scholarly journals Automated Measurements of Salivary Cortisol Levels Within Circadian Rhythms Detect Differences in Exercise-induced Stress Response Between Two Altitude Training Camps

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuhiko Tsunekawa ◽  
Kazumi Ushiki ◽  
Larasati Martha ◽  
Asuka Nakazawa ◽  
Rika Hasegawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Automated Measurement ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
Automated Measurements ◽  
Exercise Induced

Abstract Background: There are conflicting reports with regard to the superiority of cortisol as a stress marker in high-altitude training due to the influence of the circadian rhythm. This study aimed to determine if the automated measurement of salivary cortisol concentration via sequential sampling could detect the differences in acclimatization and exercise stress between two altitude camps. Methods: A total of 12 elite female long-distance runners living near sea levels were enrolled in this study. For the first camp simulating higher altitude, the runners lived at 1800 m and trained at 1700 m for 7 days. For the second camp simulating lower altitude, they lived at 1550 m and trained at 1300 m for 7 days. Their saliva was sequentially collected on the last 2 days during each camp involving different intensity exercise in the morning and afternoon. The salivary cortisol concentrations were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Results: The sequential saliva collection and automated measurement were able to detect the basal levels and exercise-induced changes in the salivary cortisol within the runners' circadian rhythms in each altitude camp. Before dinner, the basal salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in the higher-altitude camp. The rate of change in the salivary cortisol concentration after the afternoon exercise on day 2 of the higher-altitude camp with higher exercise intensity was significantly higher than that in the lower-altitude camp (p = 0.003). The rate of change in the salivary cortisol concentration during the morning exercise on day 2 was significantly higher in the higher-altitude camp than in lower-altitude camp (p = 0.028) despite the same exercise programs and intensities. Conclusions: Measurement of the salivary cortisol levels during the circadian rhythms could detect the differences in acclimatization and exercise stress between two altitude camps. Automated measurements of salivary cortisol concentrations via sequential saliva sampling may be useful for assessing adaptation disorders and excessive exercise stress and also help develop adequate high-altitude training programs for athletes.

scholarly journals Exercise stress assessed by automated measurements of salivary testosterone and cortisol levels and testosterone/cortisol ratio within circadian rhythms in male long-distance runners

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larasati Martha ◽  
Katsuhiko Tsunekawa ◽  
Kazumi Ushiki ◽  
Yoshifumi Shoho ◽  
Yoshimaro Yanagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Borg Scale ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Salivary Testosterone ◽  
Automated Measurements ◽  
Cortisol Ratio

Abstract Background: Exercise stress promoted cortisol and testosterone secretions that have their own circadian rhythms. It is necessary that the testosterone, cortisol and testosterone/cortisol ratio (T/C ratio) are measured through their rhythms for use in monitoring exercise-induced stress in athletes. Automated measurement has not been applied to salivary testosterone, which requires passive drooling difficult to collect sufficient saliva rapidly. This study aimed to verify whether automated measurements of the testosterone and cortisol concentrations and T/C ratio using saliva collected sequentially can effectively assess exercise intensity differences within circadian rhythms in male athletes.Methods: We investigated the correlations of testosterone and cortisol concentrations measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) between saliva and sera collected from 20 male long-distance runners. We collected the runners' saliva sequentially by passive drooling on two consecutive days involving different intensity trainings in the morning and evening; salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations were measured by ECLIA. Each exercise intensity was measured by running distances, velocities, Borg scale score and maximum pulse rate during exercise.Results: The salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations were positively correlated with the respective total serum hormone concentrations. The runners were divided into low-intensity exercise group (n = 8) and high-intensity exercise group (n = 7), in which five runners were excluded because measurable saliva samples could not be obtained due to low volume and high-viscosity. Sequential saliva collection and automated measurements detected the runners' circadian rhythms of testosterone, cortisol and T/C ratio. The rate of change in the salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly higher and that in the T/C ratio was significantly lower in the evening interval training on day 1 in the high-intensity exercise group which had significantly higher running velocity, Borg scale score, and maximum pulse rate values; this relationship was not shown for salivary testosterone.Conclusions: Automated measurements of the salivary cortisol concentration and the T/C ratio reflected different exercise intensities may be useful for creating appropriate exercise programs for athletes. Conversely, the automated measurements of salivary testosterone and T/C ratio, which require passive drooling to collect saliva, may be less suitable for practical use with athletes than the salivary cortisol-only measurement

scholarly journals Assessment of exercise-induced stress by automated measurement of salivary cortisol concentrations within the circadian rhythm in Japanese female long-distance runners

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumi Ushiki ◽  
Katsuhiko Tsunekawa ◽  
Yoshifumi Shoho ◽  
Larasati Martha ◽  
Hirotaka Ishigaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Overtraining Syndrome

Abstract Background Overtraining syndrome, caused by prolonged excessive stress, results in reduced performance and cortisol responsiveness in athletes. It is necessary to collect saliva samples sequentially within circadian rhythm for assessing exercise stress by measuring cortisol concentrations, and automated cortisol measurements using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) may be useful for measuring a large number of saliva samples. In this study, we evaluated the appropriate use of cortisol-based exercise stress assessment within the circadian rhythm, which may diagnose and prevent overtraining syndrome in athletes. Methods We collected saliva and sera from 54 healthy participants and analyzed the correlation between salivary cortisol concentrations measured by ECLIA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or serum cortisol analysis. We also collected saliva continuously from 12 female long-distance runners on 2 consecutive days involving different intensities and types of exercise early in the morning and in the afternoon and measured salivary cortisol concentrations using ECLIA. Each exercise intensity of runners was measured by running velocities, Borg Scale score, and rate of change in the pulse rate by exercise. Results ECLIA-based salivary cortisol concentrations correlated positively with those detected by ELISA (ρ = 0.924, p < 0.001) and serum cortisol (ρ = 0.591, p = 0.001). In long-distance runners, circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol including peak after waking and decrease promptly thereafter were detected on both days by continuous saliva sampling. The rates of change in salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly lower after an early morning exercise than after an afternoon exercise on both days (day 1, p = 0.002 and day 2, p = 0.003). In the early morning exercise, the rate of change in salivary cortisol concentration was significantly higher on day 1 than on day 2 ( p = 0.034), similar to significant difference in running velocities ( p = 0.001). Conclusions Our results suggest that automated ECLIA-based salivary cortisol measurements are able to detect the athletes' circadian rhythm and compare the exercise stress intensities at the same times on different days, even in the early morning, possibly leading to prevention of overtraining syndrome.

scholarly journals Assessment of exercise-induced stress by automated measurement of salivary cortisol concentrations within the circadian rhythm in Japanese female long-distance runners

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumi Ushiki ◽  
Katsuhiko Tsunekawa ◽  
Yoshifumi Shoho ◽  
Larasati Martha ◽  
Hirotaka Ishigaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Overtraining Syndrome

Abstract Background: Overtraining syndrome, caused by prolonged excessive stress, results in reduced performance and cortisol responsiveness in athletes. It is necessary to collect saliva samples sequentially within circadian rhythm for assessing exercise stress by measuring cortisol concentrations, and automated cortisol measurements using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) may be useful for measuring a large number of saliva samples. In this study, we evaluated the appropriate use of cortisol-based exercise stress assessment within the circadian rhythm, which may diagnose and prevent overtraining syndrome in athletes. Methods: We collected saliva and sera from 54 healthy participants and analyzed the correlation between salivary cortisol concentrations measured by ECLIA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or serum cortisol analysis. We also collected saliva continuously from 12 female long-distance runners on 2 consecutive days involving different intensities and types of exercise early in the morning and in the afternoon and measured salivary cortisol concentrations using ECLIA. Each exercise intensity of runners was measured by running velocities, Borg Scale score, and rate of change in the pulse rate by exercise. Results: ECLIA-based salivary cortisol concentrations correlated positively with those detected by ELISA (ρ = 0.924, p < 0.001) and serum cortisol (ρ = 0.591, p = 0.001). In long-distance runners, circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol including peak after waking and decrease promptly thereafter were detected on both days by continuous saliva sampling. The rates of change in salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly lower after an early morning exercise than after an afternoon exercise on both days (day 1, p = 0.002 and day 2, p = 0.003). In the early morning exercise, the rate of change in salivary cortisol concentration was significantly higher on day 1 than on day 2 ( p = 0.034), similar to significant difference in running velocities ( p = 0.001).Conclusions: Our results suggest that automated ECLIA-based salivary cortisol measurements are able to detect the athletes' circadian rhythm and compare the exercise stress intensities at the same times on different days, even in the early morning, possibly leading to prevention of overtraining syndrome.

Maximum Eye Temperature in the Assessment of Training in Racehorses: Correlations With Salivary Cortisol Concentration, Rectal Temperature, and Heart Rate

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Soroko ◽  
Kevin Howell ◽  
Anna Zwyrzykowska ◽  
Krzysztof Dudek ◽  
Paulina Zielińska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Eye Temperature

l-Carnitinel-tartrate supplementation favorably affects markers of recovery from exercise stress

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (2) ◽  
pp. E474-E482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff S. Volek ◽  
William J. Kraemer ◽  
Martyn R. Rubin ◽  
Ana L. Gómez ◽  
Nicholas A. Ratamess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Purine Catabolism ◽  
Squat Exercise ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Plasma Malondialdehyde

We examined the influence ofl-carnitine l-tartrate (LCLT) on markers of purine catabolism, free radical formation, and muscle tissue disruption after squat exercise. With the use of a balanced, crossover design (1 wk washout), 10 resistance-trained men consumed a placebo or LCLT supplement (2 g l-carnitine/day) for 3 wk before obtaining blood samples on six consecutive days (D1 to D6). Blood was also sampled before and after a squat protocol (5 sets, 15–20 repetitions) on D2. Muscle tissue disruption at the midthigh was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before exercise and on D3 and D6. Exercise-induced increases in plasma markers of purine catabolism (hypoxanthine, xanthine oxidase, and serum uric acid) and circulating cytosolic proteins (myoglobin, fatty acid-binding protein, and creatine kinase) were significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) attenuated by LCLT. Exercise-induced increases in plasma malondialdehyde returned to resting values sooner during LCLT compared with placebo. The amount of muscle disruption from MRI scans during LCLT was 41–45% of the placebo area. These data indicate that LCLT supplementation is effective in assisting recovery from high-repetition squat exercise.

Abstract P160: Non-invasive Method to Assess Human Circadian Rhythms

Hypertension ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daian Chen ◽  
S Justin Thomas ◽  
David A Calhoun ◽  
David M Pollock ◽  
Jennifer S Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Clock Genes ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Rna Isolation ◽  
Buccal Cells ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Salivary Melatonin

Circadian rhythms are controlled by an endogenous time-keeping system oscillating approximately on a 24-h cycle under constant conditions. These rhythms depend on a network of interacting genes and proteins, including transcriptional activators such as CLOCK, NPAS2, and ARNTL (BMAL1), which induce transcription of the clock genes Period ( Per1 , Per2 , and Per3 ) and Cryptochrome ( Cry1 and Cry2 ). Human salivary cortisol and melatonin follow a clear circadian rhythm as well. Disruption of the circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycles are considered risk factors for a variety of health problems, especially hypertension and other cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Here we put together practical methods for assessing circadian rhythms in adult subjects conducted by each individual. This method is non-invasive, inexpensive and provides a predictive profile of an individual’s circadian rhythm related to clock-controlled gene expression in buccal cells, salivary cortisol, salivary melatonin, and subject’s activity or sleep. Subjects are instructed on how to obtain buccal cells using swabs (Whatman OmniSwab) from the inside of their cheeks and collect saliva using salivettes (Sarstedt) every 4 hours starting at 6am, for 2 consecutive days. Subjects also wear actigraphy watches (Phillips Respironics) during the 2 days, to record their activity, light exposure and estimates of sleep times. To monitor adherence to correct time point collections, each subject is given an electronic vial called eCAP (Information Mediary Corp) that records the exact time the container is opened to place samples once collected. We demonstrate feasibility to extract up to 150ng/μl of RNA (Ambion RNAqueous-Micro Total RNA Isolation Kit) from buccal cells swabs. Salivary melatonin and cortisol are measured by radioimmunoassay (Buhlmann Lab) with melatonin peak levels ranging from 14 to 23 pg/ml and cortisol peak levels ranging from 10 to 24 ng/ml. We suggest that buccal cell expression of clock-controlled genes, salivary melatonin, salivary cortisol, and actigraphy data are valuable in providing reliable assessment of human circadian rhythm profiles under a variety of conditions.

scholarly journals P859 Can we connect intraventricular exercise induced gradients to sudden cardiac death?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Cotrim ◽  
F Costa ◽  
D Severino ◽  
L Baquero ◽  
J Guardado
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Cardiac Death ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Male Athlete ◽  
First Case ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intense Training ◽  
Exercise Induced

Abstract Background Some publications, on exercise induced intraventricular gradients, admit the possibility they can be related to some cases of unexplained sudden cardiac death (SCD). Clinical case We present the case of a young male athlete (16 years) that after winning a triathlon competition has sudden cardiac death. No cardiovascular risk factors. No family history of SCD A previous episode of dizziness, accompanied by nausea and vomiting related to intense training happens 6 months before. In September 2018 about 30 minutes after winning a triathlon competition has SCD episode having been resuscitated on site by the competition physician having been defibrillated and transported to intensive care unit. After discharge, cardiac MRI, Coronary AngioTC, complete genetic study for heart diseases, flecainid test, transthoracic echocardiogram, stress echocardiogram with hyperventilation and ergometrine. All have normal results (Figure) During 24 hours Holter ECG isolated premature ventricular complexes were detected and during exercise stress echocardiography a significant intraventricular gradient without systolic anterior movement of mitral valve was detected (Figure). The athlete was disqualified for sports practice, refuses CDI implantation and started bisoprolol 2,5 mg daily. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of association between SCD and exercise induced intraventricular gradient. This possible association should be studied in the future. Abstract P859 Figure. Intraventricular gradient in SCD athlete

Cardiac response to submaximal exercise in dogs susceptible to sudden cardiac death

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 890-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Billman ◽  
P. J. Schwartz ◽  
J. P. Gagnol ◽  
H. L. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Fibrillation ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Systolic Pressure ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Cardiac Response ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Ventricular Systolic Pressure

The hemodynamic response to submaximal exercise was investigated in 38 mongrel dogs with healed anterior wall myocardial infarctions. The dogs were chronically instrumented to measure heart rate (HR), left ventricular pressure (LVP), LVP rate of change, and coronary blood flow. A 2 min coronary occlusion was initiated during the last minute of an exercise stress test and continued for 1 min after cessation of exercise. Nineteen dogs had ventricular fibrillation (susceptible) while 19 animals did not (resistant) during this test. The cardiac response to submaximal exercise was markedly different between the two groups. The susceptible dogs exhibited a significantly higher HR and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) but a significantly lower left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) in response to exercise than did the resistant animals. (For example, response to 6.4 kph at 8% grade; HR, susceptible 201.4 +/- 5.1 beats/min vs. resistant 176.2 +/- 5.6 beats/min; LVEDP, susceptible 19.4 +/- 1.1 mmHg vs. resistant 12.3 +/- 1.7 mmHg; LVSP, susceptible 136.9 +/- 7.9 mmHg vs. resistant 154.6 +/- 9.8 mmHg.) beta-Adrenergic receptor blockade with propranolol reduced the difference noted in the HR response but exacerbated the LVP differences (response to 6.4 kph at 8% grade; HR, susceptible 163.4 +/- 4.7 mmHg vs. resistant 150.3 +/- 6.4 mmHg; LVEDP susceptible 28.4 +/- 2.1 mmHg vs. resistant 19.6 +/- 3.0 mmHg; LVSP, susceptible 122.2 +/- 8.1 mmHg vs. resistant 142.8 +/- 10.7 mmHg). These data indicate that the animals particularly vulnerable to ventricular fibrillation also exhibit a greater degree of left ventricular dysfunction and an increased sympathetic efferent activity.

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