swell Potential

In this study, the influence of fly ash (FA) content (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) on the alteration in the physical and mechanical parameters of loess is investigated. The influences of curing time (0, 14, and 28 days) and submergence and non-submergence conditions are analyzed as well. Analysis considers the variation in Atterberg limits (liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index), compaction parameters (optimum moisture content (OMC), and maximum dry density (MDD)), unconfined compressive strength (UCS) stress, UCS strain, California bearing ratio (CBR) value, and swell potential. Results show that the application of FA-stabilized loess (FASL) is effective. Specifically, the MDD decreases and the OMC increases, the UCS stress increases and the UCS strain decreases, the CBR value improves and the swell potential declines, but Atterberg limits are insignificantly changed by the increase in the FA ratio compared with those of untreated loess. The UCS stress and CBR value are improved with the increase in curing time, whereas the UCS strain is negligible. FASL under submergence condition plays an important role in improving the effect of FA on the UCS stress and CBR value compared with that under non-submergence condition. The UCS stress and CBR value are more increased and more decreased than the UCS strain in submerged samples. Therefore, the application of FASL in flood areas is important for obtaining sustainable construction materials and ensuring environmental protection.

scholarly journals The Mechanical and Binding Potentials of Fresh Cow Dung (FCD) for Gravel Roads Construction

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-32
Author(s):  
Anthony Mugendi Nyagah ◽  
Sixtus Kinyua Mwea ◽  
Francis John Gichaga
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Test Results ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
The Road ◽  
Gravel Roads

Among the developing nations, unpaved (gravel and earth) roads form a disproportionately large percentage of the road network when compared to the paved roads. For instance, in Kenya earth roads account for 47% of the road network, while the gravel roads account for about 38%. The most significant problem associated with gravel and earth roads is dust emission, which contributes to the deterioration of the road surface. In addition, the dust causes road safety, human health and the environmental quality issues. In order to minimize dust emission dust suppressants are applied annually. Dust suppressants, for example, Magnesium or Calcium Chlorides solutions are expensive and hence not widely used in developing countries like Kenya. In many Kenyan rural homes and in most African countries, fresh cow dung (FCD) is used as dust suppressants in madhouses. Therefore, this study seeks to explore the mechanical and binding potentials of FCD for gravel roads construction as a dust suppressant, improvement of mechanical and resilience properties of lateritic soils for gravel roads construction. The effect of FCD on gravel soils was determined at various percentages (0%, 3%, 6%, 9% and 12%) by weight. The Index properties, compaction properties, plasticity requirements and bearing strengths {Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR)} were determined. The results show that Maximum Dry Density (MDD) reduced while the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) increased with the increase in dosages of FCD. The UCS test results were 257 kN/m2 (0%), 257 kN/m2 (3%), 300 kN/m2 (6%), 267 kN/m2 (9%) and 213 kN/m2 (12%) while, the CBR test results were 21%, 39%, 54%, 34%, and 24% for 0%, 3%, 6%, 9% and 12%. The research concludes that FCD at 6% by weight can be used for mechanical stabilization of gravel soils for road construction. FCD is cheaper, readily available, sustainable and environmentally friendly. This will go a long way in the economic development of low and middle-income countries.

scholarly journals Potentials of Processed Palm Kernel Shell Ash (Local Stabilizer) and Model Prediction of CBR and UCS Values of Ntak Clayey Soils in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 96-106
Author(s):  
S. A. Assam ◽  
J. C. Agunwamba
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Maximum Improvement

It is very essential to improve on the study of stabilization, as we investigate the potential of Processed Palm Kernel Shell Ash (PPKSA) as a Local stabilizer in stabilizing clay soil. The ever-increasing cost of construction materials in Nigeria and other developing countries has created the need for improved research into locally and readily available materials and also on how to convert these local materials such as Palm Kernel Shell Ash for use in construction and soil improvement. To achieve this; soil samples were collected from Ntak – Uyo, Akwa Ibom State classified as an A-2-5 soil on AASHTO and CL on UNIFIED SYSTEM of classification, were sieved and passed through sieve No. 36. It was then stabilized with (2-7%) Processed Palm Kernel Shell Ash (PPKSA) by weight of the dry soil. The investigation includes evaluation of the engineering and geotechnical properties of the soil. The results obtained shows that the increase in PPKSA content at 4.5% increase the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) by 16.74%, Maximum Dry Density (MDD) by 1.89 gm/cm3, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) by 433.12 kN/m2, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) by 55% for unsoak and 36% for soak while there was a significant reduction in the value of Liquid Limit (LL) by 30.92% and Plasticity Index (PI) by 10%. The predictive models were developed, and these models showed a good correlation with experimental results in the control tests as they possess a reasonable significant difference and a strong relationship between the measured and predicted values. The study concluded that PPKSA can be used to improve the properties of soil for construction purposes and 4.5% PPKSA content was observed to yield maximum improvement for OMC, MDD, CBR and UCS values.

scholarly journals Influence of Subgrade Soil on Pavement Perfomance: A Case Study of Ago-Iwoye - Ilishan Road, Southwestern Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
J.O. Fatoba ◽  
A.O. Sanni ◽  
A.B. Ayantunji
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Major Road ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
The Road ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Grade Material

Ago-Iwoye –Ilisan road is the major road that links Abeokuta the state capital of Ogun –state to Ijebu towns. The road has always been experiencing pavement failure, which occurs inform of cracks and potholes. Being the major road, the effect of the failure has negative impact on the soico-economic growth of Ijebu –areas. The primary objective of the study was to determine the influence of the geotechnical properties of the sub-grade materials on the pavement performance of Ago-Iwoye – Ilishan Road. Eleven (11) soil samples were collected at eight (8) different locations with the aid of hand auger and were air-dried before taken to the laboratory for determination of engineering properties. The Liquid limit and the Plastic limits ranged from 13.9 – 46.2% and 8.1 – 32.7%, with the Plasticity index from 10.6 – 15.9% and Shrinkage limit from 6.2 – 27.7% respectively. The soaked CBR values of the subgrade materials is between 67% and 75% compared with 30% minimum specified by FMWH, 1997.The soils were classified by ASSHTO under the A-6 and A-7 category which shows that the soils are fair to poor as a sub-grade material and USCS classification shows that the soil falls into the SM and SC group.The comparison of all the results with the Nigeria specification (Federal Ministry of Works and Housing general guidelines) for the sub grade materials along the Ago-Iwoye-Ilisian road show that the materials underlain the pavement do satisfy the Nigeria standard. Therefore, the perennial failure frequently experience along the road route is not significantly influenced by subgrade materials. Hence, influence of other factors such as poor drainage courses, level of groundwater table, variation of geologic materials along the road route and poor construction materials should be thoroughly addressed before embarking on future rehabilitation of the highway.

scholarly journals Geotechnical Assessment of Pavement Failure along Lagos-Ibadan Expressway

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simeon O Odunfa ◽  
Adebayo O. Owolabi ◽  
Peter O. Aiyedun ◽  
Obanisola M. Sadiq
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
High Water ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Geotechnical Parameters ◽  
The Road ◽  
Natural Moisture Content ◽  
Geotechnical Assessment ◽  
Shrinkage And Swelling

Pavement failure has contributed immensely to loss of lives, disruption to normal daily activities and increase amount of money being spent on maintenance annually. One of the causes is associated with inadequate investigations on subgrade materials. This study aimed at examining the geotechnical parameters as factors of pavement failure along Lagos–Ibadan Expressway. Samples were collected at the failed and stable portions on some selected road segments and subjected to laboratory tests including Natural Moisture Content (NMC), Linear Shrinkage(LS), particle size distribution and California Bearing Ratio(CBR). The NMC along the failed sections was on the high side (ranged from 13.11% to 26.89%) compared with the stable sections (ranged from 11.11% to 16.40%). Most of the tested soils have percentage passing 0.075mm sieve more than 35% maximum required by the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing for subgrade materials. The maximum dry density(MDD) for the samples at failed and stable sections ranged from 1550 kg/m3 to 1860 kg/m3; 1650 kg/m3 to 1980 kg/m3 respectively while the Optimum Moisture Content(OMC) ranged from 8.30% to 20.30%. The soaked CBR values ranged from 2% to 17% while the unsoaked values ranged from 4% to 25%. The increase in NMC along the failed portions could be as a result of high water table along these sections. Some of the materials at failed locations had values of LS > 8% which suggests high susceptibility to shrinkage and swelling which results in differential settlement and contributed to pavement failure along these sections of the road. Keywords: Geotechnical, Pavement failures, subsurface investigations, Expressway, subgrade materials.

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