Exercise stress assessed by automated measurements of salivary testosterone and cortisol levels and testosterone/cortisol ratio within circadian rhythms in male long-distance runners

Abstract Background: Exercise stress promoted cortisol and testosterone secretions that have their own circadian rhythms. It is necessary that the testosterone, cortisol and testosterone/cortisol ratio (T/C ratio) are measured through their rhythms for use in monitoring exercise-induced stress in athletes. Automated measurement has not been applied to salivary testosterone, which requires passive drooling difficult to collect sufficient saliva rapidly. This study aimed to verify whether automated measurements of the testosterone and cortisol concentrations and T/C ratio using saliva collected sequentially can effectively assess exercise intensity differences within circadian rhythms in male athletes.Methods: We investigated the correlations of testosterone and cortisol concentrations measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) between saliva and sera collected from 20 male long-distance runners. We collected the runners' saliva sequentially by passive drooling on two consecutive days involving different intensity trainings in the morning and evening; salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations were measured by ECLIA. Each exercise intensity was measured by running distances, velocities, Borg scale score and maximum pulse rate during exercise.Results: The salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations were positively correlated with the respective total serum hormone concentrations. The runners were divided into low-intensity exercise group (n = 8) and high-intensity exercise group (n = 7), in which five runners were excluded because measurable saliva samples could not be obtained due to low volume and high-viscosity. Sequential saliva collection and automated measurements detected the runners' circadian rhythms of testosterone, cortisol and T/C ratio. The rate of change in the salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly higher and that in the T/C ratio was significantly lower in the evening interval training on day 1 in the high-intensity exercise group which had significantly higher running velocity, Borg scale score, and maximum pulse rate values; this relationship was not shown for salivary testosterone.Conclusions: Automated measurements of the salivary cortisol concentration and the T/C ratio reflected different exercise intensities may be useful for creating appropriate exercise programs for athletes. Conversely, the automated measurements of salivary testosterone and T/C ratio, which require passive drooling to collect saliva, may be less suitable for practical use with athletes than the salivary cortisol-only measurement

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Assessment of exercise-induced stress by automated measurement of salivary cortisol concentrations within the circadian rhythm in Japanese female long-distance runners

10.21203/rs.2.23576/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kazumi Ushiki ◽

Katsuhiko Tsunekawa ◽

Yoshifumi Shoho ◽

Larasati Martha ◽

Hirotaka Ishigaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Circadian Rhythm ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Early Morning ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Exercise Stress ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance ◽

Overtraining Syndrome

Abstract Background Overtraining syndrome, caused by prolonged excessive stress, results in reduced performance and cortisol responsiveness in athletes. It is necessary to collect saliva samples sequentially within circadian rhythm for assessing exercise stress by measuring cortisol concentrations, and automated cortisol measurements using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) may be useful for measuring a large number of saliva samples. In this study, we evaluated the appropriate use of cortisol-based exercise stress assessment within the circadian rhythm, which may diagnose and prevent overtraining syndrome in athletes. Methods We collected saliva and sera from 54 healthy participants and analyzed the correlation between salivary cortisol concentrations measured by ECLIA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or serum cortisol analysis. We also collected saliva continuously from 12 female long-distance runners on 2 consecutive days involving different intensities and types of exercise early in the morning and in the afternoon and measured salivary cortisol concentrations using ECLIA. Each exercise intensity of runners was measured by running velocities, Borg Scale score, and rate of change in the pulse rate by exercise. Results ECLIA-based salivary cortisol concentrations correlated positively with those detected by ELISA (ρ = 0.924, p < 0.001) and serum cortisol (ρ = 0.591, p = 0.001). In long-distance runners, circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol including peak after waking and decrease promptly thereafter were detected on both days by continuous saliva sampling. The rates of change in salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly lower after an early morning exercise than after an afternoon exercise on both days (day 1, p = 0.002 and day 2, p = 0.003). In the early morning exercise, the rate of change in salivary cortisol concentration was significantly higher on day 1 than on day 2 ( p = 0.034), similar to significant difference in running velocities ( p = 0.001). Conclusions Our results suggest that automated ECLIA-based salivary cortisol measurements are able to detect the athletes' circadian rhythm and compare the exercise stress intensities at the same times on different days, even in the early morning, possibly leading to prevention of overtraining syndrome.

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Automated Measurements of Salivary Cortisol Levels Within Circadian Rhythms Detect Differences in Exercise-induced Stress Response Between Two Altitude Training Camps

10.21203/rs.3.rs-542158/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Katsuhiko Tsunekawa ◽

Kazumi Ushiki ◽

Larasati Martha ◽

Asuka Nakazawa ◽

Rika Hasegawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Circadian Rhythms ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Cortisol Concentration ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Exercise Stress ◽

Altitude Training ◽

Automated Measurement ◽

Lower Altitude ◽

Automated Measurements ◽

Exercise Induced

Abstract Background: There are conflicting reports with regard to the superiority of cortisol as a stress marker in high-altitude training due to the influence of the circadian rhythm. This study aimed to determine if the automated measurement of salivary cortisol concentration via sequential sampling could detect the differences in acclimatization and exercise stress between two altitude camps. Methods: A total of 12 elite female long-distance runners living near sea levels were enrolled in this study. For the first camp simulating higher altitude, the runners lived at 1800 m and trained at 1700 m for 7 days. For the second camp simulating lower altitude, they lived at 1550 m and trained at 1300 m for 7 days. Their saliva was sequentially collected on the last 2 days during each camp involving different intensity exercise in the morning and afternoon. The salivary cortisol concentrations were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Results: The sequential saliva collection and automated measurement were able to detect the basal levels and exercise-induced changes in the salivary cortisol within the runners' circadian rhythms in each altitude camp. Before dinner, the basal salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in the higher-altitude camp. The rate of change in the salivary cortisol concentration after the afternoon exercise on day 2 of the higher-altitude camp with higher exercise intensity was significantly higher than that in the lower-altitude camp (p = 0.003). The rate of change in the salivary cortisol concentration during the morning exercise on day 2 was significantly higher in the higher-altitude camp than in lower-altitude camp (p = 0.028) despite the same exercise programs and intensities. Conclusions: Measurement of the salivary cortisol levels during the circadian rhythms could detect the differences in acclimatization and exercise stress between two altitude camps. Automated measurements of salivary cortisol concentrations via sequential saliva sampling may be useful for assessing adaptation disorders and excessive exercise stress and also help develop adequate high-altitude training programs for athletes.

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Assessment of exercise-induced stress by automated measurement of salivary cortisol concentrations within the circadian rhythm in Japanese female long-distance runners

10.21203/rs.2.23576/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kazumi Ushiki ◽

Katsuhiko Tsunekawa ◽

Yoshifumi Shoho ◽

Larasati Martha ◽

Hirotaka Ishigaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Circadian Rhythm ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Early Morning ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Exercise Stress ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance ◽

Overtraining Syndrome

Abstract Background: Overtraining syndrome, caused by prolonged excessive stress, results in reduced performance and cortisol responsiveness in athletes. It is necessary to collect saliva samples sequentially within circadian rhythm for assessing exercise stress by measuring cortisol concentrations, and automated cortisol measurements using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) may be useful for measuring a large number of saliva samples. In this study, we evaluated the appropriate use of cortisol-based exercise stress assessment within the circadian rhythm, which may diagnose and prevent overtraining syndrome in athletes. Methods: We collected saliva and sera from 54 healthy participants and analyzed the correlation between salivary cortisol concentrations measured by ECLIA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or serum cortisol analysis. We also collected saliva continuously from 12 female long-distance runners on 2 consecutive days involving different intensities and types of exercise early in the morning and in the afternoon and measured salivary cortisol concentrations using ECLIA. Each exercise intensity of runners was measured by running velocities, Borg Scale score, and rate of change in the pulse rate by exercise. Results: ECLIA-based salivary cortisol concentrations correlated positively with those detected by ELISA (ρ = 0.924, p < 0.001) and serum cortisol (ρ = 0.591, p = 0.001). In long-distance runners, circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol including peak after waking and decrease promptly thereafter were detected on both days by continuous saliva sampling. The rates of change in salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly lower after an early morning exercise than after an afternoon exercise on both days (day 1, p = 0.002 and day 2, p = 0.003). In the early morning exercise, the rate of change in salivary cortisol concentration was significantly higher on day 1 than on day 2 ( p = 0.034), similar to significant difference in running velocities ( p = 0.001).Conclusions: Our results suggest that automated ECLIA-based salivary cortisol measurements are able to detect the athletes' circadian rhythm and compare the exercise stress intensities at the same times on different days, even in the early morning, possibly leading to prevention of overtraining syndrome.

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Relationships between Training Load, Salivary Cortisol Responses and Performance during Season Training in Middle and Long Distance Runners

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0106066 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. e106066 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández ◽

Carlos Mª Tejero-González ◽

Juan del Campo-Vecino

Keyword(s):

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Training Load ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance ◽

Cortisol Responses ◽

And Performance

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The Use of Testosterone/Cortisol Ratio in Response to Acute Stress as an Indicator of Propensity to Anger in Informal Caregivers

The Spanish Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1017/sjp.2016.62 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ángel Romero-Martínez ◽

Luis Moya-Albiol

Keyword(s):

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Acute Stress ◽

Informal Caregivers ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Cognitive Tasks ◽

Salivary Testosterone ◽

Chronic Disorder ◽

Response To Stress ◽

Cortisol Ratio ◽

Ratio Response

AbstractCaring for an offspring diagnosed with a psychological chronic disorder is used in research as a model of chronic stress. Indeed, it is usually associated with disturbances in the salivary cortisol (Csal) levels of the caregiver. An imbalance between salivary testosterone (Tsal) and Csal levels is a marker of proneness to social aggression. Given this, we aimed to establish whether the salivary testosterone/cortisol (Tsal/Csal) ratio response to acute stress could be employed as a marker of proneness to anger in informal caregivers of offspring with autism spectrum (ASD). Tsal/Csal ratio and anger responses to a set of different cognitive tasks as well as anger trait and expression were compared in these informal caregivers and controls. Caregivers, particularly those of offspring with ASD, had higher Tsal/Csal ratios than controls in response to acute stress, concretely after the stress in the case of fathers (p = .05) and before stress when analyzing mothers (p = .05). Moreover, ASD fathers and mothers obtained higher magnitude of the T/C ratio response to stress (p = .03 and p =.04, respectively), anger state (p = .02 and p = .02, respectively) and expression scores (p = .05 and p = .05, respectively) than controls. Finally, high Tsal/Csal ratio levels and response to stress were significantly associated with high anger feelings increases (p < .01 and p < .001, respectively), trait (p < .001 and p > .05, respectively) and expression (p < .05 and p > .05, respectively) in caregivers.

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The Effects of 8 Weeks of Endurance Running on Hepcidin Concentrations, Inflammatory Parameters, and Iron Status in Female Runners

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.22.1.55 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 55-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Irena Auersperger ◽

Bojan Knap ◽

Ales Jerin ◽

Rok Blagus ◽

Mitja Lainscak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Status ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Exercise Group ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Endurance Running ◽

Continuous Training ◽

Long Distance ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Inflammatory Parameters ◽

Serum Hepcidin

Exercise-associated iron deficiency is a common disorder in endurance athletes. The authors investigated the effects of long-term endurance exercise on hepcidin concentrations, inflammatory parameters, and iron status in moderately trained female long-distance runners. Eighteen runners were assigned to either an interval- or a continuous-training exercise group. The physical training consisted of two 3-week progressive overload periods, each followed by a week’s recovery, and concluded with a 10- or 21-km competitive run. Samples were taken 6 times during the 8-wk training program, first at baseline (BPre), then after the first and second 3-wk training loads (TPost1, TPost2), after each recovery week (Recovery1 and Recovery2), and poststudy (BPost). Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) concentrations were increased in Recovery2 and BPost compared with BPre (p = .02), hemoglobin decreased in TPost1 and TPost2 (p < .001), and red blood cells decreased in TPost2 (p = .01). Hepcidin decreased with time in TPost1 and in BPost compared with BPre (p < .001) and increased in TPost2 compared with TPost1 (p < .001). No differences over time were found for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. The main findings of the current study indicate that serum hepcidin and sTfR were affected after 8 weeks of endurance running in women. No positive relation was found with inflammation.

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Cardiac Function and Muscular Oxygen Desaturation in Sprint and Endurance Cohorts during the Incremental Bicycle Ergometry

Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences ◽

10.33607/bjshs.v1i92.110 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (92) ◽

Author(s):

Vilma Papievienė ◽

Kristina Poderienė ◽

Eugenijus Trinkūnas ◽

Albinas Grūnovas ◽

Jonas Poderys

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Output ◽

Oxygen Desaturation ◽

Exercise Stress ◽

Muscular Tissue ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Bicycle Ergometry ◽

Long Distance ◽

Graded Exercise ◽

Femoral Muscle ◽

Performance Abilities

Research background and hypothesis. The objective of this study was to compare the velocity of changes of cardiac output and muscular oxygen desaturation during the graded exercise stress in endurance and sprint cohorts.Research methods. The subjects, 13 long distance runners and 11 sprinters, underwent a 50W increase in workload every 6 minutes and they exercised till the inability to continue the workout. The heart rate (HR), cardiac output and oxygen desaturation (StO 2 ) in lateral head of the rectus femoral muscle were registered. Research results. The averaged values of change in cardiac output at each stage of workout were similar for both cohorts. We found statistically significantly higher velocities of changes in StO 2 in the sprint cohort than in the endurance cohort. The lower physical performance abilities are typical of the sprint cohort compared to the endurance cohort but three was no difference between the averaged maximal HR values registered at the end of incremental ergometry. During the exercising with given work rate at stages which became subjectively hard, the StO 2 decreased to the same smallest level. This means that the same type of change and the same smallest degree of StO 2 occurs just before the inability to continue the exercising. Discussions and conclusions. The endurance cohort features a more extensive slow augmentation and greater peak values of cardiac output compared to the sprint cohort. The same type of changes and the same degree of muscular oxygen desaturation occur at the point of the inability to continue the exercising, but faster changes in oxygen desaturation in muscular tissue are characteristic of the sprint cohort compared to the sprint cohort.Keywords: bicycle ergometry, cardiac output, oxygen desaturation.

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